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1 한국산업보건학회지, 제26권제3호 (2016) ISSN X(Print) ISSN (Online) Original Article 루프환기구에따른보일러빌딩내부환기성능에관한수치적연구 최훈기ㆍ유근종 * ㆍ이상헌 1 창원대학교기계공학부, 1 창원대학교대학원기계공학부 Numerical Study on the Ventilation Performance in the Boiler Building with and without Roof Openings Hoon Ki Choi Geun Jong Yoo * Sang Heon Lee 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University 1 Graduate School, Changwon National University ABSTRACT Objectives: The objective of this paper is to find flow and heat transfer characteristics numerically in boiler buildings for three different ventilation window configurations. Methods: Turbulent natural convection flow in boiler buildings with a constant heating wall temperature was analyzed numerically. Governing equations were solved with standard finite-volume method using the SIMPLE algorithm. Conclusions: Flow and heat transfer characteristics are found for three different ventilation types. In the lower area under furnace, velocity and temperature distributions show similar patterns among the three different ventilation types. In the upper area over furnace, however, air flow is well mixed with lower peak temperatures for types B and C, which have roof ventilation windows, compared to type A which has side wall louvers only. Also, type B, with a single large roof window, shows better ventilation effect than does type C with its distribution roof windows. Key words: boiler building, cooling performance, louver type ventilation, numerical analysis, peak temperature, roof type ventilation I. 서론화력발전소의보일러빌딩내부는화로 (furnace) 를포함하는다수의열원을갖는복잡한설비들로이루어져있다. 연료를연소시키는장치인화로와연소에필요한연료, 공기및온수를공급하는복잡한배관들, 그리고이러한장치들을지지하기위한각종구조물로구성되어있다. 보일러빌딩내부의온도가높은화로외벽은열전달을차단하기위하여단열재를시공하고있으나완벽하지않아빌딩내부로많은에너지가방출된다. 방출된열을냉각시키지않으면빌 딩내부의공기온도가상승하여작업자의작업환경에심각한문제를초래할수있고각종운전을위한계기들의오작동을유발하는원인이된다. 하지만복잡한구조와거대한규모로인하여냉각을위한특별한장치를설치하지는못하고있는실정이다. 일반적으로냉각은빌딩측벽과상부에설치된루버및루프환기구를개방하여순수한자연대류에의하여수행하고있다. 내부화로벽면에서방출되는열로인해벽면근처의공기는밀도가낮아져부력이형성되어하부에서상부로유동이형성된다. 이때하부통풍구로유입된찬공기는내부열원에의해발생 *Corresponding author: Geun Jong Yoo, Tel: , gjyoo@changwon.ac.kr School of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam Received: August 25, 2016, Revised: September 13, 2016, Accepted: September 14, 2016 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 342

2 루프환기구에따른보일러빌딩내부환기성능에관한수치적연구 343 된열들을상부에설치된통풍구를통해방출시키게한다. 복잡한내부구조는자연대류에의하여형성된유체유동의원활한흐름을방해하게되며냉각성능을감소시키는원인이된다. 이로인하여국소적으로공기의흐름이정체되는영역이발생하여온도가상승하게된다. 특히화로가설치된상부영역에서온도가상승하면화로위에설치된계기의오작동을초래하는여러가지의운전상문제가일어나기도한다. 이러한문제점에대응하기위하여최적의통풍구 ( 루버 or 루프환기구 ) 를설치함으로보다원활한자연환기를발생시켜최적의실내온도를유지할필요성을인식하게되었다. 환기현상의연구는보일러빌딩의규모가너무크고여러기기들이복잡하게설치되어있어실험적으로는이루어질수없으며, 축소모형으로제작한다하더라도상사성을유지하기힘들기때문에대부분의연구는수치해석에의존하고있는실정이다. 이와같은방법으로 Sigey et al.(2004), Gratia et al.(2004) 및 Stavrakakis et al.(2008) 은수치해석적인방법을통해다양한실내환기방법과실내환기성능을개선시키는연구를진행한바있다. Kim et al.(2005) 은다수의열원을갖는보일러빌딩에서혼합대류현상에대하여적절한통풍구설치에따른냉각효과를고찰한바있다. 또한 Kim et al.(2009) 은 HRSG 건물에서온도제어를위하여루버를설치하고자연대류와강제대류현상의특성을수치해석을통하여고찰하였다. 하지만일반적으로상부의통풍구조는내부구조물들에의해각경우마다위치, 크기가각기다르게설계되어지고있다. 하부에서유입된찬공기가화로벽면에서방출되는열에의하여온도가상승하여상부측면벽에설치된창인루버나지붕에설치된창인루프환기구등의개방통구를통하여외부로빠져나가게된다. Kim et al.(2009) 의연구에의하면냉각성능은하부루버의개방되는면적에는영향을받지만형상에는큰영향을받지않고상부루버의형상및개방면적에큰영향을받는결과를제시하였다. 본연구에서는 Kim et al.(2009) 이수행한해석방법을기반으로수치해석을통해내부환기에영향을미칠수있는또하나의요소인상부루프환기구구조에대하여수치해석을수행하여냉각성능에미치는영향을고찰해보고자한다. Ⅱ. 해석방법 1. 지배방정식보일러빌딩내부유동은열전달을통해형성된부력으로상승하는유동을보인다. 화로벽면을비롯한열원들의벽면은단열재가시공되어있지만실제로는 6 0 근처의높은온도를유지하고있음을확인하였다. 따라서각발열부의벽면온도를 60 로가정하였다. 아울러이경우빌딩내의 Gr(Grashof Number) 는대략 크기를가지므로, 자연대류는난류형태를유지하고있음을확인할수있다. 또한 Re(Reynolds Number) 는빌딩내부의공기온도를평균적으로 40 로가정하여도출하면약 10 5 크기를가지므로난류유동이형성된다. 이러한난류유동을해석하기위하여본연구에서는 Launder & Spalding.(1974) 및다수의연구를통하여검증되어공학적으로신뢰성을인정받고있는표준 k-ε 모델을적용하였다. 지배방정식은다음과같이제시할수있다. 1) 연속방정식 (1) 2) 운동량방정식 (2) 3) 에너지방정식 Pr (3) 4) 난류운동에너지방정식 (4) 5) 난류운동에너지소산율방정식 (5)

