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1 한국지반공학회논문집제 34 권 9 호 2018 년 9 월 pp. 19 ~ 32 JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY Vol.34, No.9, September 2018 pp. 19 ~ 32 ISSN (Print) ISSN X (Online) 광역적산사태모니터링을위한무선센서네트워크기술의적용 A Wireless Sensor Network Technique and its Application in Regional Landslide Monitoring 정상섬 1 Jeong, Sang-Seom 홍문현 2 Hong, Moon-Hyun 김정환 3 Kim, Jung-Hwan Abstract In this study, the applicability and practicality of landslides monitoring by using wireless sensor network (WSN) was analysed. WSN system consists of a sensor node for collecting and transmitting data using IEEE e standard, a gateway for collecting data and transmitting the data to the monitoring server. In the topology of the sensor network, a highly flexible and reliable mesh type was adopted, and three testbeds were chosen in each location of Seoul metropolitan area. Soil moisture sensors, tensiometers, inclinometers, and a rain gauge were installed at each testbed and sensor node to monitor the landslide. For the estimation of the optimal network topology between sensor nodes, the susceptibility assessment of landslides, forest density and viewshed analysis of terrain were conducted. As a result, the network connection works quite well and measured value of the volumetric water content and matric suction simulates well the general trend of the soil water characteristic curve by the laboratory test. As such, it is noted that WSN system, which is the reliable technique, can be applied to the landslide monitoring. 요 지 본연구에서는무선센서네트워크기술 (Wireless Sensor Network, WSN) 의산사태모니터링적용성을연구하였다. WSN시스템은 IEEE e 표준규격을사용하는데이터의수집과전달을위한센서노드와데이터를수집처리하고최종서버로전송하는게이트웨이로구성하였다. 센서네트워크의토폴로지는유연성과신뢰성이높은메쉬형을채택하였으며, 서울시의총 3개소에테스트베드를구축하였다. 산사태를모니터링하기위하여각센서노드에는함수비계, 모관흡수력계, 경사계, 강우량계를설치하였다. 센서노드의배치를위해산사태위험도해석, 임목밀도및지형분석을통한통신범위분석을수행하였다. 측정된계측데이터를분석한결과네트워크의연결은양호하게나타났으며, 강우에의한지반의반응이실내에서측정한함수비-모관흡수력과유사한결과를나타났다. 