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1 바이오시스템공학 (J. of Biosystems Eng.) Vol. 35, No. 5, pp.323~329 ( ) DOI: /JBE 포장완충재의구성에따른배의단일파형충격반응 김기석박종민김만수 Functional Shock Responses of the Pear According to the Combination of the Packaging Cushioning Materials G. S. Kim J. M. Park M. S. Kim Physical damages on fruits may be caused by shock and vibration inputs that transmitted from the transporting vehicle through the packaging and cushioning materials to the fruit. In this study, both half sine shock test and trapezoidal shock test were performed by MIL-STD-810F specification in order to investigate and represent the shock response properties such as peak acceleration and shock amplification factors of the pear according to packaging and cushioning materials for optimal packaging design during transportation. Shock excitation data that had been measured on the vehicle operating on the real road were used. Shock response properties measured by half sine shock test were smaller than those measured by trapezoidal shock test. Results represent that corrugation shapes and thickness can significantly affect the cushioning performance than the paper configurations of cushioning pad and showed that fruits may be damaged seriously while transported on the unpaved road without the properly cushioned packaging practices. Keywords : Cushioning materials, Shock test, Peak acceleration, Shock amplification factors, Pear 1. 서론 국민의소득수준이향상됨에따라농산물의품질과안정성에대한요구가높아지고있으며, 한미 FTA협상의타결과다자간자유무역협정이추진됨에따라농산물시장의개방에대비하기위해서는고품질농산물의생산이절실히요구되고있다. 또한최근들어농산물의포장기술에대한관심과중요성이날로높아지고있는데이러한현상은포장기술의개발로인해농산물의저장성과신선도를향상시킬수있으며결국농산물의부가가치를높여농가의소득을증가시키는데기여하기때문이다. 그동안국내외적으로다양한포장재료및포장방법들이개발되었으며, 이중에서도플라스틱폼완충재가주류를이루었으나, 최근에는환경문제가대두되면서포장재료사용의 최소화및재활용을지향하게되어지류포장완충재와같은환경친화적포장재료로의대체가시도되고있다. 이러한환경적측면뿐만이아니라물류비절감이나자원절약등의측면에서볼때제품의특성에맞는포장완충재의적절한사용및효율성을분석해볼필요가있을뿐만아니라, 농산물과과실의유통중에발생되는손상을방지하기위한포장완충방법의설계, 분석및포장기술의개발이절실히요구되고있다. Mohsenin과 Goehlich(1962) 는쿠션위에자유낙하하는물체에대하여에너지방정식과 Hertz의접촉이론을적용시켜이론적으로최대전단응력및충격시간등을계산하였으며, 과실의파괴요인이최대전단응력에있다고가정하였을때, 이에미치는인자들중에서과실의무게, 낙하높이보다는강성계수와과실의직경이더큰영향을미친다고하였다. The article was submitted for publication on , reviewed on , and approved for publication by the editorial board of KSAM on The authors are Ghi Seok Kim, Researcher, KSAM member, Man Soo Kim, Professor, KSAM member, Division of