3 344 최훈기ㆍ유근종ㆍ이상헌 식 (2) 의부력항, 은밀도의변화를온도에대한함수로정의한 Boussinesq 근사식을적용하였으며, 이는온도변화만큼유체의밀도변화가부력항에반영되어계산됨을의미한다. 이때식 (2) 의유도된부력항은식 (6) 과같이밀도와온도의일차적인함수로표현된다. (6) 2. 해석대상 Figure 1 및 Figure 2와같이본연구대상인보일러빌딩은길이 60 m, 폭 82 m, 높이 84.7 m의구조로빌딩내부의화로 (Furnace) 하부부근에 Air Duct 를비롯한배관들로인해밀집된복잡한구조를가지며, 상부에는 NOx 제거용 SCR을비롯하여거더 (Girder) 들이배치되어있으며 Fan을통해공기예열 기 (Air Pre-heater) 에필요한공기가흡입되어진다. 본연구에서는 3가지 (Type A, B, C) 루버 ( 측벽면의창문 ) 나루프환기구의형상에대하여수치해석을수행하여냉각성능을비교하고자한다. Type A는상부루버를설치하고루프환기구는없는경우이고 Type B와 Type C는상부루버는없고루프환기구만있는경우이다. Type B는루프환기구를단일화시켰으며 Type C는루프환기구의구조를다분화시켰다. 3가지경우모두상부에설치된루버혹은루프환기구의총면적은동일하고나머지의모든하부루버들은 3가지경우모두동일하다. 찬공기는하부루버로유입되고이공기는화로등열원들로부터열을받게되면부력이형성되어상승하게된다. 상승한공기는상부루버또는상부루프환기구를통하여외부로빠져나가게되어보일러빌딩내의공기를냉각시키게된다. Figure 2는대표적인 Type A의 Figure 1. Internal structures in the boiler building Figure 2. Top louvers arrangement for the Type A (c) Figure 3. Arrangement of top roof openings : Type A(side wall windows), Type B(single roof window), (c) Type C(multi-roof windows)