따라서, 테스트베드사례를통해산사태모니터링에적용이가능함을확인하였다. Keywords : Wireless Sensor Network, Landslide, Monitoring, Network topology 1 정회원, 연세대학교토목환경공학과교수 (Member, Prof., Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engrg., Yonsei Univ.) 2 정회원, 연세대학교토목환경공공학과박사과정 (Member, Graduate student, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engrg., Yonsei Univ.) 3 정회원, 연세대학교토목환경공학과연구교수 (Member, Research Prof., Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engrg., Yonsei Univ., Tel: , Fax: , hwanee2@gmail.com, Corresponding author, 교신저자 ) * 본논문에대한토의를원하는회원은 2019년 3월 31일까지그내용을학회로보내주시기바랍니다. 저자의검토내용과함께논문집에게재하여드립니다. Copyright 2018 by the Korean Geotechnical Society This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 광역적산사태모니터링을위한무선센서네트워크기술의적용 19
2 1. 서론최근기후변화로인해국내에서도국지성호우가빈번하게발생하고, 특히도심지에서발생한산사태에의해인명및재산피해가발생하고있으며, 강우강도, 주기및기간또한변화하고있다 (Kim et al., 2012; Jeong et al., 2015) 강우에의한산사태의발생은국제적으로증가하고있는추세이며 (Borga et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2009; Liao et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012; Jeong et al., 2015), 국내에서도국지성집중호우의증가로산사태발생및규모가증가하고있다 (Song et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2017). 국내의강우는하절기인 6월 9 월에집중적으로발생되며, 산사태기록으로부터집중호우가주로발생하는이기간에산사태가집중되는것으로나타났다 (Yune et al., 2010). 국내에서는강우량에따라산사태를예 경보하고있으나, 약 60% 의재해가산림청산사태주의보기준에못미치는강우에서발생하였다 (Kim et al., 2013). 급경사지에설치되는계측은위험단면에대해지중경사계, 지하수위계, 지표변위계등의계측기를설치하여정밀측정을하도록계획한다. 하지만, 산사태계측의경우대상면적이넓고장비의진입과설치비용및유지보수가힘들기때문에, 급경사지를제외한산지는최근까지미계측영역으로분류되어왔다. 이와같은단점을보완하기위하여최근급격히발전하고있는정보통신산업을활용한무선센서네트워크 (WSN, Wireless Sensor Network) 기술을기반으로한산사태모니터링에대한연구가도입되고있으며, 국내에서는한국지질자원연구원과산림과학원등에서 WSN을산사태모니터링에도입하기위해현장시험기반으로연구하고있다 (Ramesh, 2014; Zhang et al., 2017; Chae et al., 2017, Song et al., 2016). WSN 기반계측시스템은넓은지역을비교적저렴한비용으로감시할수있으나, WSN의전원이빨리고갈되어원하는기간동안모니터링을수행할수없다는문제점이지적되고있으며, 최근전력소모량이적고수명이긴센서및라우팅프로토콜기술개발에대한연구가이루어지고있다 (Nasseri et al., 2017). 이에본연구에서는최신 WSN 기술의산사태모니터링에대한적용성을연구하였으며, 테스트베드 (Test-bed) 기반의시험계측을통해산사태모니터링을위한 WSN 계측시스템의설계및적용방법을제안하고자한다. 2. 연구방법 (WSN 기반의산사태계측 ) 2.1 산사태예보를위한 WSN 계측시스템 WSN 시스템의구성무선센서네트워크 (WSN) 는대상물체에대한상태를센서를통해파악한후상태에대한각종데이터를해석을수행하는장비까지무선으로전송하는네트워크이다. WSN은대체로센서노드 (Sensor node), 게이트웨이 (Gateway; 또는베이스스테이션, Base station) 및클라 Fig. 1. WSN architecture for landslide monitoring 20 한국지반공학회논문집제 34 권제 9 호
