< D30372D C1A4BCB1C1D62DB1E8BCBAB7C429382D31332E687770>
|
|
- 병현 강
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 원저 양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극후도파민성약물감량을결정하는요인 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원신경과파킨슨병센터, 보바스기념병원신경과 a 김성렬정선주이태연 a 김미정김미선이명종 Determining Factors for the Reduction of Dopaminergic Drugs after Bilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Sung Reul Kim, M.S., R.N., Sun Ju Chung, M.D., Tai Yeon Lee, M.D. a, Mi Jung Kim, M.D., Mi Sun Kim, R.N., Myoung Chong Lee, M.D. Center for Parkinsonism and Other Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Neurology, Bobath Memorial Hospital a, Seongnam, Korea Background: We aimed to investigate the possible factors determining reduction of dopaminergic drugs in patients who received bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS). Methods: We studied 33 consecutive Parkinson s disease (PD) patients who underwent bilateral STN DBS between March 2002 and April Patients were assessed at baseline and 6 months and 1 year after surgery. Results: The dose of dopaminergic drugs was significantly decreased by 16.5% (p<0.05) and 14.9% (p<0.05), at post op 6 months and 12 months respectively. The reduction rate of dopaminergic drugs after bilateral STN DBS was positively correlated with the dopaminergic drug dosage at baseline (p<0.05) and was negatively correlated with the scores of off -period UPDRS II (p<0.05), III (p<0.001), and total UPDRS (p<0.001) at baseline. The difference of UPDRS scores between on and off periods on the levodopa challenge test was negatively correlated with the reduction rate of dopaminergic drug dosage after bilateral STN DBS (p<0.001). Conclusions: It is likely that the main determining factors for the reduction of dopaminergic drug dosages after bilateral STN DBS in advanced PD are the UPDRS III score during off periods, difference of the UPDRS III score between on and off periods on the levodopa challenge test and dose of dopaminergic drugs at baseline. J Korean Neurol Assoc 26(1):8-13, 2008 Key Words: Deep brain stimulation, Parkinson s disease, Dopaminergic drugs 서론 뇌심부자극 (deep brain stimulation) 은적절한약물치료에도불구하고운동변동과이상운동증이잘조절되지않는진행된파킨슨병환자들에게시행되고있는수술치료법이다. 1 파킨슨병환자에서의뇌심부자극수술은시상밑핵이나담창구에전 Received September 6, 2007 Accepted November 14, 2007 *Sun Ju Chung, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, , Korea Tel: Fax: sjchung@amc.seoul.kr 극선을삽입하며, 떨림 (tremor) 만심한환자에서는시상에전극선을삽입하기도한다. 2 이중양측시상밑핵에시행되는뇌심부자극의효과는약물의효과가없는 off 상태의운동증상을향상시키고, 레보도파로인한이상운동증을호전시키며, 도파민성약물용량을감소시킬수있고, 파킨슨병환자의삶의질을향상시킬수있다고보고되고있다 양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극수술후 5년동안의추후경과를보고한한연구에서, 수술전도파민성약물용량은 1409 mg/day 에서수술 1년후에는 584 mg/day, 수술 5년후에는 518 mg/ day 로감소된것으로보고하였다. 11 4년간의추후경과를보고한다른연구에서는담창구에뇌심부자극수술을받은환자에서는도파민성약물의용량이감량되지않았으나, 시상밑핵에 8 대한신경과학회지제 26 권제 1 호, 2008
2 양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극후도파민성약물감량을결정하는요인 뇌심부자극수술을받은환자에서는수술전 1309 mg/day 에서수술 1년후 769 mg/day, 수술 3년후에는 859 mg/day 로도파민성용량이감소되었다고보고하였다. 4 또한양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극의효과에대한메타분석에서는도파민성약물용량이평균 55.9% 감량되었다고보고되었다. 이와같이양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극후도파민성약물감량은 30-50% 로보고되고있으나, 자세하게어떤환자에서또는어떤요인에의해도파민성약물의용량이감소하는지에관한보고는없다. 4,11,12 따라서본연구자들은양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극을시행받은후도파민성약물용량의감소를결정하는요인들에대해연구하고자하였다. UPDRS점수 on 상태의 UPDRS 점수 )/ off 상태의 UPDRS 점수 ] 100과 off 상태와 on 상태의차이 ( off 상태의 UPDRS 점수 on 상태의 UPDRS 점수 ) 를조사하였다. 