Bioresources Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, and Jong Min Park, Professor, KSAM member, Division of Bio-industrial Machinery Engineering, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea. Corresponding author: M. S. Kim, Professor, Division of Bioresources Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, , Korea; Fax: ; <mskim@cnu.ac.kr>. 323

2 포장완충재의구성에따른배의단일파형충격반응 또한적정완충설계를위해서는먼저해당과실및쿠션재료의물리적특성이먼저구명되어야한다고보고하였다. Mohsenin(1970) 은과실의충격에의한손상은수확과정에서의손상보다운송과정에서발생되는충격에의한손상이더크다고보고하였으며 Zhang 등 (1994) 은진동및낙하충격실험과과실의물성을비교한결과이들특성은과실의경도와밀접한상관관계가있다고하였다. Delwiche 등 (1996) 은과실에충격을가할수있는장치를제작하고과실에가속도센서를부착하여충격실험을실시한결과, 과실의경도와정점가속도사이에높은상관관계가있음을보고하였다. Diener 등 (1977) 은 Golden delicious 의사과품종과 Sunhigh 의복숭아품종의충격반응을측정하였으며, 과실의압축강도와충격반응을비교분석하였다. 그결과멍체적은낙하높이와밀접한관계가있었으며, 과실이떨어지면서발생하는다중충격은멍체적의증가를가져온다고하였다. 그리고덜익은사과보다잘익은사과가충격에의한멍체적이작았으며, 멍에대한저항성이더좋다고보고하였다. 또한반발계수는멍의비체적과는곡선적인관계가있으며, 과실이잘익을수록반발계수는작아진다고보고하였다. Lichtensteiger 등 (1988) 은낙하시험기를이용하여고무공과플라스틱공과같은점탄성체와토마토의충격특성을분석하였다. 그결과잘익은토마토가덜익은토마토보다정점충격력이더작은것으로나타났으며, 충격지속시간도잘익은토마토가덜익은토마토의약반정도로나타났다고보고하였다. 질량이클수록정점충격력과충격지속시간은증가하며, 낙하높이가증가할수록충격지속시간은줄어들고정점충격력은낙하높이의제곱근에비례하여증가한다고보고하였다. 토마토의반발계수는익을수록작아지며, 물체의질량이반발계수에미치는영향은적은것으로보고하였다. 국내의경우 Park (2001) 은신고품종의배에대한충격에의한손상추정과손상을입지않을낙하높이를구명하기위하여자유낙하충격실험장치를제작하여실험하였으며배의충격특성인자들과기계적특성들간의관계를분석한결과배에손상을입히지않는낙하높이는이론적분석결과약 1~4 cm이고실제계측한결과약 1~6 cm로나타났으며이는배의물성에따라차이가크므로낙하높이를추정할때는물성을충분히고려하여야한다고보고하였다. 또한충격에의한배멍에영향을주는인자들로낙하높이, 질량, 속도변화, 정점충격력등이분석되었으며, 이들을인자로하여배의멍직경예측모델을제시하였다. Hong 등 (2005) 은디지털오실로스코프와가속도계로구성된충격특성실험장치를이용하여사과, 배, 복숭아에대해낙하높이에따른내부과육조직과외피조직의극한강도, 파괴에너지및극한변형도를분석하여각각의과실들의충격하중에대한손상메카니즘을제시하였다. Lee 등 (2008) 은충격 신호를이용하여멜론의경도를비파괴적으로평가하기위해서 impact pendulum과압전센서를이용한충격신호계측시스템을개발하여멜론에대한충격신호특성과멜론경도와의상관관계를구명하였다. 이상의연구에서살펴본바와같이, 과실의낙하실험을통한충격특성과과실의물리적물성간의상관관계를이용한기존의연구는국내외적으로많이이루어졌으나과실의실제유통중에계측된충격가속도를이용하여포장완충재의구성에따른충격특성에관한연구는찾아보기힘들뿐만아니라과실포장완충재의적정완충설계에꼭필요한것이며수송중발생되는충격에의한과실의손상을이해하는데매우중요한것이다. 따라서본연구에서는국내배포장시완충방법을적정화하기위한자료를확보하고자, 국내배의수송경로에서계측 분석된충격가속도를이용하여단일파형충격실험을통한완충재의구성방법별최대충격가속도와충격증폭계수를분석하고자한다. 2. 재료및방법 실험에사용된배 ( 원황 ) 는 2008년 9월에일반농가에서수확된후실험에사용되기전까지약 2일동안저온저장 (0±1, rh 85±5%) 되었다. 시료들의기본적인물성들은표 1과같으며, 각각의배는실험에사용되기전에실험실의환경조건 (15, rh 75%) 에서약 5시간동안적응을시켰다. 