3 이언트를포함하며, 시스템의일반적인구성은 Fig. 1과같다 (Simek, 2012) 센서노드무선센서노드는센서로부터수집된아날로그데이터를디지털데이터로변환하고이를컴퓨터가읽을수있도록공학적수치로변화시키며, 게이트웨이까지전송하는역할을수행한다. 본연구에서는 IEEE e 규격을준수하는무선센서네트워크칩셋을적용하였으며, 센서로부터아날로그신호를수신하는마이크로컨트롤러, 무선트랜시버, 전원및전원관리모듈로구성하였다 (Fig. 2(a)). 칩셋에내장된소프트웨어는센서노드가모니터링영역내부에서가까이에배치된임의의노드가자가자동구성기능을통해네트워크를형성할수있도록지원한다. 센서노드는수집된데이터를모니터링하여홉핑 (Hopping) 을통해다른센서노드로전송하며, 전송을처리하는동안모니터링된데이터는여러노드로처리되어멀티호핑후게이트웨이노드에도달하도록하였다 게이트웨이센서노드의계측데이터를수집처리하고가공된데이터를최종서버로전송하는게이트웨이는서버로데이터를전송하기위하여무선통신모듈을결합하였다. 일반적으로센서에장착되는무선통신모듈에는 LTE, 블루투스및지그비 (Zigbee) 등이있으며, 본연구에서는 LTE 모듈을적용하였다. LTE 보안을위한 IP변조에대응하기위하여게이트웨이의 IP가변경되면데이터서버와통신을하도록하였다. 게이트웨이의접속을통해각센서노드의데이터수집을제어할수있도록하였다 (Fig. 2(b)) 네트워크토폴로지 WSN의다수의센서노드들은특정토폴로지에따라연결된네트워크를조직한다. Fig. 3은일반적인네트워크토폴로지를나타내고있으며, WSN은이중메쉬형 (Mesh), 스타형 (Star), 트리형 (Tree) 토폴로지를주로적용한다. WSN에서센서노드는배터리로구동되기때문에노드간전송거리가짧으며, 네트워크의범위를확대하기위하여멀티홉 (Multi-hop) 전송모드를사용한다. 본연구에서는유연성과신뢰성이우수한메시형토폴로지와더스트네트워크의시간동기화메쉬프로토콜을적용하여저전력으로멀티홉이가능한시스템을구성하였다. 2.2 산사태위험지역분석센서노드의배치를위해산사태위험지역분석을선행하였으며, 강우의침투와지하수의흐름을모두고려할수있는 GIS기반의공학적모형인 YS-slope 을사용하였다 (Kim et al., 2014). 이모형은상용프로그램인 SINMAP, SHALSTAB, TRIGRS 모델등과같이물리학적기법을사용한산사태해석모델로, 기존프로그램들의수문학적모델과지반공학적모델을개선하였다. 또한, 국내의전형적인사면파괴유형인강우에의한불포화토사사면의파괴를해석할수있도록개발되었으며, 지반의강도특성과수리특성, 식생영향및토심등의기하학적특성을공간적데이터로구성하고, 지형데이터와결합하여매트릭스형태의데이터구조인 GIS의래스터데이터를기본구조로하여산사태해석이가능하도록하고있다 (Fig. 4). 이모형은활동면을지표면과평행한직선으로가정한무한사면파괴이론을이용한계산법이다. 활동면의길이가활동면의깊이에비하여충분히큰사면의안정 (a) Sensor node (b) Gateway (Base station) Fig. 2. Photograph of sensor node and gateway for a landslide monitoring Fig. 3. Network topologies 광역적산사태모니터링을위한무선센서네트워크기술의적용 21
4 Fig. 4. Structural system of YS-Slope model (Jeong et al., 2015) 에사용되는모델이며, 지하수가상승하는경우와습윤대가내려가는경우는활동면과경계조건이서로상이하다. 이모형에서는 Mohr-Coulomb의전단강도식을개량하고, Hammond(1992) 가제안한식생의하중과점착력으로환산한뿌리의지반보강효과를고려하여, 지하수와일시지하수가같이분포하는경우에대한사면의안정해석이가능하도록무한사면파괴모델을개선하였다. 경사가 인반무한사면에서가상의파괴면이사면과평행하다고가정하면깊이 H에서의안전율은식 (1) 과같이계산할수있다. cos tan sin cos 여기서, c s': 흙의점착력, c r : 뿌리에의한전단강도증가를고려하기위한상수, q 0 : 식생하중, D w : 습윤대두께 (=D wm +D wn ), D s : 불포화층의두께 (=D mn ), : 사면의경사각 (1) 이모형에서는침윤전선에서모관흡수력과침윤전선윗부분에서의함수량결손및투수계수는일정하다는 Green-Ampt(1911) 의기본가정은그대로이용하였으나, Green-Ampt 모델이투수계수와강우강도의관계를명확히구분하고있지않은단점을보완하기위해, 강우강도와투수계수의크기를비교하여강우에의한누적침투량을달리산정하는방법을적용하였다 (Mein 과 Larson, 1973; Kim et al., 2012). 또한 Mein과 Larson (1973) 의폰딩 (ponding) 시간을반영하여강우의침투- 유출관계를고려하였다. 이와같은방법으로강우의지반침투량 (I R ) 은누적침투량 (F) 을변수로하는시산법을이용하여구할수있다. I R 에의해불포화영역 (vadose zone) 에서일시적으로형성되는지하수위 (D wn) 는지반의함수특성을고려하여식 (2) 와같다. 또한, 지하수의흐름을해석하기위하여 GIS의래스터모델과 Darcy의법칙을이용하여, 2차원적인흐름과수직방향지하수위의변화량을산정하고있다. 그러나, 본연구에서는 100 년빈도의확률강우에의한파괴만을고려하였기때문 22 한국지반공학회논문집제 34 권제 9 호