수술전이상운동증의기간과하루동안의도파민성약물용량을레보도파값으로환산한용량 (levodopa equivalent dose, LED) 을조사하였으며, 이상운동증의기간은 UPDRS Ⅳ의 32 번문항을이용하였다. 레보도파환산용량은다음과같이산출하였다 : { 표준형레보도파 1 + ( 서방형레보도파 0.75) + 브로모크립틴 10 + 로피니롤 20 + 퍼골라이드 프라미펙솔 만일엔타카폰을복용중이라면 [ 표준형레보도파 1 + ( 서방형레보도파 0.75)] 0.2} 3,14 대상과방법 1. 대상 2002 년 3월부터 2006 년 4월까지진행된파킨슨병으로본원에서양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극수술을받은환자 33명을대상으로하였다. 파킨슨병의진단은 UK Parkinson s disease society brain bank 의임상기준에근거하였다. 13 이중 25명은동시에양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극을시행받았으며, 8명은편측시상밑핵에뇌심부자극수술을시행받은후 3-12 개월후반대측시상밑핵에뇌심부자극수술을시행받았다. 동시에뇌심부자극을시행받지않은환자들은두번째수술을기준으로하여 6개월, 12개월후에평가하였다. 2. 방법 1) 일반적및임상적특성환자의연령, 성별, 환자의파킨슨병발병연령, 유병기간, 레보도파투여기간을조사하였다. 2) 수술전상태평가수술전상태평가는도파민성약물을밤동안 12시간중단후 ( off 상태 ) modified Hoehn과 Yahr 단계, Unified Parkinson s Disease Rating Scale I, II, III, IV 및총점 ( 이하 UPDRS I, II, III, IV 및총점 ), 이상운동증 / 근육긴장이상증척도를평가한후, 환자에게평소복용하는도파민성약물을레보도파로환산한값의 1.5배용량을투여하였다. 이후환자가약물의효과를느꼈을때 ( on 상태 ) modified Hoehn 과 Yahr 단계, UPDRS, 이상운동증 / 근육긴장이상증척도를조사하였다. off 상태에대한 on 상태의향상비율 [( off 상태의 3) 수술후 6개월및 12개월시기의상태평가수술후상태평가에서는도파민성약물 12시간중단후 ( off 상태 ) 뇌심부자극을켠상태 (DBS on ) 에서 modified Hoehn 과 Yahr 단계, UPDRS, 이상운동증 / 근육긴장이상증척도를평가후뇌심부자극을끈상태 (DBS off ) 에서 modified Hoehn 과 Yahr 단계, UPDRS, 이상운동증 / 근육긴장이상증척도를평가하였다. 이후평소복용하는도파민성약물을투여한후환자가약물의효과를느꼈을때 ( on 상태 ) 뇌심부자극을켠상태 (DBS on ) 에서 modified Hoehn 과 Yahr 단계, UPDRS, 이상운동증 / 근육긴장이상증척도를평가한후뇌심부자극을끈상태 (DBS off ) 에서 modified Hoehn 과 Yahr 단계, UPDRS, 이상운동증 / 근육긴장이상증척도를평가하였다. 이상운동증의기간, 일일레보도파환산용량, 레보도파환산용량의감소율을조사하였다. 레보도파환산용량감소율은 [( 수술전레보도파환산용량 수술후 6개월, 12개월시의레보도파환산용량 )/ 수술전레보도파환산용량 ] 100 으로계산하였다. 4) 통계및분석통계학적분석을위해 SPSS 11.5 를이용하였다. 수술전후 UPDRS 의향상비율, 레보도파환산용량의감소율, 이상운동증의정도와기간의변화는 wilcoxon signed rank test 를이용하였다. 환자의인구사회학적특성에따른레보도파환산용량 (LED) 감소율은 t-test 를이용하였고환자의질병관련특성과레보도파환산용량 (LED) 감소율과의상관관계는 Pearson 상관분석을이용하였다. 수술후레보도파환산용량 (LED) 감소율에영향하는요인을알아보기위해단계별회귀분석을이용하였다. 결과 1. 환자의일반적및임상적특성 J Korean Neurol Assoc Volume 26 No. 1,
3 김성렬정선주이태연김미정김미선이명종 Table 1. Demographics and characteristics of the patients Characteristics Mean (±SD a ) Range M / F 11/22 Age (years) 57.0± Age at onset (years) 44.4± Disease duration (years) 12.0± Levodopa treatment duration (years) 8.9± Median Hoehn and Yahr (On/Off) 2 / / 2 4 Baseline LED b (mg) 1206± a Standard deviation, b Levodopa equivalent dose. 본연구에포함된환자는총 33명으로남자 11명, 여자 22명이었다. 환자의평균연령은 57.0±6.8 세였고, 평균발병연령은 44.4±7.0세였다. 수술전일일레보도파환산용량 (LED) 은 1206±456 mg/day (range, mg/day) 이었으며, 수술전상태평가에서도파민성약물을레보도파로환산한값의 1.5 배용량을투여한후 UPDRS III 는 76.1±15.0% (range, %), UPDRS 총점은 64.9±12.6% (range, 39-88%) 호전을보였다 (Table 1). 2. 수술후 6개월, 12개월시기의결과수술후 6개월, 12개월시기의결과는 Table 2와같다. 수술후 6개월, 12개월당시 UPDRS II는약 33-35% 호전을보였고, UPDRS III는 43-45% 의호전을, total UPDRS 는 41-43% 의호전을보였으며이는통계적으로유의하였다 (p<0.001). 수술후 6개월, 12개월에이상운동증의중증도는수술전에비해 73-80% 의호전을, 이상운동증의기간은 46-61% 로감소하였으며통계적으로유의하였다. 일일레보도파환산용량 (LED) 은수술후 6개월에는 16.5%, 수술후 12개월에는 14.9% 감소하였다 (Fig. 1). 3. 환자의일반적및임상적특성에따른레보도파환산용량감소율 40세이전에파킨슨병이발병한환자의레보도파환산용량감소율은수술전 1129 mg/day, 수술후 6개월에는 1040 mg/ day, 수술후 12개월에는 1051 mg/day 으로, 수술후 6개월에는 6%, 수술후 12개월에는 3% 감소하였으나, 40 세이후에파킨슨병이발병한환자에서는수술전 1256 mg/day, 수술후 6개월 897 mg/day, 12개월 941 mg/day 으로수술후 6개월, 12개월시각각 23%, 22% 감소로차이를보였으나통계적으로유의하지않았다 (p=0.113, p=0.179). 수술전 off 상태에서의 UPDRS II, III, 총점점수와수술전 on 상태와 off 상태에서의 UPDRS II, III, 총점점수의차이는레보도파환산용량감소율과역상관관계를보여수술전 UPDRS II, III, 총점점수가높을수록, on 과 off 상태의점수차이가클수록레보도파환산용량감소율이낮음을알수있었다. 