충격실험에사용된배의개수는모두 20 개이며표 1에명시된배의진밀도는각개체의체적에대한질량의비로서각개체의체적은물치환법에의해측정되었다. Table 1 Harvesting date and physical characteristics of the pear used in shock tests Cultivar Date of harvest Wonwhang Note: ( ) standard deviation 1) Water displacement method Volume (10-4 m 3 ) 1) Mass (kg) 5.44 (0.47) 0.55 (0.043) True density (kg/m 3 ) (94.56) 배의포장완충재구성방법은현행배포장시스템에적용되는다양한포장재를사용하여, 이들의조합을통해여러가지를구현하였으며, 적용한포장재는겉포장재인이중양면골판지 (DW) 1종, 속포장재인골판지완충패드 (SW) 1종, 발포폴리에틸렌완충컵 (cushion cup) 및망패드 (cushion net pad) 각 1종씩을선택하였다. 적용된골판지상자와골판지패드의원지배합을비롯한주요제원은표 2와같이, 현재배포장에 324

3 J. of Biosystems Eng. Vol. 35, No. 5. Table 2 Physical properties of the corrugated board used in shock tests Items Type Flute Composition Total thickness (mm) Corrugated board cushion pad SW A/F SK180/S150/K180 3 Corrugated board box DW AB/F SK180/S120/S120/K180/K190 8 Table 3 Physical properties of the intermediate packaging materials used in shock test Items Material Thickness (mm) Cushion cup EPE 3 Cushion net pad EPE 7 보편적으로적용되는수준이었다. 기타속포장재에대한물리적특성은표 3에나타내었으며, 충격시험에사용되는모든포장재시편의크기는발포폴리에틸렌완충컵을제외하고모두 cm로하였다. 배의충격특성을계측, 분석하기위해구성된실험장치는전자식가진기 (ETS-150, ETS solution, USA), 충격신호를계측하기위한가속도센서 (8774A50, KISTLER, USA), 전자식가진기를제어하고가속도계로부터계측된신호를수집, 저장하기위한데이터수집장치 (VR9500, VRC Inc., USA) 로구성되었다. 표 4와 5는각각실험에사용한가속도계와데이터수집장치의제원을보여주고있으며, 특히시료에직접부착되는가속도계는아주경량 (4 g) 으로유연한케이블을가진 1축의압전형가속도센서였으며제작사에서캘리브레이션되어제공되는 sensitivity값을이용하여충격가속도를측정하였으며실험을수행하기전에추가적인캘리브레이션은수행하지않았다. 그림 1은충격실험을위해한완충재구성에대해배시료를장착한모습을나타낸것으로서가진장치의충격가속도와진동가속도를제어하기위한기준가속도계를바닥면에부착하여입력가속도를측정및제어하였다. 포장완충재와과실은강력접착제를이용하여고정하였으며가속도계는배의볼상단중앙에강력접착제와알루미늄밴드로단단히고정하였다. 또한충격실험시에발생될수있는배의상대변위를최소화하기위해일체가된완충재와과실을진동테이블표면에알루미늄밴드와알루미늄테이프를이용하여일체가되도록고정하였다. 전자식가진기를이용한충격시험방법은가진기를제어하는신호유형에따라단일파형을이용하는충격시험 (Classical Shock Test) 과 SRS(Shock Response Spectrum) 를이용하는충격시험, Wavelet Modification을이용한충격시험법이있으나, 본연구에서는단일파형을이용한충격시험을적용하였다. 실험에적용된충격프로파일은 Kim(2007) 에의해측정된국내수송경로에서발생되는충격가속도를기준으로 MIL- STD-810F(2000) 에따라생성하였으며단일파형시험방법은 Table 4 Table 5 Specifications of the accelerometer Item Shock range Frequency range Sensitivity Non-linearity Resolution Mass Specifications of the vibration controller Item Input Sample rate Frequency range Dynamic range Specifications 5,000 G 1~10,000 Hz 100 mv/g ±0.5% FSO 2.5 mg-rms 4 g Specifications 4 ch ~ 100 khz 0.1 ~ 32 khz > 100 db Fig. 1 Specimen configuration for the shock test. 주로반사인파형 (half-sine), 톱니파형 (saw-tooth), 사각파형 (rectangular) 또는사다리꼴파형 (trapezoidal) 등의시간파형을적용하는데, 입력펄스파형은가진기시스템의최대전류와최대전압, 행정에의해제한을받으며, 주파형의전후로반대방향의펄스를가하여가진기에부과되는충격량을극대화시킬수있으며이러한전후펄스파형은최대충격가속도의 10% 를넘지않도록하였다 (Kim, 2007). 그림 2는국내비포장도로에서실제로계측된진동충격가속도신호로서, 최대가속도는전구간에걸쳐약 14 G이였으며최대가속도가계측된신호의충격지속시간은약 7 ms로나타났다. 325

