369 pissn : , eissn : Case Report J Korean Orthop Assoc 2018; 53: 뇌

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1 369 pissn : , eissn : Case Report J Korean Orthop Assoc 2018; 53: 뇌낭미충증에동반한광범위한흉요추경막내척수낭미충증 정유훈 이영상 은동찬 변찬웅 분당제생병원정형외과 Intradural Extramedullary Cysticercosis Involving the Thoracolumbar Spinal Canal in a Patient with Cerebral Cysticercosis Yu-Hun Jeong, M.D., Young-Sang Lee, M.D., Dong-Chan Eun, M.D., and Chan-Woong Byun, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, Korea Neurocysticercosis (NCC) by Taenia solium is the most common parasitic infection of the central nervous system involving the cerebrum. However, spinal involvement of NCC is rare. Spinal NCC can cause radiculopathy, myelopathy, cauda equina syndrome, and even paraparesis, depending on its location and size. Spinal NCC may require surgical treatment as a first-line treatment because medical therapy can further aggravate the inflammation due to dead cysts, resulting in clinical deterioration. The current standard therapy for spinal NCC is surgical decompression followed by medical therapy. We experienced a case of widespread thoracolumbar intradural extramedullary cysticercosis involving the spinal canal with cerebral cysticercosis. We report this rare case with literature review. Key words: spine, cysticercosis, Taenia solium Taenia solium 에의한신경낭미충증은인간중추신경계에서가장 흔한기생충감염으로알려져있다. 유행지역 (endemic regions) 에서신경낭미충증의발병률은지역인구의 4% 에육박한다. 1) 뇌를침범하는경우가가장많은반면에척수의침범은 0.7%-5.0% 에불과하다고보고되어있다. 2) 척수내에서도침범하는위치에따라서경막외, 경막내수질외, 경막내로구분할수있다. 앞서척수신경낭미충증의몇편의증례가보고되어있으나이는아직까지극히적은수에불과하다. 약물단독치료는낭종의괴사에의한염증반응을유발하여결국은임상적경과를악화시킬수있기때문에일차적으로수술적치료가필요하며, 현재척수낭미충증의표준적인치료는수술적감압과이후의약물치료로알려져있 Received August 31, 2017 Revised September 12, 2017 Accepted October 16, 2017 Correspondence to: Young-Sang Lee, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, 20 Seohyeon-ro 180beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13590, Korea TEL: FAX: yslee2808@gmail.com ORCID: 다. 저자는뇌낭미충증을동반한광범위한흉요추경막내척수낭미충증을치료한증례 1예를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 증례보고 77세남자환자가 2개월전부터시작된요통과진행성양하지위약감및감각소실을주소로외래로내원하였다. 양성전립선비대증외특이병력이없던환자로시간이지남이따라진행성보행장애를호소하였다. 신경학적검사에서양측무지신전근과우측무지굴곡근의근력이 Grade 4로감소되어있었고, 제2 요추부아래로감각이저하되어있었다. 병적반사는보이지않았으며, 장관및방광기능은정상이었다. 항문괄약근의긴장이감소되어있었으나회음부감각은정상이었다. 