수술전도파민성약물의환산용량이 1500 mg/day 이상이었던환자와미만이었던환자그룹은약물감소량에있어차이를보였다. 수술전환산용량이 1500 mg/day 이상이었던환자는총 8명으로수술후 6개월에 37% 의약물감소율을보였고 1500 mg/day 이하인그룹은 9% 의약물감소율을보였으며 (p <0.05), 수술 1년후에는 1500 mg/day 이상인그룹이 42.2% 의약물감소율을보인반면 1500 mg/day 이하인그룹은 5% 의약물감소율을보였다 (p<0.05). 수술전 off 상태의경직과서동증은레보도파환산용량감소율과역상관관계를보여경직과운동완만이심할수록레보도파감소율은낮게나타났다. 또한수술전 off 상태와 on 상태의 UPDRS 점수향상비율은수술후 12개월의레보도파환산용량감소율과역상관관계를보여, 수술전향상정도비율 Figure 1. Reduction rate of levodopa equivalent dose after deep brain stimulation surgery in patients with Parkinson s disease. 10 대한신경과학회지제 26 권제 1 호, 2008
4 양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극후도파민성약물감량을결정하는요인 이지나치게큰환자는레보도파환산용량의감소율이낮게나타났다. 수술전레보도파환산용량은수술 6개월후의레보도파감소율과상관관계를보여수술전용량이많을수록감소율이크게나타났다. 그러나환자의연령, 성별, 유병기간, 레보도파투여기간, 수술전 off 상태시의몸통 (axial) 증상, 떨림, 수술전상태평가시 UPDRS II 및총점점수의호전정도, 수술전이상운동증의중증도와기간등과레보도파환산용량감소율과의상관관계는통계적으로유의하지않았다 (Table 3). 수술후레보도파환산용량감소율을결정하는요인을알아보기위한단계별다중회귀분석에서수술후 6개월에서는수술전 off 상태의 UPDRS III 점수와수술전레보도파환산용량이결정요인으로나타났고 (p<0.001, p<0.05), 수술후 12개월에서는수술전 off 상태와 on 상태의 UPDRS III 점수차이가결정요인으로나타났다 (p<0.001) (Table 4). 고찰 뇌심부자극후도파민성약물감량은수술의최우선목적은아니지만, 수술을고려하는대다수의파킨슨병환자들은약물 의부작용, 잦은복용횟수로인한복용상의불편감으로인하여약물의감량을희망한다. 현재까지뇌심부자극의효과와부작용에대한국내외많은연구결과들이보고되고있으나, 수술후도파민성약물과관련하여감량정도이외의수술전환자의어떤요인과관련하여감량이가능한지에관한보고가없었다 본연구에서는뇌심부자극수술 6개월과 12개월후 UPDRS II와 III점수는각각 33-35%, 43-45% 의호전을, UPDRS 총점은 41-43% 의호전을보였다. 또한이상운동증의중증도와이상운동증의기간은각각 73-80%, 46-61% 로감소로통계적으로유의한호전을보였으며, 이는뇌심부자극의결과를보고한이전의보고들과일치한다. 4,5,11,12 그러나이전의보고들에서는일일레보도파환산용량의감소율이 30-50% 로보고되는반면, 본연구에서는수술후 6개월에평균 16.5%, 수술후 12개월에는평균 14.9% 감소하였다. 이전의보고들에비하여감소율이낮게나타난이러한소견은본연구에포함된환자들의수술전 UPDRS II, III, 총점점수가높고, on 과 off 상태의점수차이가크며, 수술전레보도파반응검사 (levodopa challenge test) 에서 off 상태와 on 상태의 UPDRS 점수차이가큰운동변동이매우심한환자가많이포함되었을가능성이있다. 또한이러한결과는본연구에 Table 2. Outcomes of bilateral STN a DBS b after surgery Outcome Baseline At 6 months (n=33) At 1 year (n=27) p 6 months vs baseline 1 year vs baseline UPDRS c (medication off) UPDRS II 21.8± ± ±6.2 0 h 0 h UPDRS III 38.2± ± ± h 0 h Total UPDRS 71.2± ± ± h 0 h Bradykinesia 14.0± ± ±5.2 0 h 0 h Tremor 3.1± ± ± i i Rigidity 9.0± ± ±3.3 0 h 0 h Axial symptoms d 10.3± ± ±2.6 0 h 0 h UPDRS (medication on) UPDRS II 5.5± ± ± UPDRS III 9.3± ± ± i Total UPDRS 24.8± ± ± Bradykinesia 4.1± ± ± h Tremor 0.5± ± ± Rigidity 1.7± ± ± Axial symptoms 2.9± ± ± Dyskinesia Severity e 8.3± ± ±2.4 0 h 0 h Duration f 1.3± ± ±0.9 0 h i Daily LED g (mg) ± ± ± i i a Subthalamic nucleus, b Deep brain stimulation, c Unified Parkinson s Disease Rating Scale, d Axial symptoms; speech, facial expression, facial tremor, neck rigidity, arising from chair, posture, and body bradykinesia, e Dyskinesia severity = dystonia/dyskinesia scale, f Dyskinesia duration = UPDRSⅣitem 33, g Levodopa equivalent dose, h p<0.001, i p<0.05. J Korean Neurol Assoc Volume 26 No. 1,
5 김성렬정선주이태연김미정김미선이명종 포함된환자의수가 33명으로비교적적기때문일가능성이있으므로더많은환자를대상으로하는추후연구가필요하리라생각된다. 본연구결과에서수술후 6개월과 12개월에의 off 상태의 UPDRS 점수향상정도비율과도파민성약물감량간의상관관계는통계적으로유의하지않았다. 일부의환자는도파민성약물을크게줄일수있으면서 UPDRS 점수향상비율이높은반면, 일부의환자에서는 UPDRS 점수향상비율은높으나도파민성약물은거의줄일수없었다. 환자중 6명은오히려수술후도파민성약물의용량이증가하였고, 이중한명은약물의용량이 900 mg/day 에서 1815 mg/day 으로 100% 이상증가하였다. 이것은수술전이상운동증으로인하여레보도파치료를효과적으로할수없었으나수술후이상운동증이소실되어레보도파를효과적으로사용할수있었기때문이었다. 양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극후이상운동증의감소는일차적으로레보도파용량감소에기인하는것으로알려져있으나, 위의환자와같이뇌심부자극후이상운동증이완전히소실된환자도나타났다. 18 수술후이상운동증이소실된환자는 5명이었고, 이상운동증이소실된환자집단과이상운동증이남아있는집단간의수술후도파민성약물의용량은차이를보이지않았다. 이와같이환자의개개인에따라레보도파의임상적효과및뇌심부자극에따른효과가다를수있으므로이에대한세심한추적관찰이필요하다. 