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1 한국임상약학회지제 24 권제 3 호 Korean J Clin Pharm, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2014 Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy Official Journal of Korean College of Clinical Pharmacy Available online at pissn: 임상자료를활용한레보세티리진과세티리진이유도한간손상평가 성은지 1 문미라 1 조윤숙 1 이혜숙 1 김향숙 1 이주연 2 * 1 서울대학교병원약제부, 2 한양대학교약학대학 (2014 년 4 월 6 일접수 2014 년 6 월 30 일수정 2014 년 7 월 3 일승인 ) Preliminary Evaluation of Levocetirizine and Cetirizine Induced Liver Injury Eun Ji Sung 1, Mira Moon 1, Yoon Sook Cho 1, Hye Suk Lee 1, Hyang Sook Kim 1, and Ju-Yeun Lee 2 * 1 Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul , South Korea 2 College of Pharmacy, Hanyang Univesity, Gyeonggi-do , South Korea (Received April 6, 2014 Revised June 30, 2014 Accepted July 3, 2014) Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the causal relationship between use of levocetrizine or cetrizine, and liver injury, by comparing frequency and pattern of hepatotoxicity in levocetrizine or cetrizine prescribed patients. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study, using data retrieved from electronic medical record system. Among 1164 patients prescribed levocetrizine or cetrizine during study period (Jul, 2009 Jun, 2010) at Seoul National University Hospital, 543 patients with more than 4- time liver function test (LFT) results were included in final analysis. was defined as greater than 3 times elevated level of alanine aminotransferase or 2 times elevated level of alkaline phosphatase or total bilirubin, compared to upper limit of normal, in patient with normal liver function at baseline. The frequency and pattern of liver injury were assessed. Results: Incidence of liver injury in patients prescribed with levotcetrizine or cetrizine were 1.48% and 2.94%, respectively. With few exceptions, most injuries were shown to be hepatocellular type. Rapid recovery was observed after drug cessation and long term use tends to be associated with incidence of liver injury. In patient with digestive system disorder, rate of liver injury was significantly higher (p=0.011). Conclusion: The result of this study implies potential need of liver toxicity monitoring, especially in patients taking long term levecetrizine or cetrizine or in patient with digestive system disorder. However, prospective large scale observational study is needed to confirm liver injury associated with the use of levocetirizine or cetirizine. Key words - drug-induced liver injury, levocetirizine, cetirizine, liver function test 약인성간손상 (drug-induced liver injury, DILI) 에대한연구와사례가꾸준히증가되고있다. 