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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 81 권제 5 호 2011 비편평, 비소세포폐암에서 EGFR 염기서열분석법의치료반응예측 한림대학교성심병원 1 호흡기-알레르기내과, 2 혈액종양내과, 강동성심병원 3 호흡기-알레르기내과, 4 혈액종양내과, 5 한림유전체응용연구소 박지영 1 장승훈 1 김효정 2 박용범 3 권정혜 4 송헌호 4 이경화 5 김진희 1 김주희 1 박성훈 1 황용일 1 김동규 1 정기석 1 Predicting the Treatment Response Using a Direct Sequencing Method for EGFR in Non-Squamous, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Ji Young Park 1, Seung Hun Jang 1, Hyo Jung Kim 2, Yong Bum Park 3, Jung Hye Kwon 4, Hun Ho Song 4, Kyung Wha Lee 5, Jin Hee Kim 1, Joo Hee Kim 1, Sung Hoon Park 1, Yong Il Hwang 1, Dong-Gyu Kim 1, and Ki-Suck Jung 1 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, 2 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang; 3 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, 4 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul; 5 Hallym Institute for Genome Application, Anyang, Korea Background/Aims: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) have emerged as a key predictive biomarker for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) treatment and should be the primary standard for selecting patients for first-line treatment with EGFR-TKIs. This retrospective study evaluated the ability of direct DNA sequencing to predict the EGFR-TKI response. Methods: We sequenced exons of the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain from genomic DNA isolated from 122 NSCLCs, using paraffin-embedded tissues or cytological specimens. Mutation status was compared with clinicopathological features. Clinical outcomes were assessed based on EGFR genotypes. Results: EGFR gene mutations were identified in 36 patients. EGFR mutations were significantly more frequent in non-smokers or light smokers than in heavy smokers (44.8% vs. 10.9%, p < 0.001) and in females than in males (41.8% vs. 19.4%, p = 0.007). The response rate to EGFR-TKIs in patients with an EGFR mutation was 42.1% (8/19), in contrast to 18.9% (7/37) in patients without a mutation (p = 0.064). Patients with an EGFR mutation had significantly prolonged progression-free survival (8.5 vs. 1.5 months; p = 0.003) and overall survival (40.0 vs months; p = 0.006) with EGFR-TKI treatment, compared with patients without a mutation. Among the 15 patients who responded to EGFR-TKIs, 46.7% (7/15) had wild-type EGFR by the direct sequencing method. Received: Revised: Accepted: Correspondence to Seung Hun Jang, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 896 Pyeongan-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang , Korea Tel: , Fax: , chestor@hallym.or.kr
2 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 81, No. 5, Conclusions: EGFR-TKIs conferred substantial clinical benefit in patients with NSCLCs and EGFR mutations. Detection of an EGFR mutation currently relies on direct sequencing, which cannot be performed on small diagnostic specimens, and the method lacks sensitivity. Sensitive assays are needed to detect EGFR mutations in routine clinical samples. (Korean J Med 2011;81: ) Keywords: Carcinoma, Non-small cell lung; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor; Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor; Sequence Analysis, DNA 서론폐암은우리나라를비롯하여전세계적으로중요한암사망원인이다. 세포독성항암제는적극적지지치료에비해통계적으로생존기간을연장시키고암과관련된증상을개선시키며삶의질을향상시키지만현재사용되는항암제의반응률은 25-30% 정도이며중앙생존기간이 12개월내외로그효과는제한적이다 [1-3]. 비소세포폐암의발암원인중하나인표피성장인자수용체 (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 활성화경로를차단하는새로운표적치료제들이도입되어사용중이다. 이것에는 EGFR의세포내티로신키나아제 (tyrosine kinase) 의 ATP 결합부위에경쟁적으로결합할수있는소분자억제제 (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKIs) 와세포외수용체부위에결합하여리간드 (ligand) 의결합을방해하는키메라단일클론항체가있다. 