5 Fig. 5. Rainfall-infiltration rates of modified Green-Ampt Model (Kim et al., 2013) 에강우침투 -지표유출만을고려하였으며 (Fig. 5), 지하수흐름해석모델은적용하지않았다. (2) 여기서, I: 강우강도, t p : 폰딩이발생할때까지의시간, t w : 강우지속시간, k s 포화투수계수, : 모관흡수고, F: 누적침투량, : 초기상태 ( ) 와포화상태 ( ) 간의체적함수량변화 3. 연구지역 ( 테스트베드와시험계측 ) 3.1 테스트베드도심지산사태모니터링을위해서울지역에위치한산지 3개소를테스트베드로계획하였으며, 3개소의선정을위해서울시산지전수조사자료 ( 서울연구원, 2012) 를참고하였다. 과거산사태및토석류발생이력, 토심 0.5m 이상, 경사 20 40, 지질경계나단층구조가변화하는지역, 산사태및토석류의위험도평가등급이높은지역, 특정기반암종을포함하는지역 ( 화강암, 편마암등 ) 조건을고려하여 110여개의중산사태발생가능성이높은대표적인유역 3개소 ( 구룡산 (TB-1), 관악산 (TB-2), 안산 (TB-3)) 을최종적으로선정하었다 (Fig. 6). Fig. 6. Map of three testbeds in Seoul, Korea 3.2 지형및지반특성본절에서는테스트베드 3개소의지형, 지질및지반특성을분석하였다. TB-1은세립질편마암이혼재된호상편마암이기반암이며, TB-2는화강암, TB-3는화강암관입의영향을받은호상흑운모편마암이기반암으로나타났다. 각기반암종에따라풍화된지반의특성이달라지며, TB-1의풍화된지반은조립질과세립질의혼성으로분포하고, TB-2는조립질광물로구성되어풍화시강도저하가크게나타난다. TB-3의풍화된지반은중립질광물로구성되어있으며, 소량으로협재된석회암의영향으로연암의 RQD가불량하게나타났다. TB-1의지형은토심이평균적으로 2.0m이고상부로갈수록경사가급해져, 40 이상의급경사지가다수분 광역적산사태모니터링을위한무선센서네트워크기술의적용 23
6 포해있다. TB-2의경우토심은 0.5에서 1.5m이고경사는평균적으로 27 이다. TB-3 는토심이비교적얕은 0.5m 정도이고경사는평균적으로 21 이다. 지형분석결과는 Table 1에요약하였다. 토심은각테스트베드에대하여시추조사, 시험굴조사, 굴절법탄성파탐사및 MASW탐사결과를크리깅기법으로분석하여산정하였다. 지반특성분석을위해지표지질조사, 시추조사, 시험굴조사, 표준관입시험, 현장밀도시험, 현장투수시험, 지표투수시험, 간이콘관입시험, 기본물성시험 ( 실내 ), 직접전단시험 ( 실내 ), 굴절법탄성파탐사, MASW탐사와같은지반조사및실내시험을수행하였다. 또한불포화특 성분석을위해함수특성곡선으로부터함수특성변수를산정하였으며, 함수특성곡선실험은 GCTS pressure plate extractor(fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993) 장비를이용하여수행하였다. 산정된불포화함수특성곡선은 Fig. 7과같고, van Genuchten 모델을대한불포화함수특성변수를적용하여함께도시하였다. 지반조사및불포화함수특성실험결과로부터 3개테스트베드의불포화함수특성변수및지반특성을 Table 2와같이산정하였다. 이지역의식생분포를조사한결과대표수종은신갈나무, 잣나무와리기다소나무이며, 입목밀도 본 /Ha로분포하고있었다. Biomass 추정식과기존연구 (a) TB-1 (b) TB-2(c) TB-3 Fig. 7. Unsaturated soil water characteristic curves Table 1. Topographic analysis of three testbeds Slope Aspect Contents Area (m 2 ) TB-1 TB-2 TB-3 Area in % , Analysis area (m 2 ) Area (m 2 ) Area in % 977, Analysis area (m 2 ) Area (m 2 ) Area in % 65, ,130, ,035, , ,852, ,945, , ,327, ,939, , ,515,874 19,986, ,580, ,850, , , ,952, , , ,929, , , ,356, , Flat 543, ,083, , N 967, ,378, , NE 943, ,659, , E 576, ,334, , SE 1,291, ,517,774 1,726, ,989, , S 1,501, , , SW 911, ,773, , W 667, ,134, , NW 1,114, ,978, , Analysis area (m 2 ) 2,419,199 2,420, 한국지반공학회논문집제 34 권제 9 호