2010년에발표된논문에따르면 1100가지이상의의약품, 한약을포함한건강기능식품투여로인한간손상이알려져있으며, 1) 약물유해반응중 10% 정도가약물에의한간손상으로보고되고있다. 2) 몇가지사례를제외하고는약물복용중단후간손상이호전되는양상을보이나, 대부분의약인성간손상은예측이불가능하며, 면역반응에의한과민반응또는특이반응 (idiosyncrasy) 의기전으로발생하기때문에진단에어려움이많고, 연구마다 Correspondence to : Ju-Yeun Lee Lab of Clinical pharmacy College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Gyeonggi-do , South Korea Tel: , Fax: jypharm@hanyang.ac.kr 판단기준에차이가있어왔다. 3) Levocetirizine과 cetirizine은 2세대항히스타민제로알레르기비염, 두드러기등의질환치료에효과적이며, 4) 1세대항히스타민제와달리진정또는항콜린성부작용이적은것이특징이다. 5) Levocetirizine은 cetirizine의활성광학이성질체 (active enantiomer) 로서그자체가최종대사체로체내에서거의대사되지않고대부분신장으로배설된다. 6) 우리나라국민건강보험공단에서발표한자료에의하면이두약물의적응증인알레르기비염과두드러기로인해진료본환자수가 2006년부터 2010년까지꾸준하게증가된다고보고되었으며, 7) 이들항히스타민제의사용빈도도계속증가되어왔다. Cetirizine 임상시험에서는치료중일시적인간효소치상승이 2% 미만에서발생한다고보고되었으며, 시판후임상 213
2 214 Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 24, No. 3, 2014 증례가 2000년에처음보고된이후, 8) cetirizine과관련된간손상에대한소수의증례가보고된바있다. 9-10) Levocetirizine의경우에도제조회사허가정보에는임상시험에서관찰된 1% 미만에서혈중 bilirubin, transaminase 수치상승이기록되어있으며, 11) 2011년이약물과관련된간손상사례가처음으로보고된바있다. 12) 항히스타민제의간손상에관한기전으로는 H1-receptor와 CYP2D6 사이의구조유사성으로 CYP2D6 발현간세포에서면역반응을유도해염증반응을일으켜간을손상시킬수있다는가설도제시된바있다. 10) 실제임상에서는 cetirizine과 levocetirizine에의한간손상이크게고려되지않고있지만, 현재까지의근거로는임상현장에서이들약물에의한간손상정도는확신할수없는상태이며, 이를확인하기위한이전연구또한제한적이다. 따라서본연구에서는서울대학교병원에서처방된 levocetirizine과 cetirizine을복용한환자를대상으로간기능검사수치를기반으로간손상발현빈도와패턴을분석하여이들약물로인한간손상을평가하고자하였다. 연구방법 연구대상및자료수집연구기간및대상환자 2009년 7월 1일부터 2010년 6월 30일까지서울대학교병원에서의약품을처방받은환자중 alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB) 검사수치가 4회이상있는환자의의료정보를포함한의학연구윤리심의위원회 (Institutional review board, IRB) 승인받은환자의개인정보가삭제된데이터로부터, levocetirizine과 cetirizine을처방받은환자를추출하여본연구의대상으로하였다. 대상환자중연구기간전 1년간대상약물복용기록이있었던환자, 약물복용기간전후검사기록이없는환자와약물처방전간기능검사수치가정상범위를초과한환자는제외하였다. 자료수집대상환자들의전자의무기록을이용해후향적으로검토하였으며, 다음과같은내용을조사하였다. 가. 환자정보 : 성별, 나이, 진단코드, 병용약물나. 임상검사자료 : 검사일자, ALT, ALP, TB 다. 대상약물투약정보 : 처방개시일, 처방종료일, 마지막처방까지처방일수 본연구에서간기능검사는복용전검사는처방개시일바로직전검사결과, 복용후검사는약물복용기간중검사결과로수집하였으며복용중단후검사결과는약물복용중단후 4주이내의검사결과로정의하고수집하였다. 진단명은통계청의한국표준질병사인분류 6차개정판에따라질환코드를기준으로분석하였다. 간손상의정의간손상판단기준본연구에서간손상판단기준은 2006년 Navarro VJ 등이제시한기준을참고하여, 13) 다음의세가지조건중한가지이상해당하는경우로하였다. 가. ALT > 3 정상상한치나. ALP > 2 정상상한치다. TB > 2 정상상한치 (ALT 나 ALP 상승을동반한경우 ) 위조건에부합하는환자군을 간손상군 ( ) 으로, 부합하지않는환자군을 비손상군 ( ) 으로정의하였다. 비손상군은다음과같이세분화하였다. 상기간기능검사수치중한가지이상정상상한치 (Upper limit of normal range, ULN) 초과하여상승한경우중등도상승군 (moderate ) 으로, 그렇지않은경우를정상군 (normal ) 으로분류하여비교하였다. 간수치의 ULN은서울대학교병원기준치를참고하여, ALT 40 IU/L, ALP 115 IU/L, TB 1.2 mg/dl를기준으로하였다. 