4 포장완충재의구성에따른배의단일파형충격반응 (a) Peak shock acceleration (b) Shock control profile Fig. 2 Peak shock acceleration section measured on the unpaved road and its shock control profile. Fig. 3 Half sine shock profile used for the shock test. Fig. 4 Trapezoidal shock profile used for the shock test. 그림 3과 4는최대충격가속도를 14 G로설정하였을경우에충격실험에사용된반사인파형과사다리꼴파형의파형특성을보여주는것으로서각각의파형에대한최대변위는반사인파형의경우 2.8 mm, 사다리꼴파형의경우는 3.16 mm 이며그림 3, 4에명시된 demand는설정가속도인최대충격가속도이고 tolerance는설정가속도의 ±3%, abort는설정가속도의 ±5% 값으로서충격시험기가이허용범위를초과할경우즉, 충격가속도가설정가속도로제어되지않을경우를모니터링하기위한설정이다. 3. 결과및고찰 단일배와포장완충재의구성방법에따라서시험편에부착된가속도계를이용하여계측된배의최대충격가속도와충격증폭계수는표 6과같다. 표 6에서와같이비포장도로의수송경로에서계측된최대충격가속도를이용한반사인파형의충격실험에의한단일배의최대가속도는평균 G 로계측되었고포장완충재가적용된경우는적용하지않은경우에비해많이작은 14.18~19.82 G의범위인것으로나 타났다. 사다리꼴파형충격실험의경우, 단일배에서계측된최대가속도는 G이며, 포장완충재가적용되었을때는 18.63~26.45 G로써반사인파형충격실험치보다 ~ 33.45% 더큰것으로나타났다. 반사인파형과사다리꼴파형의충격실험결과모두에서단일배의충격가속도는입력가속도인 G에비해더큰값을보였으며이는배가산지에서포장되지않고산물형태로적재되어수송될경우, 과실은차량에서발생되는충격의약 1.7배이상의충격을받을수있고이는결국과실의손상을유발할수있다는것을의미한다. 또한포장완충재가적용된경우의충격가속도는완충재를적용하지않은경우에비해작은값으로계측되었는데, 이것은완충재가충격중변형으로인해충격에너지의일부를흡수함으로써배에전달되는충격력을감소시키는역할을한것으로판단된다. 반사인파형충격실험에서골판지완충패드만을사용한경우와골판지완충패드에발포폴리에틸렌완충컵또는완충망패드를같이사용한경우를비교해볼때, 골판지완충패드와완충컵을같이사용한경우에는골판지완충패드만을사용한경우에비해충격가속도가 17.78% 더작았으며, 골판지완충 326

5 J. of Biosystems Eng. Vol. 35, No. 5. 패드와완충망패드를같이사용한경우에는골판지완충패드만을사용한경우에비해충격가속도가 19.06% 더작았다. 또한이중양면골판지의경우, 이중양면골판지와완충컵을같이사용한경우에는이중양면골판지만을사용한경우에비해충격가속도가 25.13% 더작았으며, 이중양면골판지와완충망패드를사용한경우에는이중양면골판지만을사용한경우에비해충격가속도가 28.46% 더작았다. 사다리꼴파형충격실험에서도골판지완충패드와완충컵또는완충망패드를같이사용한경우와골판지완충패드만을사용한경우를비교해보면, 골판지완충패드만을사용한경우에비해골판지완충패드와완충컵을같이사용한경우에충격가속도가 24.16% 더작았고, 골판지완충패드와완충망패드를같이사용한경우는충격가속도가 28.02% 더작았다. 반면, 이중양면골판지만을사용한경우와비교할때는 이중양면골판지와완충컵을같이사용할경우충격가속도가 20.9% 작게계측되었으며이중양면골판지와완충망패드를같이사용할경우충격가속도는 25.12% 더작았다. 골판지패드의두께가두꺼운 AB골이두께가얇은 A골을사용한경우보다충격가속도가작게계측되었는데, 이는두골판지간의원지배합이비슷한수준인것으로보아원지배합보다는골형태와골판지패드의두께가골판지의완충성에미치는영향이더큰것으로판단된다. 표 6에포장완충재의구성방법에따른충격전달가속도를분석하기위하여입력가속도에대한충격가속도의비인충격증폭계수 (shock amplification factor) 를함께나타내었으며반사인파형충격실험에서는완충재없이배자체의육질을통한증폭계수인 1.714와비교해볼때이중양면골판지에완충컵이나완충망패드를조합시킨경우는각각 1.048과 Table 6 Peak acceleration and shock amplification factors of the pear according to the packaging and cushioning materials by classical shock test average of peak acceleration (G) average of shock amplification factors half