7 Table 2. Unsaturated characteristics and soil properties of three testbeds Contents TB-1 TB-2 TB-3 Description Permeability ( sec) ~ ~ ~ In-situ permeability test Cohesion ( ) Direct shear test, borehole shear test Internal friction angle ( ) Direct shear test, borehole shear test Unit weight ( ) Laboratory test of density SWCC test van n SWCC test Genuchten parameters m SWCC test Air entry value SWCC test Saturated volumetric water content ( ) SWCC test Residual volumetric water content ( ) SWCC test 값등을이용하여식생하중 0.22kPa과뿌리의전단강도증가량 1.0kPa을적용하였다. 3.3 산사태계측본연구에서는 3개테스트베드에무선계측시스템을설치하여산사태계측을수행하였다. 강우에의한산사태의메커니즘은강우침투에의한일시지하수위와토심이얕거나지하수가집중되는지역의지하수상승과관련된것으로알려져있으며, 강우침투에의한산사태발생은선행강우, 누적강우및시간강우와밀접한관련이있다 (Campbell, 1975; Wilson, 1989; Guzzetti et al., 2007; Jeong et al., 2014, Kim et al., 2017). 따라 서, 강우에의한산사태예측을위해서는강우량과함께강우침투에의한흙의모관흡수력및함수비변화를아는것이중요하며, 산사태를직접적으로확인하기위해서는지표변위를파악하는것이중요하다. 따라서, 본연구에서는계측항목으로강우량계, 모관흡수력계, 함수비계, 경사계 ( 변위측정 ) 를선정하였다 (Table 3). 각테스트베드에는 1개의베이스스테이션을설치하였으며, 베이스스테이션에는 10개의센서노드를연결하였다. 각센서노드에는경사계 1개, 모관흡수력계 1 개, 함수비계 2개를설치하였으며, 각시험지에강우량계 1개를설치하였으며, 센서노드별계측기설치개요는 Fig. 8과같다. Fig. 8. Sensor node and sensors for landslide monitoring in the proposed WSN system 광역적산사태모니터링을위한무선센서네트워크기술의적용 25
8 Table 3. Number of sensors in the testbeds TB-1 Latitude 37 28'14.3" 37 28'15.5" 37 28'15.5" 37 28'15.6" 37 28'13.8" 37 28'12.4" 37 28'22.1" 37 28'21.5" 37 28'22.3" 37 28'20.6" 37 28'21.3" Longitude '27.6" '27.4" '26.0" '28.0" '25.7" '27.6" '23.2" '22.3" '24.1" '23.5" '25.4" Contents Base1 Node1 Node2 Node3 Node4 Node5 Node6 Node7 Node8 Node9 Node10 Rain gauge Acc ±4% Soil moisture sensor Range 0 100% Acc ±3% Inclinometer Range Acc ±0.05 Tensiometer (matric suction) Range kpa Acc ±1.0% TB-2 Latitude 37 28'13.0" 37 47'00.4" 37 28'11.3" 37 28'13.8" 37 28'13.2" 37 28'13.1" 37 47'08.8" 37 28'14.9" 37 28'14.6" 37 28'15.6" 37 28'15.8" Longitude '01.3" '98.6" '00.3" '58.6" '59.2" '01.3" '93.6" '59.2" '01.4" '58.5" '01.2" Contents Base1 Node1 Node2 Node3 Node4 Node5 Node6 Node7 Node8 Node9 Node10 Rain gauge Acc ±4% Soil moisture sensor