활력징후는안정적이었고, 의식수준은정상이었다. The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association Volume 53 Number Copyright 2018 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 370 Yu-Hun Jeong, et al. 뇌의자기공명영상에서소뇌하부 (inferior cerebellum) 와좌측소뇌연수수조 (cerebellopontine cistern) 에뇌수종을동반한다방성낭성병변이관찰되었다. 흉요추부척추자기공명영상에서는다양한크기의낭성병변이경막내공간및수질외공간에서관찰되었고, 제12 흉추부터제3 요추부사이로지주막의유착소견및확산증강 (diffuse enhancement) 된격막으로둘러싸인큰낭성병변을관찰할수있었다. 요추의횡단면영상에서는 Empty sac sign 을관찰할수있었다 (Fig. 1). 일반혈액검사, 전해질, C-반응성단백질, 적혈구침강속도등의진단혈액검사는정상이었다. 말초혈액백혈구수치는 17,200/ mm 3 이었고, 호산구비율은 1.4%, 혈소판수치는 1, mm ( 본태성혈소판증가증 ) 였다. 뇌척수액검사는이상이없었으나혈청낭미충특이항원 (cysticercosis specific immunoglobulin G) 은양성소견을보였다. 저자는척수가심하게압박되고있었던제12 흉추부터제4 요추부위로 recapping 후궁판성형술및경막내탐색술을시행하였고척수에세로방향으로유착되어있는낭벽을관찰할수있었다 (Fig. 2). 경막내수질외병변을확인하기위해종으로경막을절개하였다. 현미경을이용하여낭벽에조심스러운절개를하자맑은 (clear) 낭액이흘러나와흡입기를이용하여흡입하였다. 낭내부에다량의작은포도모양 (grape-like) 백색종괴가발견되어소 량씩여러번에걸쳐제거하였다. 수술중기생충감염에의한염증반응을감소시키기위해수술부위를고장성식염수로충분히세척하였다. 육안검사상타원형의희고무른 (friable) 양상의낭성종괴가관찰되었고, 이들은지주막으로부터쉽게분리되었다 (Fig. 3). 낭성병변에대한조직학적검사상호산구로둘러싸인투명한 Figure 2. After careful cystic wall incision, clear cystic fluid gushed out, which was sucked using a suction. Multiple small grape-like whitish masses (arrows) within the cyst were found and removed in a piecemeal fashion. Massive irrigation with hypertonic saline was performed. A B Figure 1. (A) Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated variable sized cystic lesions in the intradural, extramedullary space and a huge, septated cystic lesion with diffuse enhancement and adhesion of arachnoid at the T12 L3 level. (B) Diffuse enhancement and adhesion of arachnoid with empty sac sign (arrows) in the lumbar spine.

3 371 Intradural Extramedullary Cysticercosis Figure 3. Gross specimen shows oval, white, and friable cystic masses that were easily separated from the surrounding arachnoidal adhesions. (transparent) 낭과만성염증세포들을포함한맑은 (clear) 액체를관찰할수있었다 (Fig. 4). 환자는수술직후부터 albendazole을복용하였고, 근력은 Grade 5까지빠른시일내에회복되었으며, 감각은완전히회복되었다. 그러나저산소증과원인불명의발열이지속되었다. 수술후 14일째원인감별을위해가슴컴퓨터단층촬영을실시하였고, 검사도중갑작스러운의식저하, 호흡곤란및빈맥소견이관찰되어본원호흡기내과협진하폐색전증으로진단받고외과계중환자실에입실하였다. 입실당일환자의활력징후는점차불안정하게변하였다. 결국환자는기관내삽관및심폐소생술에도불구하고사망하였다. 고찰 유행지역 (endemic regions) 에서의높은발병률에도불구하고, 척수신경낭미충증은뇌신경낭미충증에비하여매우드물다고알려져있다. 현재까지전세계적으로척수신경낭미충증은 200예이하로보고되어있다. 3) 뇌에비해상대적으로척수에대한침범이적은이유는뇌혈류가척수혈류의 100배정도더많기때문이라고알려져있다. 4) 경막내척수낭미충증은지주막하낭미충증과수질내낭미충증으로분류할수있고, 지주막하낭미충증이수질내낭미충증에비하여더흔하다. 지주막하낭미충증은유충이중력에의해뇌실을통해지주막하공간으로이동한결과라고간주되며, 척수신경낭미충증의약 80% 정도를차지한다. 