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1 마찰교반접합장비의기술개발동향 김영표 김철희 김영곤 주성민 대한용접 접합학회지제 34 권 3 호별책

2 1 ISSN Online ISSN 마찰교반접합장비의기술개발동향 김영표 *, 김철희 ** 김영곤 *** 주성민 **** * 화천기공 ( 주 ) 기술개발연구소 ** 한국생산기술연구원용접 접합연구그룹 *** 한국생산기술연구원그린가공공정그룹 **** 조선대학교용접접합과학공학과 Trends of Technology Development of Friction Stir Welding Machine Young-Pyo Kim*,, Cheol-Hee Kim**, Young-Gon Kim*** and Sung-Min Joo**** *Institute of R&D, Hwacheon Machine Tools Ltd., Gwangju 62227, Korea **Advanced Welding and Joining R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon 21999, Korea ***Green Manufacturing Process R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwangju 61012, Korea ****Dept. of Welding/Joining Science & Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea Corresponding author : kyp@hwacheon.com (Received May 9, 2016 ; Revised May 19, 2016 ; Accepted May 25, 2016) Abstract At present, FSW(friction stir welding) process is being considered as an actual way for production of various industrial products. However FSW process involves high temperature and load on the tool during welding. These are make a difference between FSW machine and general machine tools. From this reason, development of FSW machine needs very careful consideration on stiffness of machine structure, spindle and moving axis including machine control system. In this study authors investigate on the trends of technology development of FSW machine in order to share the information for more extension of FSW technology with related researchers and engineers. Key Words : Friction stir welding, Friction spot joining, Machine tools, Robot, Parallel kinematic mechanism 1. 서론 최근산업계에서실제품생산을위해적극고려되고있는마찰교반접합의경우 Fig. 1에보인바와같이일반밀링가공 ( 공정중발생한충격및열에너지가칩배출등으로인해외부로소산됨 ) 에비해공정중발생하는높은하중과열이그대로접합장비에전달되는공정특성상이를고려한장비의설계및제작이필수적이다. 이를위해서는 Fig. 2에보인바와같이마찰교반접합장비를구성하는요소중핵심요소인기계구조, 주축, 이송계, 제어장치에대한공정특성고려가있어야한다. 그러나장비개발초기의경우정보의부족으로인해 Fig. 3에보인바와같이연구용장비의경우기존공작기계를그대로사용하거나개조하여사용하였다. 이와같은많은연구자들의공정이해를위한기본연구에힘입어마찰교반접합장비의개발은선진국을중심으로생산제품에맞는전용장비형태로개발및발전되어왔다. 하지만기존 TWI 원천특허로인해장비개발및시 (a) Milling (b) FSW Fig. 1 Comparison between milling and FSW process Journal of Welding and Joining, Vol.34 No.3(2016) pp1-5

3 2 김영표 김철희 김영곤 주성민 Machine structure 를중심으로제품경량화에맞춰마찰교반접합이적용되고있다 1). 대표적으로미국의경우우주항공분야에큰기술발 전을이루고있다. 일본의경우는자동차및철도차량 Spindle FSW machine Axis 분야, 독일의경우는자동차분야에강점을가지고기술적용을선도하고있다. 더불어이들국가의특징을 보면기계산업분야중특히공작기계관련기술이우 Numerical controller 수한나라들로기존기반기술의강점을충분히활용하고있다. Fig. 2 Key components of FSW machine Fig. 3 Initial FSW machine (use of conventional milling machine) 장활성화가늦었으나최근이원천특허의만료로인해산업계전반에걸쳐마찰교반접합에대한관심의증대와더불어다양한마찰교반접합장비의제작이이루어지고있다. 본논문에서는이러한국내 외의마찰교반접합기술의활성화에따라공정구현시필수적으로요구되는마찰교반접합장비의국내 외기술개발동향을살펴보고이를통해국내관련업계의생산및제조기술향상에도움이되고자한다. 2. 국내외산업별마찰교반접합기술적용분야 2.1 국외산업별적용현황 해외의경우 Fig. 4 에보인바와같이수송기계분야 2.2 국내산업별적용현황국내의경우마찰교반접합이가장활성화된분야는전자관련반도체및평판디스플레이제조설비에들어가는열교환플레이트의제작분야 (Fig. 5) 이다. 최근에는자동차분야에서차체경량화를위한경량금속의활용및이종금속간접합기술에주목하고있다. 앞에서언급한전자분야외에도자동차냉각기용중공실린더의제작등에도기양산화된기술로활용되고있으며, 철도차량및우주발사체제작분야에서도관련기술의적용을위한검토가이루어지고있다. 3. 국내외마찰교반접합장비개발동향 3.1 국외개발동향해외의경우앞에서언급한바와같이수송기계 ( 자동차, 철도차량, 우주항공, 조선 ) 의생산및제조를위한각제품의특성에맞는전용기형태로마찰교반접합장비의개발이이루어져왔다. 특히다양한공정연구와툴형상에대한기반연구를통해국내에비해성능이우수하고안정적인마찰교반접합장비의개발이우리보다선행되어왔다 년대초반까지는 Fig. 6에보인바와같이기존의공작기계형태 ( 갠트리구조의 3축장비 ) 를유지한채성능이개선된평면용접이가능한장비가주로개발되었다. 최근에는 3차원적인형상을갖는제품의생산을위해다관절로봇을이용한 3차원곡면에대한마찰교반접합장비개발이수행되고있다 2). 특히로봇을접합장비로사용하기위해서는기존 2차원 Industrial application of FSW Fig. 4 Application fields of FSW at oversea Fig. 5 Application example on electronic industry for production of sputtering and backing plate 198 Journal of Welding and Joining, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2016