sine pulse shock trapezoidal pulse shock A B C D E F G A B C D E F G (2.03) (0.147) (1.43) (0.103) (0.98) (0.071) (1.08) (0.079) (1.56) (0.113) (1.08) (0.078) (1.23) (0.089) (2.23) (0.162) (2.68) (0.194) (1.48) (0.107) (1.13) (0.082) (1.85) (0.134) (1.23) (0.089) (1.07) (0.078) Note : ( ) Standard devitation A = Single pear, B = SW(A flute), C = SW + cushion cup, D = SW + cushion net E = DW(AB flute), F = DW + cushion cup, G = DW + cushion net (a) pear + SW (B) (b) pear + SW + cushion cup (C) (c) pear + SW + cushion net (D) (d) pear + DW (E) (e) pear + DW + cushion cup (F) (f) pear + DW + cushion net (G) Fig. 5 Shock response curve of the pear according to the packaging and cushioning materials by the half sine pulse shock test. 327

6 포장완충재의구성에따른배의단일파형충격반응 (a) pear + SW (B) (b) pear + SW + cushion cup (C) (c) pear + SW + cushion net (D) (d) pear + DW (E) (e) pear + DW + cushion cup (F) (f) pear + DW + cushion net (G) Fig. 6 Shock response curve of the pear according to the packaging and cushioning materials by the trapezoidal pulse shock test 로서가장작은값을보였으며, 포장완충재를적용한경우에는이중양면골판지만을적용한경우가 1.4로가장컸다. 또한사다리꼴파형충격실험에서는이중양면골판지에완충망패드를조합시킨경우가 1.316으로가장작았으며, 포장완충재를적용한경우에서는골판지완충패드만을적용한경우가 1.868로가장크게나타났다. 그림 5와 6은각각반사인파형충격실험과사다리꼴파형충격실험에대한단일배와포장완충재의구성에따른배의충격응답가속도를보여주고있으며그림 5와 6에명시된 control신호는가진장치가시료에가한충격가속도이다. 그림 5의 6가지조합에대해표 6에서분석된바와같이충격응답가속도는단일배의경우에가장큰값을보여주고있으며이중양면골판지와완충망패드를같이적용한경우에가장작은값을보여주고있다. 그림 6의 6가지조합에서도그림 5에서와동일한경향을보이는것을확인할수있으며다만그림 6의사다리꼴파형의충격실험에서는입력되는충격량이반사인파형보다크게가해지므로충격응답가속도가그림 5에서보다크게계측되어지는것을확인할수있다. 그림 5와 6에서보여지듯이배에부착된가속도계에서계측된충격가속도는충격실험기에서제어되는충격입력가속도보다 5~8 ms의지연이발생하였으며이는단일배와포장완충재로구성되어있는시험편의감쇠작용에의한것으로판단된다. 그림 7은반사인파형충격과사다리꼴파형충격시에발생되는최대가속도를포장완충재의구성별로나타낸것으로서 Fig. 7 Peak accelerations of the pear for the half sine pulse and the trapezoidal pulse with several packaging and cushioning materials. 모든경우에대해사다리꼴파형충격의경우에최대가속도는크게계측되었다. 이것은사다리꼴파형에대한임펄스량을계산하면반사인파형의충격에서보다는더크게계산되기때문이며, 임펄스량이클경우에충격운동량도증가하여결국최대가속도도크게나타나는것으로판단된다. 4. 결론 본연구에서는포장완충재의종류와구성에따른배의단일파형충격응답을구명하기위하여배와포장완충재를실험재료로하여수송경로에서받을수있는충격가속도를적용 328