간손상패턴본연구에서간손상패턴은상대적으로 ALT가상승된경우 간세포손상형 (hepatocellular), ALP나 TB가상승한경우 담즙정체형 (cholestatic) 으로분류하였고, ALT와 ALP가모두상승한경우 혼합형 (mixed) 으로분류하였다. 13) 통계방법간손상군과비손상군에서일반적특성을비교하기위해기저간기능검사수치및약물복용기간에대한비교는 Mann- Whitney U test (mean±sd) 를시행하였으며, 두군사이의진단명과병용약물의사용비율은 Chi-square Test를시행하여비교하였다. SPSS Ver (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 통계프로그램을사용하였으며, 95% 신뢰구간에서유의성을판단하였다. 연구결과 연구대상환자의특성연구기간중전체데이터에서 levocetirizine과 cetirizine을처방받은환자는각각 491명, 673명으로이중, 연구기간전 1년간복용기록이있었던환자각각 94명, 119명, 약물복용기간전후검사기록이없는환자각각 105명, 67명, 약물처방전간기능검사수치가정상범위내에있지않은환자각각 89명, 147명을제외하여선정기준을만족하는대상환자각각 203명, 340명이본분석에포함되었다. 대상환자에서
3 임상자료를활용한레보세티리진과세티리진이유도한간손상평가 215 Table 1. Patient demographics. Levocetirizine (n=3) (n=200) (n=10) Cetirizine (n=330) Gender Male (n, %) 1 (33.3%) 88 (44%) (60%) 123 (37.3%) Age (year, mean±sd) 65.67± ± ± ± Baseline ALT (IU/L) 23.00± ± ± ± LFT ALP (IU/L) 75.33± ± ± ± (mean±sd) TB (mg/dl) 0.80± ± ± ± SD (standard deviation); LFT (liver function test); Levocetirizine (patients taking levocetirizine); Cetirizine (patients taking cetirizine) levocetirizine과 cetirizine의복용량은모두 1회 1정, 1일 1회상용량으로투여되었다. 간손상군으로분류된환자는 levocetirizine 복용환자 203명중 3명 (1.48%), cetirizine 복용환자 340명중 10명 (2.94%) 이었으며, 나머지환자는비손상군으로분류되었다. Levocetirizine 복용군에서환자의성별분포는간손상군이남자 1명, 여자 2 명이었고, 비손상군은남자 88명, 여자 112명이었다. 평균연령은간손상군이 65.67±30.35 세였고, 비손상군은 58.19±14.12 세였다. Cetirizine 복용군에서환자의성별분포는간손상군이남자 6명, 여자 4명이었고, 비손상군은남자 123명, 여자 207명이었다. 평균연령은간손상군이 49.40±9.23세였고, 비손상군은 56.08±13.76세였다. Levocetirizine과 cetirizine 복용군각각에서간손상군과비손상군사이에연령과성별의차이는없었고, 약물복용전의간효소수치에도유의한차이가없었다 (Table 1). Fig. 1. Frequency of liver injury in levocetirizine (left) and cetirizine (right). Cetirizine 복용환자중비손상군 330 명내에서는중등도상 승군이 51명 (15.00%), 정상군이 279명 (82.06%) 이었으며, 간손상군과중등도상승군을합치면 cetirizine 복용군의 17.94% 에서간기능수치이상을나타냈다 (Fig. 1). 약물복용기간약물복용기간의평균은 levocetirizine 복용군의경우간손상군은 ±60.10일, 비손상군은 39.05±54.07일이었으며 (p=0.024), cetirizine 복용군의경우간손상군은 88.00± 일, 비손상군은 37.45±61.74일이었다 (p=0.582). 각각의약물복용군모두비손상군에비해간손상군의평균약물복용기간이길었지만 levocetirizine 복용군에서만통계적으로유의하게차이가있었다. 간손상패턴분석간손상군과중등도상승군에서의간손상패턴을분석한결과 levocetirizine, cetirizine 복용군모두상대적으로 ALT 수치가상승한환자가가장많았으며, 따라서간손상패턴은간세포손상형이가장많았으며, 그다음은담즙정체성유형이많음이확인되었다 (Fig. 2). 간손상발생비율과패턴분석간손상발생비율 Levocetirizine 복용군 203명중간손상군으로판단된환자수는 3명 (1.48%) 이었으며, cetirizine 복용군 340명중간손상군으로판단된환자수는 10명 (2.94%) 였다. Levocetirizine 복용환자중비손상군 200명중에중등도상승군이 40명 (19.70%), 정상군이 160명 (78.82%) 이었으며, 간손상군과중등도상승군을합치면 levocetirizine 복용군의 21.18% 에서간기능수치이상을나타냈음을확인할수있었다 (Fig. 1). Fig. 2. Type of drug induced liver injury (left; levocetrizine, right; cetrizine ).