4 마찰교반접합장비의기술개발동향 3 (a) FSW (b) FSJ Fig. 9 Example of 2-dimensional FSW machine at domestic (WINXEN) Fig. 6 Example of 2-dimensional FSW machine at oversea Fig. 7 Example of 3-dimensional FSW machine at oversea (a) FSW (Honda) (b) FSJ (Kawasaki) Fig. 8 Example of FSW application on auto-mobile industry at Japan 마찰교반접합및로봇을이용한점접합장비를개발하여연구소및학교를중심으로판매를하였다. 일부회사에서는중고대형수직형머시닝센터를개조하여자가설비로사용하였으나초기마찰교반접합공정에대한기초연구정보부족으로인해해외장비대비성능및안정성측면에서취약하였다. 또한, 국내산업특성상박판보다는후판에대한마찰교반접합수요가있었으며후판을이용하여제작하는제품의경우마찰교반접합전 / 후에기계가공공정이필요한사례가많았으나이를위한국내 외장비의대응이부족하였다. 더불어후판가공 ( 알루미늄두께 30mm 이상 ) 특성상기존국내접합장비의경우장시간사용시기계강성부족으로인한장비변형발생등어려움이있었다. 이러한산업계의장비개선요구에따라, 기존마찰교반접합가공기와는차별화되도록마찰교반접합이가능하며기존머시닝센터의가공기능및성능을그대로갖는복합가공기의개발이이루어졌다 (Fig. 10). 마찰교반접합복합가공기의경우기존기계구조를기반으로기계구조 ( 특히교반접합시의수직하중에대응할수있도록 ), 이송계, 주축에대한설계및제작이새로이루어졌다. 형태를보면수직및수평형복합가공기형태로 장비에비해로봇의가반중량을고려하여주축을경량 / 소형화하면서도마찰교반접합에사용될수있는저속고토크주축의개발이필요하다 (Fig. 7). Fig. 8에보인바와같이자동차산업이강점인일본 (Honda 및 Kawasaki) 의경우로봇을활용하여차체부품을생산하기위한마찰교반접합 (FSW) 및마찰교반점접합 (FSJ) 기술을조기에상용화하였다. 3.2 국내개발동향 국내의경우 Fig. 9 에보인바와같이 ( 주 ) 윈젠에서 Fig. 10 Example of 2-dimensional hybrid FSW machine at domestic (HWACHEON) 대한용접 접합학회지제 34 권제 3 호, 2016 년 6 월 199

5 4 김영표 김철희 김영곤 주성민 Fig dimensional FSW test using 5-axis machining center (HWACHEON) 다양한산업계의제품제작요구에부합하도록제작되었으며마찰교반접합및가공용공구를교환할수있는장치도탑재되었다. 더불어산업계에서는실제품제작시연구및특정목적의직선용접수요에비해용접선방향이자주바뀌는형태의복잡한공정이주로수행하고있다, 따라서, 툴의전진각을사용하는공정을사용하지않으며장비구조상경사축이있어도기계구조상강성저하로인해현실적이지못해자생적으로수직용접자세에쇼율더면이볼록한 Convex 툴을사용하는공정이업계에정착되었다. 이를기반으로해외와달리기존머시닝센터와동일한기계구조형상을갖는현재형태의장비개발이이루어졌다. 연구목적이나직선용접의경우는쇼울더면이오목한툴의전진각을이용 ( 기존 TWI 원천특허 ) 한접합공정이안정적인것은이미잘알려져있지만, 국내에서는자체환경에맞게대체공정및장비개발이이루어졌다. 최근국내에서도전자산업분야외에다른산업분야 ( 수송기계분야-자동차, 항공, 조선 ) 에서도마찰교반접합공정에관심 5) 을갖게되면서자연스럽게평면에대한 2차원마찰교반접합이아닌곡면에대한 3차원마찰교반접합및점접합의관심이높아지고있다. Fig. 11 에보인바와같이 3차원곡면에대한마찰교반접합을위한기본연구를 5축머시닝센터를이용하여수행하였으며이를통해곡면에대한마찰교반접합수행시필요한기본자료를축적하였다. 이를토대로로봇의가공유연성과기존머시닝센터형태장비의강성과정밀도특성을갖도록한병렬형구조의마찰교반접합가공기가개발되었다 (Fig. 12). 일반다관절로봇의경우움직임에대한유연성은뛰어난데반해관절 ( 구동 ) 부의직렬연결구조상작용점과지지점의거리가멀어지면취약해지는구조특성을갖는다. 반면병렬구조형마찰교반접합가공기는주요운동부인 3개의직선축암이트러스구조를가져작용점에대한저항력이지지점에서분산되며 2축가공주축과연동되어 3차원 Steel part FSW Line Al part Fig. 12 Example of 3-dimensional hybrid FSW machine with parallel kinematic structure (HWACHEON) 곡면에대한마찰교반접합이가능하다. 또한지그설계에따라마찰교반점접합도가능하도록개발되었다. 3.3 하중모니터링및툴삽입깊이제어기술의국내외개발동향 2,6) 실제마찰교반접합을이용한제품제작시가장중요한공정변수인하중변화를모니터링하여실시간으로툴삽입깊이를제어할필요성은매우중요하나아직까지신뢰성이충분한방법이부족한현실이다. 현재이를해결하기위해제안되는방법은다음의 3가지가있다. 1위치제어 ( 위치센서를이용실시간툴삽입깊이제어, 직접방식 ), 2 하중제어 ( 하중센서를이용직접툴에가해지는하중을측정하여툴삽입깊이제어, 간접방식 ), 3주축부하제어 ( 주축모터부하변화에따른전류변화를감지하여툴삽입깊이제어, 간접방식 ). 이중별다른측정센서없이도하중에비례해변하는주축모터의전류변화를이용한방법 3 (Fig. 13 참조. 측정을위한보드, 운영 S/W 및 PLC 로직구성이필요하며툴삽입깊이에비례하여툴하중과주축모터부하가증가하는원리를응용한것으로서, 이값이일정하게되도록제어하는방식임. 이러한제어방식은 Tool Program path Work piece Compensated path Z-Axis comp. Fig. 13 Example of z-axis compensation control system coupled with spindle load/variation of spindle current (HWACHEON) 200 Journal of Welding and Joining, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2016