7 J. of Biosystems Eng. Vol. 35, No. 5. 한반사인파형, 사다리꼴파형충격실험을수행하였고이를통하여여러가지포장완충재의구성에따른배의충격특성을분석하였으며그결과를요약하면다음과같다. (1) 반사인파형충격실험에서단일배의최대가속도는 22.12~28.84 G로써입력된 G에비해충격력이크게증가하였으며포장완충재가적용된경우에는 11.64~23.53 G로계측되었다. 사다리꼴파형에대한충격실험결과단일배의경우 24.43~32.61 G이었고, 포장완충재가적용되었을때는 16.70~30.44 G로계측되었다. (2) 입력가속도에대한충격가속도의비로표현되는충격증폭계수를비교해볼때, 반사인파형충격실험의경우, 완충재나완충컵또는완충망패드를적용하지않은배자체만의충격증폭계수는 1.714였으며이중양면골판지패드에완충컵이나완충망패드를조합시킨경우가각각 1.048과 1.001로가장작았고완충재를적용한경우에있어서이중양면골판지패드만을적용한경우는 1.4였다. 또한사다리꼴파형충격실험에서는배자체만의충격증폭계수는 1.934였으며이중양면골판지에망패드를조합시킨경우가 1.316로서가장작았고포장완충재를적용한경우에서는골판지완충패드만을적용한경우가 1.868로가장크게나타났다. (3) 원지배합이비슷한 AB골의이중양면골판지 (DW) 와 A골의골판지완충패드 (SW) 에대한충격가속도실험결과, 두께가두꺼운 AB골이 A골보다충격가속도가작게계측되었으며따라서충격을흡수하는성능은원지배합보다는골형태에따라더큰영향을받는것으로판단되었다. 1. Delwiche, M. J., H. Arevalo and J. J. Mehlschau Second generation impact force response fruit firmness sorter. Transactions of the ASAE, 39(3): Diener, R. G., R. E. Adams, M. Ingle, K. C. Elliot, P. E. Nesselroad and S. H. Blizzard Bruise Energy of Peaches and Apples. ASAE Paper No , ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich. 3. Hong, J. H., B. S. Myung, J. S. Choe, C. S. Kim, T. W. Kim, J. H. Chung and J. W. Park Mechanical Behavior of Fruits under Impact Loading. Journal of Biosystems Engineering 30(5): Kim, G. S Vibration Behavior of the Fruits and the Packaged Freight and their Quality Changes at Simulated Transportation Environment. Chungnam National University Doctor Dissertation. 5. Lee, Y. H., D. S. Choi, S. R. Choi, M. S. Kim and G. S. Kim Firmness Measurement of Melon by Characteristics of Impact Signal (I) - Characteristics of Impact Signal of Melon -. Journal of Biosystems Engineering 33(4): Lichtensteiger, M. J., R. G. Holmes, M. Y. Hamdy and J. L. Blaisdell, Impact parameters of spherical viscoelastic objects and tomatoes, Transactions of the ASAE 31(2): MIL-STD-810F Department of Defense Test Method Standard for Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests, U.S.A 8. Mohsenin, N. N Physical properties of plant and animal materials. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers 9. Mohsenin, N. N. and H. Goehlich Techniques for determination of mechanical properties of fruits and vegetables as related to design and development of harvesting and processing machinery. J. Agric. Eng. Res., 7(4), Park, I. K Impact characteristics of the pears. Chungnam National University Master Dissertation. 11. Zhang, X., M. L. Stone, D. Chen, N. O. Maness, and G. H. Brusewitz Peach firmness determination by puncture resistance, drop impact, and sonic impulse. Transaction of the ASAE 37(2):

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