Range 0 100% Acc ±3% Inclinometer Range Acc ±0.05 Tensiometer (matric suction) Range kpa Acc ±1.0% TB-3 Latitude 37 34'29.2" 37 34'28.1" 37 34'28.3" 37 34'28.6" 37 34'29.9" 37 34'30.3" 37 34'31.7" 37 34'32.3" 37 34'33.1" 37 34'34.4" 37 34'34.7" Longitude '33.7" '33.2" '31.1" '34.4" '32.7" '31.7" '33.8" '37.4" '33.9" '35.2" '37.7" Contents Base1 Node1 Node2 Node3 Node4 Node5 Node6 Node7 Node8 Node9 Node10 Rain gauge Acc ±4% Soil moisture sensor Range 0 100% Acc ±3% Inclinometer Range Acc ±0.05 Tensiometer (matric suction) Range kpa Acc ±1.0% 연구결과분석 4.1 센서노드의배치 산사태위험지분석센서노드의배치를위한산사태위험지분석을수행하였으며, 현장조사를통해암반노두가돌출되어토심이매우얕거나없는지역은계측위치에서제외하였다. 강우조건은서울지역의 100년빈도, 24시간지속시간의 확률강우 15.9mm/h( 국토해양부, 2011) 를적용하였으며, 해석결과는 Fig. 9와같다. 해석결과, TB-1은상류의급경사지와중하류계곡부에서산사태위험도가높게나타났으며, TB-2의경우유역의상류와중하류의급경사지 ( 우측하단 ) 에서위험한것으로나타났으나해당지역의현장조사결과암반노두가노출된지역으로확인되어최종적으로중류에비교적안전율이낮은지역을위험지역으로선정하였다. TB-3의경우뚜렷한계곡이형성되지않은지형으로상류의급경사지에서안 26 한국지반공학회논문집제 34 권제 9 호
9 (a) TB-1 (b) TB-2(c) TB-3 Fig. 9. Analysis of landslide risk in the testbeds 전율이낮게나타났다. TB-1, TB-2 및 TB-3에서안전율이 1.0 미만인지역은각각 3,125m 2, 3,550m 2, 7,175m 2 로산정되었으며, 본해석결과로부터안전율이 1.0 이하인구역을 1차대상, 1.2 이하인구역을 2차대상으로선정하여센서노드의배치를결정하였다 통신범위분석일반적으로산지의무선통신환경은좋지않으며주요원인은지형인것으로알려져있다. 이에본연구에서는 WSN의센서노드의배치설계를위해테스트베드에서통신범위에영향을주는요소를분석하였다. 일반적으로알려져있는지형에의한반사감쇄이외에회절및확산감쇄에대한영향을분석하였으며, 이를위하여주요장애물인임목과전파의특성을비교하였다. WSN의센서노드간의무선통신은 Wifi통신을사용하였으며, 국내에서는 2,400 2,483.5 MHz의대역을사용하도록되어있다. 본연구에서적용한 2.4GHz의통신주파수는극초단파로서 12.5cm의짧은파장거리특성을나타낸다 ( 식 (3)). 또한, 높은주파수에의해직진성이강하며, 산지에서는복잡한지형에의한반사, 수목에의한회절, 확산에의한전송거리감쇠및노이즈가발생한다. (3) 여기서, : 파장, f: 는주파수 (= cycles/sec, c: 파의속도 ( m/sec)) 테스트베드의임목분포를조사하기위하여반경 11.3m, 면적 0.04ha의원형방형구내 6cm 이상의임목에대한조사를수행하였다. 총 9개의방형구에대하여조사를수행한결과임목밀도는 TB-1의경우 그루 /ha, TB-2의경우 그루 /ha, TB-3의경우 그루 /ha로조사되었다. 또한주요분포수종은활엽수인신갈나무, 침엽수인리기다소나무와잣나무이며, 평균흉고직경 (DBH, Diameter of brest height) 은 23.1cm, 15.7cm, 10.8cm로나타났다. 각수종의평균입목밀도를 7 : 1.5 : 1.5로가정하여산정한평균흉고직경은 20.1cm이다 (Table 4). 침엽수이리기다소나무와잣나무는 2.4GHz 의파장길이와유사하여확산에의한감쇄가크며, 흉고직경이큰신갈나무에의해회절에의한감쇄도큰조건으로나타났다. 경로손실을분석하기위하여산지와비슷한지형조건에서통신거리테스트를수행하였으며, 장애물이없는경우 m의거리가나타났 Table 4. Density of forest trees and diameter of breast height Species Density of forest tree (number/ha) DBH (cm) Frequency (%) Quercus mongolica Pinus rigida Pinus koraiensis Average of DBH (cm) 20.1 광역적산사태모니터링을위한무선센서네트워크기술의적용 27