4 루프환기구에따른보일러빌딩내부환기성능에관한수치적연구 345 Table 1. Summary of the analysis cases Type 상부루버및루프환기구의개폐여부 A 상부루버개방, 루프환기구닫음 B 상부루버닫음, 루프환기구개방 C 상부루버닫음, 루프환기구개방형상을나타내었으며, Table 1은창문의개 / 폐여부를, Figure 3은 3가지 Type에대한루프환기구들의위치및크기를나타내었다. 3. 격자계및경계조건 Figure 1과 2에나타낸구조물들을모두반영하여격자계는약 400만개 ~ 850만개의독립성테스트를통해보일러빌딩내의최대 (peak) 온도의오차가 1% 미만으로나타나는약 650만개 Tetra 격자로구성하였다. 또한열원들을포함하여그외구조물들의경계조건은 Table 2와같으며, 외기온도는특정지역의여름평균외기온도인 34.2 를적용하였다. 실제발열을하는고온기기들은단열재로감싸져있으나여러문제점들로인하여 60 정도의온도크기가실측되고있다. 따라서본연구에서는발열기기의모든벽면온도를 60 로경계조건을설정하였으며, 외부벽면들은단열조건으로설정하였다. 또한 Fan은공기예열에필요한공기가강제흡입되므로유속은일정유량을흡입함을가정하여속도조건을적용하였다. 상부통풍구조를같은조건에서비교하기위하여 Figure 3에나타내어진 Type B와 Type C의루프환기구는 Type A의상부루버의통풍전체면적과동일하도록적용하였다. 공기의물성치는온도에따라변화하도록하였다. 4. 수치해석방법유체유동장의해를얻기위해 SIMPLE 기법을이용하여해석하였다. 이는연속방정식과운동량방정식을조합시켜압력과유속의관계식을형성하고이를통해각지배방정식이모두만족되도록반복적으로속도와압력을보정하여해를구하는방법으로신뢰도가입증된기법이다. 또한각지배방정식에포함된대류항과확산항은 1차상류화기법을이용하여이산화된식을풀이하였다. 수렴기준으로는에너지방정식의잔차 (residual) 가 10-7 그외는 10-3 미만을만족하고보일러빌딩내의최대 (peak) 온도의변화가없을때까지진행하였다. 계산에는 CFD 상용소프트웨어 ANSYS FLUENT v.14 (ANSYS Inc, 2011) 를이용하였다. Ⅲ. 결과및고찰본연구의보일러빌딩해석에앞서해석타당성검증을위해 Betts & Bokhari(2000) 의실험결과와전산해석결과를비교하였다. Figure 4의형상과같이 54.7 의 Hot wall과마주보는 15.6 의 Cold wall이설치된공간내부에서의열전달실험이다. Figure 5 는온도를측정한평면에대한온도분포를나타낸그림으로실험값과수치해석결과는매우유사한결과를가진다. 따라서본연구의해석방법은보일러빌딩의환기해석을수행하는데적절할것으로판단되어진다. Table 2. Boundary conditions Section Boundary conditions Remarks Louver Pressure outlet Atmosphere Temperature : 34.2 Fan Velocity inlet Velocity : m/s Internal structures Wall Furnace : 60 Air ducts : 60 Etc : 60 Girder Wall Adiabatic, No-slip External walls Wall Adiabatic, No-slip Figure 4. Schematic of experimental geometry (Betts & Bokhari, 2000)

5 346 최훈기ㆍ유근종ㆍ이상헌 Figure 5. Temperature distribution on the optional section. Figure 6. Data acquisition sections 보일러빌딩내부는매우넓은영역이므로속도및온도분포를도출하기위하여임의의단면을설정하였으며 Figure 6는단면의위치를나타낸그림이다. Figure 7~9는임의단면에대하여속도분포를나타낸그림이다. 그림에서화살표로표기한속도벡터는분포도의이해를돕기위하여그수를축소하여간결하게나타내었으며주흐름방향은굵은화살표로나타내었다. 루버및루프환기구의형상에상관없이하부루버를통해유입된찬공기들은화로및배관등의발열원들로부터열을받게된다. 공기가열을받으면밀도가낮아져중력반대방향으로부력이형성되어수직으로상승하는유동을형성하게된다. 대표적인발열체인화로근처에서중력의반대방향으로수직벽의높이가가장높고화로벽면과빌딩내공기와의온도차가많으므로큰부력이형성되어강 하게상승하는유동을볼수있다. 또한화로는열원으로써가장큰전열표면적을가지며유동을방해하는저항체가없기때문에강한수직의상승유동이형성된다. 물론루버나루프환기구의형상에상관없이화로주위조건은 3가지모두동일하므로 Type A, Type B 및 Type C 모두화로벽면근처에서상부지역으로상승하는유동이강하게형성되며전체적으로하부영역에서는비슷한유동의모습을보인다. 상부지역에서는보일러빌딩내부에서화로의형상으로인한형상저항에의해부분적으로큰와류가형성되어다소정체되는구간이존재한다. 보일러빌딩의상부에서는중요한계측기기들이화로위의 Girder 근처에설치되어있으므로이영역으로의상승하는공기유입이냉각적인측면에서아주중요하다. 이영역으로의공기유입은상부의통풍구의위치나형상에의하여큰차이가발생된다. Figure 7~9에서확인할수있듯이상부에측면창인루버만설치되어진 Type A는복잡한 Girder 형상과더불어내부구조물들을타고상승한고온의공기가 Girder 영역중앙부까지순환하고측면벽루버의창으로유출되기때문에 Girder영역에서국부적으로온도가크게상승하게된다. 이러한냉각성능을개선하기위한모델인 Type B와 Type C는 Type A의상부루버의표면적과동일한크기로보일러빌딩옥상천정에루프환기구를설치한경우이다. 빌딩내부열원의구조물들을주변에서상승한공기는 Girder 부근을순환하고곧바로상부루프환기구로유출하게되어 Girder부의냉각성능을향상시킬수있음을볼수있다. 따라서천정에환기구가설치된 Type B와 Type C는측벽에창이설치된 Type A에비하여 Girder영역에공기의유동이효율적으로형성되어그부분에서의최대온도를현저히감소시킬수있을것으로예측할수있다. Figure 10~12는 3가지통풍구형상에대한온도분포를나타낸그림이다. 설치되어야할구조물주변의유체유동이정체되는것은상하부의통풍구의개수와형상의변화로개선되지않아이부분에서국부적으로온도상승이발생되는것은피할수가없다. 하지만그이외의영역에서는작업자들의안전과화로상부에설치되어있는제어기기들의원활한운전을위하여최대 (peak) 온도를충분히낮출수있는