본연구에서는파킨슨병의발병연령과뇌심부자극술후도파민성약물감량의상관관계가통계적으로유의하지않아관련이없는것으로나타났다. 그러나 40세이전에파킨슨병이발병한환자의레보도파환산용량감소율은수술후 6개월에는 6%, 12개월에는 3%, 40세이후에파킨슨병이발병한환자에서 Table 3. Correlation between reduction rate of LED a and clinical status 6 months (n=33) 1 year (n=27) r p r p Age Age at onset Disease duration Levodopa treatment duration UPDRS b II (Baseline off) h h UPDRS III (Baseline off) i h UPDRS (Baseline off) i h Axial symptoms c (Baseline off) Rigidity (Baseline off) h h Tremor (Baseline off) Bradykinesia (Baseline off) h h Improvement of UPDRS d II Improvement of UPDRS III h Improvement of total UPDRS Difference of UPDRS e II h h Difference of UPDRS III h i Difference of total UPDRS h h LED of baseline h Dyskinesia severity f of baseline Dyskinesia duration g of baseline a Levodopa equivalent dose, b Unified Parkinson s Disease Rating Scale, c Axial symptoms; speech, facial expression, facial tremor, neck rigidity, arising from chair, posture, and body bradykinesia, d Improvement of UPDRS = [(UPDRS score of off period- UPDRS score of on period)/ UPDRS score of off period] 100, e Difference of UPDRS = UPDRS score of off period- UPDRS score of on period, f Dyskinesia severity =dystonia/dyskinesia scale, g Dyskinesia duration = UPDRSⅣitem 33, h p<0.05, i p< Table 4. Multiple regression for determining factors of reduction rate of LED a 6 months R adjusted R 2 B sig UPDRS b III (Baseline) c LED (Baseline) d 1 year R adjusted R 2 B sig Difference of UPDRS III (Baseline) c a Levodopa equivalent dose, b Unified Parkinson s Disease Rating Scale, c p<0.001, d p< 대한신경과학회지제 26 권제 1 호, 2008
6 양측시상밑핵뇌심부자극후도파민성약물감량을결정하는요인 는 23%, 22% 감소로통계적으로유의하지않았으나차이를보여이에대한추후연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 수술후레보도파환산용량감소율을결정하는요인을알아보기위하여단계별다중회귀분석을이용하여분석한결과, 변수중수술전 off 상태의 UPDRS III 점수와수술전레보도파환산용량, 수술전 off 상태와 on 상태의 UPDRS III 점수차이가결정요인으로나타났다. 즉, 수술전운동변동이매우극심하여 off 상태에서의운동증상이심하여 UPDRS III 점수가높고, 수술전평가시 on 상태와 off 상태의 UPDRS III 점수가차이가크게나타난환자는뇌심부자극수술후도파민성약물의감량이적은것으로사료된다. 결론적으로본연구에서는진행된파킨슨병환자에서시행된양측성시상밑핵뇌심부자극수술후에도파민성약물의감량은 off 상태에서의 UPDRS III 점수, levodopa challenge test 에서 on 상태와 off 상태간의 UPDRS III 점수차이, 수술전의레보도파용량과밀접한연관이있었다. 따라서파킨슨병환자에서뇌심부자극수술전후에이에대한정보를적절하게이용한다면보다효과적인치료가가능할것으로기대한다. REFERENCES 1. Lang AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson s disease. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 1998;339: Kumar R, Lozano AM, Sime E, Halket E, Lang AE. Comparative effects of unilateral and bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Neurology 1999;53: Esselink RA, de Bie RM, de Haan RJ, Lenders MW, Nijssen PC, Staal MJ, et al. Unilateral pallidotomy versus bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in pd: a randomized trial. Neurology 2004;62: Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Obeso JA, Lang AE, Houeto JL, Pollak P, Rehncrona S, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation in parkinson s disease: a multicentre study with 4 years follow-up. Brain 2005;128: Goodman RR, Kim B, McClelland S3rd, Senatus PB, Winfield LM, Pullman SL, et al. Operative techniques and morbidity with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in 100 consecutive patients with advanced parkinson s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77: Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, Volkmann J, Schafer H, Botzel K, et al. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson s disease. N Engl J Med 2006;355: Erola T, Karinen P, Heikkinen E, Tuominen J, Haapaniemi T, Koivukangas J, et al. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation improves health-related quality of life in parkinsonian patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005;11: Lezcano E, Gomez-Esteban JC, Zarranz JJ, Lambarri I, Madoz P, Bilbao G, et al. Improvement in quality of life in patients with advanced parkinson s disease following bilateral deep-brain stimulation in subthalamic nucleus. Eur J Neurol 2004;11: Martinez-Martin P, Valldeoriola F, Tolosa E, Pilleri M, Molinuevo JL, Rumia J, et al. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation and quality of life in advanced Parkinson s disease. Mov Disord 2002;17: Siderowf A, Jaggi JL, Xie SX, Loveland-Jones C, Leng L, Hurtig H, et al. Long-term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation on health-related quality of life in advanced Parkinson s disease. Mov Disord 2006;21: Krack P, Batir A, Van Blercom N, Chabardes S, Fraix V, Ardouin C, et al. Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson s disease. N Engl J Med 2003;349: Kleiner-Fisman G, Herzog J, Fisman DN, Tamma F, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes. Mov Disord 2006;21 Suppl 14: Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55: Defer GL, Widner H, Marie RM, Remy P, Levivier M. Core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson s disease (CAPSIT-PD). Mov Disord 1999;14: Deuschl G, Herzog J, Kleiner-Fisman G, Kubu C, Lozano AM, Lyons KE, et al. Deep brain stimulation: postoperative issues. Mov Disord 2006;21 Suppl 14: Rezai AR, Kopell BH, Gross RE, Vitek JL, Sharan AD, Limousin P, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson s disease: surgical issues. Mov Disord 2006;21 Suppl 14:S Voon V, Kubu C, Krack P, Houeto JL, Troster AI. Deep brain stimulation: neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric issues. Mov Disord 2006;21 Suppl 14:S Russmann H, Ghika J, Combrement P, Villemure JG, Bogousslavsky J, Burkhard PR, et al. L-dopa-induced dyskinesia improvement after STN-DBS depends upon medication reduction. Neurology 2004;63: J Korean Neurol Assoc Volume 26 No. 1,
의학강좌 백선하
Continuing Education Column Sun Ha Paek, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine E mail : paeksh@snu.ac.kr J Korean Med Assoc 2008; 51(2): 158-167 Abstract Parkinson
More information황지웅
Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More information기관고유연구사업결과보고
기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106
More informationJkbcs016(92-97).hwp
Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean
More information04조남훈
Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More information(Á¤¼±ÁÖ)44-49.hwp
원저 울산의대서울아산병원신경과 성영희정선주김성렬이명종 Young Hee Sung, M.D., Sun-Ju Chung, M.D., Sung-Reul Kim, R.N., Myoung-Chong Lee, M.D. Center for Parkinsonism and Other Movement Disorders, Asan Medical Center, University
More information16_이주용_155~163.hwp
사상체질의학회지 2008;20(2):155-163 J of Sasang Constitutional Medicine Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008:155-163 http://www.esasang.com 腦 梗 塞 으로 발생한 少 陽 人 半 身 舞 蹈 病 患 者 치험 1례 이주용 이한얼 한경수 안택원 Abstract 대전대학교 한의과대학 사상체질과 A Soyangin
More informationAbstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
More information원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현