4 216 Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 24, No. 3, 2014 Fig. 3. ALT level change after levocetirizie (left) and cetirizine (right) cessation. 약물복용중단후검사수치변화간손상패턴분석결과상대적으로 ALT 가상승한환자가많은것을참고하여, 간손상군중 ALT 수치가정상상한치의 3배이상상승한환자에서약물복용전, 복용중, 복용중단후 ALT 수치의변화를관찰해보았다. Levocetirizine 복용군에서복용중단후 4주내에검사기록이없는환자를제외한 2명환자의 ALT 수치변화를조사해본결과약물복용중단후수치가감소하는양상을보였다 (Fig. 3). Cetirizine 복용군 의경우도검사기록이없는환자를제외한 7명의환자의 ALT 수치를분석한결과약물복용중단후수치가감소하였다 (Fig. 3). 진단명과병용약물분석 Levocetirizine과 cetirizine을복용한대상군전체에서환자들의진단명과병용약물을간손상군과비손상군으로분류하여분석하였다. 간손상군에서소화기계통질환으로진단받은환자군만이통계적으로유의하게비손상군에비해많았다 (Table 2). 병용약물중간손상가능성이있다고보고된약물을기준으로분석한결과, amitriptyline, losartan이비손상군에비해간손상군에서병용된환자수가많았으나 (p<0.05), 간손상보고된약물의합으로비교해보았을때에는두군간의유의한차이가없었다 (Table 3). 고찰 항히스타민제중 levocetirizine과 cetirizine은간효소를상승시킬가능성이적다고알려져있지만본연구결과간손상이있다고판단된환자가 levocetirizine, cetirizine 복용군각각 1.48%, 2.94% 였으며, 간손상의정도는아니어도간세포가파괴되고있음을시사하는 14) 간수치상승환자군 ( 중등도상승군 ) 이각각 19.70%, 15.00% 로대상약물복용후 LFT 수치가정상상한치이상으로상승된환자의비율은각각 21.18% % 정도임을확인할수있었다. Table 2. Principal diagnosis in and. International Statistical Classification of Diseases, n (%) (n=13), n (%) (n=530) B - Certain infectious and parasitic diseases - 17 (3.21) C - Neoplasms 9 (69.23) 409 (77.17) D - Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism 3 (23.08) 114 (21.51) E - Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases 3 (23.08) 78 (14.72) I - Diseases of the circulatory system 3 (23.08) 137 (25.85) K - Diseases of the digestive system 4 (30.77) 40 (7.55) M - Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue - 4 (0.75) N - Diseases of the genitourinary system 1 (7.69) 61 (11.51) R - Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified - 1 (0.19) 0.876
5 임상자료를활용한레보세티리진과세티리진이유도한간손상평가 217 Table 3. Concomitant use of hepatotoxic drugs in Liver injury and. Co-medication drug, n (%) (n=13), n (%) (n=530) Atorvastatin 1 (7.69) 8 (1.51) Aspirin 0 (0.00) 12 (2.26) Acetaminophen 2 (15.38) 69 (13.02) Amoxicillin 1 (7.69) 14 (2.64) Amitriptyline 2 (15.38) 11 (2.08) Losartan 1 (7.69) 3 (0.57) Total 기존문헌과본연구에서모두 levocetirizine 보다는 cetirizine 복용환자군에서간효소상승빈도가높았으며, 기존문헌에서 levocetirizine과 cetirizine 각각 1%, 2% 미만에서 transaminase 수치상승이보고 8,9) 된것에비해본연구에서는약간높은비율을나타내었다. 본연구가후향적연구이며, 간수치검사결과가있는환자의자료만을이용하였기때문에, 본연구에서는밝혀지지않은간독성의위험인자로인해서대상환자가일반환자보다간기능검사를더자주시행할가능성이있어환자선택편향의가능성이있기때문에본연구에서간손상발생률이더크게추정되었을가능성이있다. 또한본연구에서는약물투여와의시간적인과성이외의개별환자에서간손상에영향을줄수있는요인, 재투여등약물로인한간손상의인과성을모두확인하지않았기때문에실제보다발생률이더크게추정되었을가능성이있다. 본연구의대상환자는 levocetirizine 및 cetirizine 사용전간기능검사수치가정상이었던환자를대상으로하였지만기저질환으로간질환을포함한소화기계질환이있는환자를모두포함하여분석하였고, 이러한기저질환이있는환자에서간손상의가능성이더커짐을확인할수있었다. 또한비록통계적유의성은 levocetirizine 투여환자에서만확인할수있었지만두약물모두장기간사용시간손상의가능성이더커짐을확인할수있었다. 간손상군과비손상군사이약물병용에있어서의유의한차이가없었다. 