5) 수질내낭미충증은혈행성전파에의한결과라고생각되지만, Paterakis 등 6) 은수질외낭미충증에서도뇌척수액에의한파종 (dissemination) 뿐만아니라혈행성이동또한그경로가될수있 Figure 4. Microscopic view of the specimen taken during the operation (H&E, 10) showing translucent cyst with eosinophilic lining and clear fluid with chronic inflammatory cells consistent with cysticercosis. 다고하였다. Colli 등 5) 은척수신경낭미충증의부위별발생비율을경추부 34%, 흉추부 44.5%, 요추부 15.5%, 그리고천추부 6% 라고보고하였다. 신경낭미충증의임상양상은그형태와크기, 개수, 위치, 낭미충의발달단계, 그리고숙주의면역반응에의하여결정된다. 척수신경낭미충증의증상은주로척수신경이나신경근의물리적압박에의해서발생한다. 수질내낭미충증의증례에서가장흔한임상양상은척수압박에의한척수병증과진행성마비증상이다. 그러나지주막하낭미충증에서는요통과방사통이가장흔한증상이다. 특히요추부에서는병변이점차적으로커지며증상이점진적이고늦게나타날수있어발견당시에는크기가매우큰상태의병변을관찰할수있다. 7) 유충이죽으면지주막염이발생할수있고, 환자의증상은급격히악화된다. 이것은척수신경낭미충증의예후가안좋을수있다는것을시사한다. 자기공명영상은척수신경낭미충증에서가장도움이되는검사이다. 낭은 T1 강조영상에서뇌척수액과주로동일한신호강도를보인다. T2 강조영상에서는, 높은단백질함량때문에신호강도가증가한다. Rahalkar 등 8) 은감염의단계에따른신경낭미충증의방사선적특성을기술하였다. 신경낭미충증은초기소포기 (vesicular stage) 동안편심성의머리마디 (scolex) 를가지고있는낭성병변으로나타난다. 두번째교질소포기 (colloidal vesicular stage) 에서는병변을둘러싼부종을관찰할수있고, 이는사멸하는유충에의한염증반응때문이다. 마지막단계는석회화병변이특징적이다. 일반적으로, 두번째와세번째단계에서는변연부신호강도증가를관찰할수있다. 병변이석회화되었다면퇴행성신경낭미충의낭을관찰하는데자기공명영상보다컴퓨터

4 372 Yu-Hun Jeong, et al. 단층촬영이더유용하다. 혈액과뇌척수액의효소결합면역분석 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) 을이용한혈청학적검사는비록높은위양성과위음성률을갖고있지만, 유행지역에서는비교적신뢰할수있는결과를보여준다. 그러나요추천자는척추의경막하폐쇄 (spinal subdural block) 가있는환자에서예상하지못한신경학적악화를초래할수있기때문에주의하여야한다. 신경낭미충증은조직학적검사를통해확진이가능하다. 수질내낭미충증에서는낭이콜라겐캡슐로둘러싸여있는데, 이것이낭미충이다. 지주막낭미충증에서는낭미충이콜라겐의증식과염증반응을유도한다. 따라서지주막하부위에낭의군집이형성되고, 이는병변이포도송이모양 (racemose type) 으로관찰되는것과연관이있다. 9) 치료는내과적치료와외과적치료로분류한다. 내과적치료는 praziquantel과 albendazole이일차약제로사용된다. 부가적으로낭의퇴행성변화와관련된지주막염, 뇌염, 혈관염에는코르티코스테로이드치료가효과가있다. 신경낭미충증에서수술적치료의역할은질환의확진과신경압박증상의완화이다. 신경낭미충증에의한척수나신경근압박으로인한신경학적증상은수술적치료의적응증이된다. 수술시에낭을제거한후고장성식염수또는희석된베타딘용액으로수술부위를세척하는것은낭미충의사멸에도움을준다. 10) 척수낭미충증환자의예후는낭의위치, 염증정도및증상지속기간과관련성을가진다. 예를들어, 척수의염증이나지주막염이동반된경우에는적절한수술적치료에도불구하고예후가좋지않을수있다. 또다른예로지주막하신경낭미충증에서는 albendazole을더오랜기간동안사용해야좋은예후를보인다고알려져있다. 본증례에서는적절한수술적감압및약물치료가이뤄졌음에도불구하고환자가수술후발생한폐색전증으로사망하였다. 고령및술후제한된동작으로침상안정가료에따른심부정맥혈전증이원인으로생각된다. 이를예방하기위해술후압박스타킹 (compression stocking) 을착용시키고환자에게침상에서꾸준히움직이도록교육하면서심부정맥혈전증과거력이있거나비만, 고령, 가족력등심부정맥혈전증위험요소가있는환자의경우항응고제투여도고려해볼수있겠다. 척수낭미충증은드물지만척추내종괴가의심되는고위험군환자에서반드시감별해야될질환이다. 척수낭미충증의최신치료지침은후궁판절제술과낭미충제거를통한수술적감압및약물치료로알려져있다. 광범위한척수를침범하여낭미충의완 전한제거가불가능한본증례와같은경우에는제한적인낭절제및약물치료가하나의선택사항이될수있다. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors have nothing to disclose. REFERENCES 1. Martinez HR, Rangel-Guerra R, Arredondo-Estrada JH, Marfil A, Onofre J. Medical and surgical treatment in neurocysticercosis a magnetic resonance study of 161 cases. J Neurol Sci. 1995;130: Kim SW, Lee SM. Sacral intradural cysticercosis misdiagnosed as brain tumor metastasis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2005;37: Chang GY, Keane JR. Visual loss in cysticercosis: analysis of 23 patients. Neurology. 2001;57: Kishore LT, Gayatri K, Naidu MR, Mateen MA, Dinakar I, Ratnakar KS. Intermedullary spinal cord cysticercosis: a case report and literature review. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1991;34: Colli BO, Assirati Júnior JA, Machado HR, dos Santos F, Takayanagui OM. Cysticercosis of the central nervous system. II. Spinal cysticercosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1994;52: Paterakis KN, Kapsalaki E, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Barbanis S, Fezoulidis I, Kourtopoulos H. Primary spinal intradural extramedullary cysticercosis. Surg Neurol. 2007;68:309-11; discussion Alsina GA, Johnson JP, McBride DQ, Rhoten PR, Mehringer CM, Stokes JK. Spinal neurocysticercosis. Neurosurg Focus. 2002;12:e8. 8. Rahalkar MD, Shetty DD, Kelkar AB, Kelkar AA, Kinare AS, Ambardekar ST. The many faces of cysticercosis. Clin Radiol. 2000;55: Holtzman RN, Hughes JE, Sachdev RK, Jarenwattananon A. Intramedullary cysticercosis. Surg Neurol. 1986;26: Schnepper GD, Johnson WD. Recurrent spinal hydatidosis in North America. Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;17:E8.

5 373 pissn : , eissn : Case Report J Korean Orthop Assoc 2018; 53: 뇌낭미충증에동반한광범위한흉요추경막내척수낭미충증 정유훈 이영상 은동찬 변찬웅 분당제생병원정형외과 Taenia solium에의한신경낭미충증은뇌를침범하는가장흔한중추신경계기생충감염질환이다. 그러나척수를침범하는신경낭미충증은드물다고알려져있다. 척수낭미충증은병변의위치와크기에따라상하지방사통, 척수증, 말총증후군, 또는상하지마비등의증상을일으킬수있다. 약물단독치료는낭종의괴사에의한염증반응을유발하여결국은임상적경과를악화시킬수있기때문에일차적으로수술적치료가필요하다. 현재척수낭미충증의표준적인치료는수술적감압과이후의약물치료로알려져있다. 저자는뇌낭미충증을동반한광범위한흉요추경막내척수낭미충증을치료한증례 1예를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 색인단어 : 척추, 낭미충증, Taenia solium 접수일 2017 년 8 월 31 일수정일 2017 년 9 월 12 일게재확정일 2017 년 10 월 16 일책임저자이영상 13590, 성남시분당구서현로 180 번길 20, 분당제생병원정형외과 TEL , FAX , yslee2808@gmail.com, ORCID 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 53권제 4호 2018 Copyright 2018 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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