원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 지도김석원교수 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함
More information386-390.hwp
386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon
More information00약제부봄호c03逞풚
경희대학교 동서신의학병원 약품 정보지 2 0 0 7. S P R I N G. V O L. 0 1 신약 소개 02 Journal Review 03 Special Subject 04 복약 지도 06 의약품 안전성 정보 07 약제부 알림 07 약제부 업무 소개 08 E A S T - W E S T N E O M E D I C A L C E N T E R 본 약품
More information54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3
27 2, 53-70, 2009. (Nursing Home) * ** (Nursing Home). 5 50 5 2 1,,,,, SPSS t.,,,,,,,. :,, : 2009/08/27 : 2009/09/24 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: hjkim@daelim.ac.kr) 54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. I. 1.,,,,,,, (,
More information( )Jkstro011.hwp
비인강암의방사선치료결과및생존율에관한예후인자분석 2005 2 1 2005 3 28. :, Tel: 053)250-7665, Fax: 053)250-7984 E-mail: jhkim@dsmc.or.kr 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy
More information노영남
Purpose: Delayed massive hemorrhages from pseudoaneurysm rupture of the peripancreatic large arteries, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, are fatal. We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of bleeding
More information(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re
EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern
More information<30372EC0CCC0AFC1F82E687770>
산전 초음파상 진단된 단독 대조확장증의 출생 후 예후 울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 산부인과학교실 이유진 원혜성 박상민 조현진 정 의 김선권 심재윤 이필량 김 암 Yu-Jin Lee, M.D., Hye-Sung Won, M.D., Sang-Min Park, M.D., Hyun-Jin Cho, M.D., Eui Jung, M.D., Sun-Kwon Kim,
More informationTreatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy
Treatment and Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy Chung-Ang University Hospital Chee Jeong Kim 7.2 5.3 6.4 5.6 7.3 5.5 1 1 2 3 4 10 11 7 34 49 122 123 1.0 - - 10. 2001 1998 1998 Improvement of postmenopausal
More information김범수
Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis
More informationKIM Sook Young : Lee Jungsook, a Korean Independence Activist and a Nurse during the 이며 나름 의식이 깨어있던 지식인들이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 교육을 받은 간 호부들은 환자를 돌보는 그들의 직업적 소
1 의사학 제24권 제1호(통권 제49호) 2015년 4월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː1-34 Apr 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.1 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 간호부 이정숙의 독립운동 김숙영* 1. 서론 2. 본론 1) 출생에서 정신여학교 수학시절까지
More information저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할
저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,
More information(
317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,
More information달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있
대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More informationuntitled
원저 J Korean Neurol Assoc / Volume / October, 006 울산대학교의과대학신경과학교실 김성렬정선주성영희김미선이명종 The clinical characteristics of lower back pain in Parkinson s Disease Sung Reul Kim, R.N., Sun Ju Chung, M.D., Sung Young
More information유해중금속안정동위원소의 분석정밀 / 정확도향상연구 (I) 환경기반연구부환경측정분석센터,,,,,,,, 2012
11-1480523-001163-01 유해중금속안정동위원소의 분석정밀 / 정확도향상연구 (I) 환경기반연구부환경측정분석센터,,,,,,,, 2012 목 차 ⅰ ⅲ ⅳ Abstract ⅵ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ i 목 차 Ⅳ ii 목 차 iii 목 차 iv 목 차 v Abstract vi Abstract σ ε vii Abstract viii Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ. 1 Ⅰ. 서론.