10 으나, 테스트베드에서는 m로측정되었다. 센서노드의최종배치설계를위해가시영역해석 (Viewshed analysis) 방법을이용하여가시거리통신 (Line of sight) 이가능한영역을분석하였다 ( 식 (4)). 가시거리통신은테스트베드에서측정된최대 100m 거리로분석하였으며, 붉은색으로표시된부분이센서노드 (Viewer) 가시거리 (line of sight) 가확보되는영역이다 (Fig. 10). 붉은색으로표시된부분중근접하는위치의안전율 1이하인지점을센서설치지점으로선정할수있다. 해석결과이웃의센서노드위치를선정하기위한시점 (View point; 센서노드 ) 에서의가시거리통신범위는통신반경내에서 43 62%( 평균 58%) 의값을나타내었으며, 이와같은분석을통해게이트웨이와센서노드총 11개지점의위치를선정하였다 (Wang et al., 2015). (4) 선정하였다. 사용주파수의특성과임목밀도를분석하여해당지역의통신범위를분석하고, 그결과를기반으로 11개의범위에베이스스테이션과센서노드를배치하였다. 최종적으로현장에서통신상태를테스트하여 Fig. 11과같이센서를배치하였다. 테스트베드에서토폴로지분석을수행하였으며, 스타방식의경우각테스트베드에대해 2개의베이스스테이션이필요하였으며, 메쉬형의경우하나의베이스스테이션으로통신이가능하였다. Fig. 12는 TB-2의최종노드배치에서스타형과메쉬형을비교결과이며, 스타형을적용하기위해서는베이스스테이션 1개소가추가해야하며비효율적인배치가됨을확인할수있었다. 따라서, 메쉬형의경우멀티홉핑기능으로통신거리의확보및수신율및통신지연현상이감소하므로, 산사태모니터링에서는스타형에비해메쉬형의적용성이우수한것으로분석되었다. 4.2 시험계측결과 여기서, P: 지표의임의지점, V: 시점 (View point), F: 스텐실 (stencil) 값산정함수, G: 가시거리판정함수 센서노드의배치센서노드의배치를위해산사태해석모형분석을통해안전율이 1하인그룹을센서노드의설치지역으로 테스트베드는구룡산 (TB-1), 관악산 (TB-2), 안산 (TB-3) 에서산사태위험도가비교적높은유역을각 1개소씩선정하였으며, 각테스트베드의기반암종은호상편마암, 화강암, 호상흑운모편마암으로상부의토사층의공학적특성이서로상이한지역이다. 또한, TB-1, TB-2, TB-3 순으로유역의경사완만해지고, 폭이넓은지형 Fig. 10. Viewshed analysis on two node points (R = 100 m) 28 한국지반공학회논문집제 34 권제 9 호
11 (a) TB-1 (b) TB-2 (c) TB-3 Fig. 11. Sensor node clusting of the testbeds Fig. 12. Two different types of WSN topology in TB-2 적특성을가지고있다. 각테스트베드의토심두께는크게편차가없으나, TB-1의경우건기시지하수위가 1.7~2.0m로높게분포하는것으로나타났다. 계측은우기가시작하기이전부터우기까지수행되었으며, 강우가시작되어지반속으로침투됨에따라함수비가 Fig. 13과같이급격하게변화함을확인하였다. 광역적산사태모니터링을위한무선센서네트워크기술의적용 29
12 Fig. 13. Volumetric water content of soil 센서노드의서로다른심도의전기적신호의차이로부터흙의투수계수를 cm/sec로산정되었으며 ( 식 (5)), 실내시험으로산출된표토층의투수계수인 cm/sec 와비교적유사하게나타났다. (5) 여기서, : 현장에서계측된투수계수, : 흙의모관흡수력, 계측시간, : 출력전압, : 가 0일때의전압, : 전압 Fig. 14는건기시와우기시계측된각테스트베드의최대모관흡수력과최소모관흡수력을나타내고있다. 강우발생시모관흡수력은약 0.2 7kPa으로측정되었 는데, 우기중흙의불포화또는포화에서측정되는값의범위를만족하는것으로나타났다. 최대모관흡수력은 45 50kPa으로건기시에측정되었으며, 테스트베드의상부토사층인실트질모래층의일반적인범위인 40 60kPa의범위내에서전반적으로잘나타났다. 그러나, TB-1의경우건기시측정된모관흡수력이 20kPa 내외로나타났으며, 이는발달된난투수층에의한지하수위 (perched water) 의영향으로분석되었다. 실제로이유역에서시추및시굴조사를통해 2m 내외의낮은지하수위가관측되었다. 시간적, 공간적으로동일한위치의모관흡수력계와함수비계의측정결과를실내시험으로산정한흙의불포화함수특성곡선과비교하였다 (Fig. 15). 