6 루프 환기구에 따른 보일러빌딩 내부 환기성능에 관한 수치적 연구 347 Figure 7. Velocity vectors distributions in the Type A plane 1, plane 2 Figure 8. Velocity vectors distributions in the Type B plane 1, plane 2 Figure 9. Velocity vectors distributions in the Type C : plane 1, plane 2

7 348 최훈기ㆍ유근종ㆍ이상헌 (c) Figure 10. Temperature distributions on the plane 1 : Type A, Type B, (c) Type C (c) Figure 11. Temperature distributions on the plane 2 : Type A, Type B, (c) Type C (c) Figure 12. Temperature distributions on the plane 3 : Type A, Type B, (c) Type C

8 루프환기구에따른보일러빌딩내부환기성능에관한수치적연구 349 환기성능을가지도록설계되어지는것이환기해석에서는가장중요한요소이다. 3가지통풍구의형상에서동일하게하부영역의온도분포는비슷한분포를하고있다. 상부로공기의유동이진행될수록발열원으로부터열을받아온도는상승하게된다. 3가지모두보일러빌딩내에서상부로상승할때약 40 까지온도가상승되며, 화로상부의기하학적인저항요소에의해정체현상이형성되어최대약 50 이상의온도분포를보이고있다. Type A의경우보일러빌딩상부영역인 Girder에서최대온도는약 52 까지상승하게된다. 하지만 Type B와 Type C는각각약 47, 48 의최대온도분포를보여 Type A보다는냉각성능이향상됨을볼수있다. 이는속도분포를통해본바와같이상부루버를밀폐시키고동일한면적만큼루프환기구를개방시킴으로써화로상부및 Girder 영역에유동을효율적으로순환시켜 Type A보다더욱효과적으로냉각성능을개선시킬수있음을알수있다. 또한 Type B와같은단일원형형태의상부루프환기구가다분화시킨상부루프환기구구조를가지는 Type C보다는다소좋은냉각성능을보이고있다. 따라서화력발전소보일러빌딩의외관경관을고려한 Type A는통풍으로인한실내의냉각효과에는문제점을안고있으며천정중앙부또는화로수직윗부분의지붕에루프환기구를설치하는것이좋은대안으로판단된다. Ⅳ. 결론 Type A와같이상부루버가설치되어있는경우복잡한화로위 Girder 배치되어있는영역에서유체유동은다소정체현상을보이며이로인하여최대온도가 52 까지상승하게됨을확인하였다. Type B 및 Type C와같이상부루프환기구를개방시키게되면최대온도를약 5 정도낮출수있다. 두경우중상부루프환기구를집중시킨 Type B가가장 낮은최대온도를보이므로다소향상된냉각성능을가지고있음을확인할수있다. 따라서빌딩상부영역에효과적인환기성능을갖추기위해서는측면부통풍창 ( 루버 ) 설치보다는상부루프환기구의설치가적절한것으로판단된다. 감사의글 본논문은 년도창원대학교자율연구과제연구비지원으로수행된연구결과임 References Ansys Inc. ANSYS FLUENT User's guide Betts PL, Bokhari LH. Experiments on turbulent natural convection in an enclosed tall cavity. Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow 2000;21(6): Gratia E, Bruyere I, De Herde A. How to use natural ventilation to cool narrow office buildings. Building and Environment 2004;39(10):1157~1170 Kim CH, Yoo GJ, Choi HK. Numerical study on the ventilation effect in the boiler building. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2005;15(3): Kim CH, Lee JW, Choi HK, Yoo GJ. Numerical study on ventilation method for temperature control of HRSG building. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2009;19(3): 240~249 Launder BE, Spalding DB. The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows. Computer methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 1974;3(2): Sigey JK, Gathen FK, Kinyanjui. Numerical study of free vonvection turbulent heat transfer in an enclosure. Energy Conversion and Management 2004;45(15-16): 2571~2582 Stavrakakis GM, Koukou MK, Vrachopoulos MGr, Markatos NC. Natural cross-ventilation in buildings: Buildingscale seperiments, numerical simulation and thermal comfort evaluation. Energy and Buildings 2008;40(9): 1666~1681

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