More informationA Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer
More information(정선주-이유진) hwp
원저 울산대학교의과대학신경과학교실, 서울아산병원파킨슨병센터 이유진정선주김성렬이태연이재홍이명종 Delusion and Hallucination in Parkinson s Disease: A Pilot Study of Clinical Features and Pathogenesis Eugene Lee, M.D., Sun Ju Chung, M.D., Sung Reul
More information( )Kjhps043.hwp
Difference of Fistula Maturation Degree and Physical Property by the Types of Tube Material: An Experimental Study Sang Koo Kang, M.D. 1, Hee Chul Yu, M.D. 1,4, Woo Sung Moon, M.D. 2,4, Ju Hyoung Lee,
More informationA 617
Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information44-4대지.07이영희532~
A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who
More information139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ
2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,
More information975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호
Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More informationKbcs002.hwp
Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,
More information590호(01-11)
T H E K O R E A N D O C T O R S W E E K L Y www.docdocdoc.co.kr I N S I D E 38 3 5 6 7 10 13 28 29 30 31 38 41 42 2 Advertisement Government & Medicine 3 Government & Medicine 4 Government & Medicine Government
More information28-4(04) fm
한국임상약학회지제 28 권제 4 호 Korean J Clin Pharm, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2018 Original Article Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy Official Journal of Korean College of Clinical Pharmacy pissn 1226-6051 eissn 2508-786X
More information歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF
The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More informationuntitled
종설 J Korean Neurol Assoc / Volume 24 / June, 2006 파킨슨병에대한시상하핵심부뇌자극술 연세대학교의과대학신경과학교실, 신경외과학교실 a 류철형장진우 a 이명식 Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson s Disease Chul Hyoung Lyoo, M.D., Jin Woo Chang,
More informationuntitled
대한마취과학회지 2008; 55: 190~6 Korean J Anesthesiol Vol. 55, No. 2, August, 2008 임상연구 대한민국의 마취통증의학 임상실습 현황 연세대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 및 마취통증의학연구소 장동진ㆍ안소운ㆍ안지원ㆍ김종훈 The current status of anesthesiology clerkship in Korea
More information( )Kju269.hwp
만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More information16(2)-7(p ).fm
w wz 16«2y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 2. 2006 ü t xy y w tœ ½ BÁ x BC B y w w w C y w w w Current Status and Expectations of Orphan Drugs in Korea -In point of supplying medicines for the rare
More informationISSN 제 3 호 치안정책연구 The Journal of Police Policies ( 제29권제3호 ) 치안정책연구소 POLICE SCIENCE INSTITUTE
11-1320082-000013-09 ISSN 1738-2963 2015 제 3 호 치안정책연구 The Journal of Police Policies 2015. 12 ( 제29권제3호 ) 치안정책연구소 POLICE SCIENCE INSTITUTE : 통학버스를중심으로 차례 전병주 * 최은영 ** Ⅰ. 서론 1) Ⅱ. 이론적배경 Ⅲ. 연구방법 Ⅳ. 연구결과
More informationECG & EP CASES Young-Keun On, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Cardiac & Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea A case of
More information페링야간뇨소책자-내지-16
야간뇨의진단과치료 - 실제적접근 - Reference 1. Choo MS, Ku JH, Park CH et al. Prevalence of Nocturia in a Korean Population Aged 40 to 89 Years. Neurourol Urodyn 2008; 27:60-64. 2. Weiss JP. Prevalence
More information歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF
********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder
More informationSheu HM, et al., British J Dermatol 1997; 136: Kao JS, et al., J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:
Sheu HM, et al., British J Dermatol 1997; 136:884-890 Kao JS, et al., J Invest Dermatol 03; 1:446-464 1 10 0 3 Day Normal MLE Lotion Lotion MLE Cream Cream 80 7 70 6 3 Day Normal MLE Lotion Lotion MLE
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More information노인정신의학회보14-1호
제14권 1호 통권 제23호 www.kagp.or.kr 발행인 : 정인과 / 편집인 : 이동우 / 발행처 : 정인과 (152-703) 서울특별시 구로구 구로동 80번지 고려대학교 구로병원 정신과 / TEL : 02-818-6608 / FAX : 02-852-1937 발행일 : 2008년 4월 30일 / 제 작 : (주)엠엘커뮤니케이션 140-846 서울특별시
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
More informationJkcs022(89-113).hwp
대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo
More information2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, )
Abstract Kim Dal-Rae, Kim Sun-Hyung* Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee Univ. *Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung-Hee
More information03이경미(237~248)ok
The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).