현재까지흔히처방될수있는 levocetirizine이나 cetirizine 의간손상에관한시판후조사연구가거의시행된바없었으므로본연구가이들두의약품사용환자에서간손상의가능성에대비하여간기능에대한모니터링이필요하다는점, 특히기저소화기계질환이있는환자이거나처방기간이길어질경우에는더세심한주의가필요하다는점을환기시켰다는데의의가있다. 그러나본연구의제한점으로는앞에서언급한후향적연구라는점, 선택편향의가능성이외에처방자료를이용하였 기때문에환자의처방된약에대한복용여부가불확실하다는점, 병용된약을본병원에서처방된약만을의무기록을통해서확인했기때문에이외타병원에서복용하고있는약, 환자가복용하였을일반약이나건강보조식품등은확인할수없었기때문에다른약물의영향을배제할수없다는점등다양한인자를고려하지못하였다는것이다. 또한, 약물에의한간손상을판단하는표준지표가없어연구마다판단의차이가있으며, 실험실적검사수치로만판단하였으며, 생검을통한병리검사결과를확인한것이아니기때문에간손상의실제진단이나실제정확한발생률을확인하는데는한계가있다. 또한대상환자수가적고, 간손상환자수의수가많지않아간손상에영향을미치는요인분석을시행할수없었다. 따라서, 향후전향적, 대규모연구에의해서이들약물에의한간손상발생률및간손상에영향을미치는요인에대한확인연구가필요하다. 결론 본연구를통해 levocetirizine과 cetirizine으로간손상또는경미한간기능수치이상이유발될수있음을확인할수있었으며, 장기간약물을복용한환자, 소화기계질환을가진환자의경우간손상이발생할확률이유의하게큼을확인할수있었다. 향후전향적인대규모관찰연구가필요할것으로사료된다. 참고문헌 1. Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM. Acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010;52(6): UpToDate, Drugs and liver: Metabolism and mechanisms of injury. Available from: drugs-and-the-liver-metabolism-and-mechanisms-of-injury (Accessed on October 15, 2013) 3. Kaplowitz N. Drug-induced liver injury, Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:S44-S Baltes E, Coupez R, Giezek H, et al. Absorption and disposition of levocetirizine, the eutomer of cetirizine, administered alone or as cetirizine to healthy volunteers. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2001;15(4): Bartra J, Valero AL, del Cuvillo A, et al. Interactions of the H1 antihistamines. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006;16(1): Bloebaum RM, Grant JA. Levocetirizine: the allergist's arsenal grows larger. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004;5(7): National Health Insurance Service, Increase in seasonal
6 218 Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 24, No. 3, 2014 allergic rhinitis patients every September, Available from: VIEW&communityKey=B0039&boardId=22333(Accessed on October 30, 2013) 8. Fong DG, Angulo P, Burgart LJ, et al. Cetirizine-induced cholestasis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000;31: Jurawan R, Smith A. Severe hepatitis in a primary sclerosing cholangitis patient receiving recent cetirizine therapy. N Z Med J 2010;123(1309): Pompili M, Basso M, Grieco A, et al. Recurrent acute hepatitis associated with use of cetirizine. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38: Xyzal (levocetirizine dihydochloride) Prescribing Information. Available from: pdf (Accessed on September 30, 2013) 12. Ekiz F, Yüksel I, Ekiz O, et al. Levocetirizine induced hepatotoxicity in a patient with chronic urticaria. Ann Hepatol 2011;10(2): Navarro VJ. Senior JR. Drug-related hepatotoxicity. N Eng J Med 2006;354: Pratt DS, Kaplan MM. Evaluation of Abnormal Liver- Enzyme Results in Asymptomatic Patients. N Eng J Med 2000;342:
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