현장에서계측된결과가비교적실내시험으로산정된 SWCC 곡선을잘따라가고있으나, 10kPa이상에서실내시험결과에비해다소낮은체적함수비를나타내고있다. 이는현장계측결과는시간에따라흙이포화해가는과정에서측정된값으로, 실내시험의조건과는상반되기때문이다. 실제로강우시자연사면이포화되어산사태가발생되는현상은 SWCC상에서건조과정 (drying path) 보다는습윤과정 (wetting path) 에서가까우며, 지반은건조과정과습윤과정을반복하기때문에두과정의시험은모두중요하나본연구에서는건조과정의시험만을수행하였다. 일반적으로건조과정의시험에서는점선과같이흙의모관흡수력과함수비의관계곡선이 SWCC보다다소낮은값으로나타나는것을고려하면 (Lu and Likos, Lab. tests Lab. tests Lab. tests Fig. 14. Minimum and maximum matric suction data of three testbeds 30 한국지반공학회논문집제 34 권제 9 호
13 Fig. 15. Soil water characteristic curve obtained by WSN 2004) 계측결과는비교적흙의거동을잘나타내고있는것으로분석되었다. 우기시함수비측정결과의경우현장에서 TB-1의경우 26%, TB-1 36%, TB-3 40% 로, 실내시험으로부터측정된 26.6%, 27.7%, 35.6% 와유사하게나타났다. 따라서, 시스템이가지고있는근본적인전기및통신오류를충분히무시할수있을만큼의양호한데이터를획득할수있었으며, 이와같은결과로부터현장에서산사태모니터링을하기위하여 WSN 계측시스템적용하는것이가능함을확인하였다. 5. 결론본연구에서는 WSN의산사태모니터링적용성을확인하기위하여테스트기반의연구를수행하였다. 산지의지형특성및산사태감지가가능하도록 WSN시스템을구성하고, 센서노드의배치를최적화할수있는방안을제시하였다. 각센서노드에설치된함수비계, 모관흡수력계를분석하여강우에의한지반의반응을통해시스템의적용성을검증하였으며, 연구결과를요약하면다음과같다. (1) 산사태모니터링을위한 WSN 계측시스템은산지의통신환경을고려하여각센서노드가저전력으로멀티홉이가능하도록자가자동구성메시형토폴로지와더스트네트워크의시간동기화메쉬프로토콜사용하였다. 그결과, 스타방식에비해효율적이고유연한배치를할수있었으며양호한네트워크연결을확보할수있었다. (2) 산지에서 WSN을구축하기위하여산지의통신범위에영향을미치는요인을분석하였다. 테스트베드의임목흉고직경이평균 20.1cm로센서노드의통신주파수인 2.4gHZ에의한파장길이 12.5cm와유사하고, 임목밀도가최대 830 그루 /ha로높게나타나확산및회절감쇄에취약한것으로나타났다. (3) 테스트베드연구를기반으로산사태모니터링을위한 WSN시스템의센서노드배치방법을제안하였다. 센서노드의최적배치는 1 산사태예비해석을통한위험지로센서노드의후보지역을선정하고, 2 임목밀도에의한통신장애및지형에의한가시거리통신분석을통해센서노드를배치하고, 3 현장시험을통한통신확인후최종적으로센서를배치할수있다. (4) 테스트베드 3개소 TB-1. TB-2 및 TB-3에서측정된계측데이터를분석한결과네트워크의연결은양호하게나타났으며, 강우에의한지반의반응이실내에서측정한함수비- 모관흡수력과유사한결과를나타났다. 또한, 강우에반응하여지반의함수특성이건기에서우기로변화함에따라체적함수비는 0~0.15에서 0.2~0.45까지증가하였으며, 모관흡수력은 30~50kPa에서 0.2~7kPa으로감소하는것을계측결과로부터확인할수있었다. (5) 본연구에서수행한 WSN을이용한산사태모니터링결과, WSN 시스템이가지고있는근본적인전기및통신오류를충분히무시할수있을만큼의양호한데이터를획득할수있었으며, 이와같은결과로부터현장에서산사태모니터링을하기위하여 WSN 계측시스템적용하는것이가능함을확인하였다. 감사의글이논문은 2017년도정부 ( 과학기술정보통신부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원 (No ) 과 2018 년도정부 ( 교육부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원 (No. 2018R1A6A1 A ) 을받아수행되었으며, 이에깊은감사를드립니다. 참고문헌 (References) 1. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2011), Improvement and complementary study of probability rainfall, Ministry of Land, 광역적산사태모니터링을위한무선센서네트워크기술의적용 31
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