More information001-학회지소개(영)
Review Article Randomization, What is the Proper Method? Jin Ho Hong, M.D., Jae Chul Yoo, M.D. Shoulder & Sports medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Purpose: Among the numerous
More information03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö
25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo
More informationStudy on the Improvement of Management System through Analysis of golf semi- market: Focus on Physical Education Facility Act Ji-Myung Jung 1, Ju-Ho Park 2 *, & Youngdae Lee 3 1 Korea Institute of Sport
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More information???? 1
The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT
More information04_이근원_21~27.hwp
1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일
More information자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr
Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae
More information±èÇ¥³â
533 Fig. 1. Dead zone. Nine echoes are positioned 2-10 mm below the scan surface with 1 mm distance. All nine echoes are clearly visualized. 534 Fig. 2. Vertical and horizontal measurement. 10 cm distance
More information16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm
w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University
More informationK O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 41 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 10 12 5 41 ISSN:2005-811X Comparison of drug-susceptibility test to the anti-tuberculosis
More information<31372DB9DABAB4C8A32E687770>
김경환 박병호 충북대학교 도시공학과 (2010. 5. 27. 접수 / 2011. 11. 23. 채택) Developing the Traffic Severity by Type Kyung-Hwan Kim Byung Ho Park Department of Urban Engineering, Chungbuk National University (Received May
More informationuntitled
Case Report : Asan Medical Center Cardiac Rehabilitation AACVPR (http://www.aacvpr.org/) KACVPR (http://www.kacvpr.com/) Backgrounds PCI 2,395 consecutive patients in Minnesota (Mayo Clinic) Between1994
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: * Strenghening the Cap
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.27-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.27 * Strenghening the Capacity of Cultural Arts Required in Special Education
More information4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 조 희 영 선 생 님 고 맙 습 니 다 16 17 18 19 가정간호 장선미 간호사님 감사합니다 20 21 22 23 24 25 U l 26 27 p SEOUL MEDICAL CENTER NEWS 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 홍보실장이란 신동규 원고를 기다립니다
More information,......
The Impact of Personal Traits, Family Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle Aged Men from the Baby Boomer Generation Working in Large Corporations Department of
More informationÀå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö
Disability & Employment 55 Disability & Employment 56 57 Disability & Employment 58 59 Disability & Employment 60 61 Disability & Employment 62 63 Disability & Employment 64 65 Disability & Employment
More informationMinimally invasive parathyroidectomy
2013. 2. 2 대한간암연구학회 7차 심포지움 및 학술대회 Indication and Clinical Outcomes of Metachronous HCC Metastasectomy Shin Hwang Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on
More information( )Kju225.hwp
비임균성비뇨생식기감염에서 의진단적효용성 Usefulness of the Mycofast Test (MYCOFAST Evolution 2) for the Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Genitourinary Infections Hang Ro Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Ho Jae Lee, Jea Sang Oh, Hyoung Jin
More information27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :
27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of
More information<303120C0CCBBF3B8F12DC0CCB1D4BFEB2E687770>
Sang Mok Lee, M.D., Boo Jung, M.D., Kyu-Yong Lee, M.D., Young Joo Lee, M.D., Jin Hwan Cheong, M.D., Jae Min Kim, M.D. Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine,
More informationYI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w
497 의사학 제24권 제2호(통권 제50호) 2015년 8월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː497-532 Aug 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.497 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 역시만필( 歷 試 漫 筆 ) 의 사례로 재구성한 조선후기 여성의 삶과 질병
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More informationThe Window of Multiple Sclerosis
THE WINDOW OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Vol.2 No.1 MAR 2009 Topic Review Article Review 01. 02. 03. 04. Case Review The Window of Multiple Sclerosis THE WINDOW OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS The Window of Multiple Sclerosis
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze
More information( )Jksc057.hwp
직장암환자의전직장간막절제술의 예측인자분석 : 불완전절제와절제시간에영향을미치는인자에관한연구 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Degree of Difficulty in Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: Investigation of the Factors Affecting Incomplete
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.405-425 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.405 * A Study on the Perceptions and Factors of Immigrant Background Youth
More information±³º¸¸®¾óÄÚ084-0122
URL : www.kyoborealco.com 2008년 4/4분기 오피스 시장 보고서 Forth Quarter 2008 Office Market Report 서울특별시 성동구 도선동 286번지 Tel. 82 2 2290 4048 Fax. 82 2 2290 4099 URL : www.kyoborealco.com Profile Contents 02 03 05
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and
More informationORIGINAL ARTICLE J Korean Sleep Res Soc 2014;11(1):11-15 pissn X / eissn The Interrelations o
ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Korean Sleep Res Soc 2014;11(1):11-15 pissn 1738-608X / eissn 2288-4912 http://dx.doi.org/10.13078/jksrs.14003 The Interrelations of Quality of Sleep, Depressive Symptoms, and Quality
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More information2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914 ) ( ) ( ) 4) 1915 ( ) ( ) 1917 2) 3) 4) 285
13 2 ( 25 ) 2004 12 Korean J Med Hist 13 284 296 Dec 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * ** ** 1 1920 1930 40 ( 1896-1973) 80 * ** 1) 2003 284 2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914
More information저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할
저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,
More information歯14.양돈규.hwp
: The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net
More information조사연구 aim of this study is to find main cause of the forecasting error and bias of telephone survey. We use the telephone survey paradata released by N
조사연구 권 호 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.20997/sr.17.3.5 연구노트 2016 년국회의원선거전화여론조사정확성분석 Analysis of Accuracy of Telephone Survey for the 2016 National Assembly Elections 1)2) a) b) 주제어 선거여론조사 전화조사 예측오차 편향 대국회의원선거
More information충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교
충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~5 2017 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교의과대학마취통증의학교실, 의학연구소 (28644), happycat19@hanmail.net
More information