6 마찰교반접합장비의기술개발동향 5 Rotor type Load cell 툴삽입깊이를툴하중과주축모터부하에의해간접적으로측정되기때문에, 제어파라메터와툴삽입깊이를연관시키는것이배우중요함 ) 이현재장비제작업체입장에서가장실질적인방법으로검토되고있다. 방법 1의경우는위치센서의종류, 측정표면및측정위치 ( 툴근방 ) 에따른오차를가질수있다. 더불어곡률이큰제품에적용하기는어려운특징을가지고있다. 마지막으로방법 2 (Fig. 14 참조 ) 의경우는하중센서의위치에따른오차가발생할수있으며툴의축방향과하중계측방향이틀릴경우에도오차가발생할수있어이를계산에의해보정할필요가있다. 이외에도위의 3가지방법에더하여제품의온도변화를동시에모니터링하여툴샆입깊이를보정하는방법도검토되고있다. 4. 고찰 Wireless Receiver Fig. 14 Example of Tool insertion depth control system coupled with wireless load cell 그동안많은국내 외연구자들의노력 4) 에의해최근실제제품생산에마찰교반접합공정을적용하고자하는문의가증가하고있다. 기존의전자산업분야관련반도체및평판디스플레이의제조설비에들어가는열교환 플레이트분야를넘어서자동차, 철도및우주항공분야까지그적용분야가확대되고있는일은굉장히고무적인일이라고생각된다. 우리나라의경우생산제조업을기반으로하는산업구조특성상해외대비실제마찰교반접합공정을응용할수있는다양한산업제품군을보유하고있다. 따라서관련연구자와산업계에서실제기술을사용하는엔지니어간의협업및기술정보교류의활성화가매우중요한시점이라고생각한다. 그리고이정보들을잘활용하면국제적인경쟁력을갖는마찰교반접합장비를개발하는것이가능하다고생각된다. 특히우리나라의경우세계공작기계산업분야에서 5위권의기술력을갖고있으며, 이기반을잘활용하면마찰교반접합분야 ( 학문적연구, 응용제품개발및장비개발등 ) 에서확실한기술경쟁력을가질수있을것으로생각된다. 후 기 본연구는산업통상자원부산업기술혁신사업 ( 과제번호 : ) 의지원으로수행되었습니다. References 1. R.S. Mishra, P.S.D.N. Kumar, Friction Stir Welding and Processing, Springer(ISBN ), 2014, M.K.B. Givi and P. Asadi, Advances in Friction-Stir Welding and Processing, Woodhead Publishing(ISBN ), 2014, J.S, Noh, J.H. Kim, G.H. Go, M.C. Kang, New technology trends on friction stir welding based on milling process in terms of tools, machine and applied parts, Journal of KSMPE, 12-6 (2013), (in Korean) 4. K.J. Lee, Recent Research & Development Trend on Friction Stir Welding and Friction Stir Processing, Journal of KWJS, 31-2 (2013), H.S. Bang, Recent Studies on Hybrid Friction Stir Welding, Journal of KWJS, 28-5 (2010), Japan Welding Society, Friction Stir Welding, Sanpo Publications(ISBN X C3057), 2005, 대한용접 접합학회지제 34 권제 3 호, 2016 년 6 월 201

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