초기임상시험에서세포독성항암치료에실패한비소세포폐암환자에게 EGFR-TKI 치료는 8-18% 의반응률을보였는데여자, 비흡연자, 선암, 아시아인종같은특정임상인자를가진군에서효과가좋아서치료반응률이높고무진행생존기간과총생존기간을연장시킬수있었다 [4-6]. 이후 EGFR-TKI 에대한반응성과밀접한관련이있는 EGFR tyrosine kinase domain에돌연변이가발견되었다 [7,8]. Exon 19의결실돌연변이 (deletion) 와 exon 21의치환돌연변이 (substitution) 등은 EGFR에리간드가결합하지않더라도스스로활성화되어 (autophosphorylation) 통제되지않는성장신호를전달한다. 돌연변이 EGFR을가진암세포는다른유전적변이가상대적으로적어서생존과성장에관련된세포내신호를 EGFR 활성화경로에의존하게되는암유전자중독 (oncogene addiction) 상태이므로, 이경로를차단하면암세포의생존에치명적손상을줄수있다 [9]. 폐암세포에서다양한 EGFR 돌연변이가보고되고있는데, EGFR-TKI 감수성돌연변이가 90% 정도로대다수를차지하고, 5-10% 정도는내성돌연변이인데, 내성돌연변이는대부분 EGFR exon 20의 T790M 치환돌연변이거나삽입돌연변이 (insertion) 로알려져있다 [10,11]. 현재까지직접염기서열분석법 (direct sequencing) 이 EGFR 돌연변이를평가하는표준방법으로사용되고있지만민감도가낮은문제점을가지고있다 [12]. 본연구는일상적인진료상황에서폐암진단을위하여획득하는임상검체를이용하여 EGFR 직접염기서열분석법을시행하였을때, 임상요소에따른돌연변이발견율과검사결과에따른 EGFR-TKI 치료성적을평가하고자시행되었다. 대상및방법대상 2006년 6월 1일부터 2011년 5월 31일까지한림대학교성심병원과강동성심병원에서조직검사혹은세포학적검사로편평세포암을제외한비소세포폐암으로진단된환자들중직접염기서열분석법으로 EGFR 돌연변이검사를시행한환자들을대상으로하였다. 환자들의나이, 성별, 흡연력, 조직형, 분화도, 병기, 치료방법과반응및생존기간을의무기록중심으로후향적으로분석하였다. 대상환자들의임상정보와 EGFR 돌연변이검사결과수집에있어서는한림대학교성심병원연구윤리위원회심의를통과하였다. 병기결정및조직채취부위치료시작전흉부단순촬영, 흉부전산화단층촬영, 양전자방출단층촬영, 골주사등을시행하였다. 모든환자는새로운 7차 TNM stage system을기준으로병기를결정하였다 [13]. EGFR 돌연변이분석을위한검체는경피적폐생검, 기관지내시경조직검사, 수술로절제된폐조직, 전이부위생검그리고악성흉수의세포진검사를위한세포블록 (cell block)
3 - Ji Young Park, et al. Response prediction by EGFR sequencing - 을이용하였고모두항암치료전에채취한것이었다. DNA 분리및직접염기서열분석법 DNA 추출은 7 μm의두께로절단된포르말린고정파라핀포매조직을이용하였다. 조직표본에서 genomic DNA 분리를위해 DNA 추출시약 (DEXPAT, Takara, Otsu, Japan) 을사용하였다 [14]. 이시약에는계면활성제와 PCR 저해물질흡착수지가포함되어있다. 조직절편을시약에첨가하고 100 에서가열후 4 에서원심분리를하고얼음에서냉각하여만들어진상층액을 PCR용주형 DNA로사용하였다. EGFR의 kinase domain (exons 18-21) 에대한염기서열분석을위해 nested PCR 증폭을실시하였고 Liu 등 [14] 이사용한방법과동일한 primers 를이용하였다. PCR 결과물을 Big Dye Terminator cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) 를이용하여염기서열분석반응을실시하였고 ABI PRISM DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems) 로염기서열을분석하였다. 염기서열다양성 (variations) 은 EGFR reference sequence (NM_ , National Center for Biotechnology Information) 와함께 Seqscape Navigator (Applied Biosystems) 를이용하여평가하였다. 치료효과판정및용어정의 EGFR-TKI 의치료효과를평가하기위해서흉부단순촬영을 1개월간격으로, 흉부전산화단층촬영을 1-2개월간격으로실시하였다. 치료반응평가는 Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST 1.0) 기준에준하여판정하였다. 무진행생존기간 (progression free survival, PFS) 은진단일로부터진행성병변이처음발견된날이나질환으로사망한날까지로정의하였다. 총생존기간 (overall survival) 은진단일로부터사망일까지로정의하였다. 연구의 data cutoff point는 2011년 5월 31일이다. EGFR 돌연변이유무에따라 EGFR-TKI 의치료효과를평가하였고세포독성항암제의반응도비교하였다. 돌연변이종류에따라 exon 19 결실돌연변이와 L858R 치환돌연변이사이에서 EGFR-TKI 치료의무진행생존기간을비 Table 1. Comparisons of clinicopathological factors based on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genotype Factor Total Mutant EGFR Wild-type EGFR p value Patients, n (%) 122 (100) 36 (29.5) 86 (70.5) Median age (range), yr 64 (27-83) 63 (43-77) 65 (27-83) Gender, n (%) Male 67 (54.9) 13 (36.1) 54 (62.8) Female 55 (45.1) 23 (63.9) 32 (37.2) Smoking status, n (%) < pack-years 67 (54.9) 30 (88.3) 37 (43.0) >10 pack-years 55 (45.1) 6 (16.7) 49 (57.0) Pathology, n (%) Adenocarcinoma 113 (92.6) 34 (94.4) 79 (67.2) Large cell carcinoma 2 (1.6) 0 (0.0) 2 (2.3) NSCLC NOS 7 (5.7) 2 (5.6) 5 (4.1) Stage, n (%) IA-IB 18 (14.8) 5 (13.9) 13 (15.1) IIA-IIB 8 (6.6) 5 (13.9) 3 (3.5) IIIA-IIIB 24 (19.7) 6 (16.7) 18 (20.9) IV 72 (59.0) 20 (55.6) 52 (60.5) NSCLC NOS, non-small-cell lung cancer not otherwise specified
4 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 81 권제 5 호통권제 615 호 교하였다. 독성판정은 National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria (NCI-CTC, version 3.0) 에따랐다. 통계통계분석은 window용 SPSS 18판 (Chicago, Illinois, USA) 을이용하였다. 통계의 1차분석목표로 EGFR 돌연변이상태에따른 EGFR-TKI 사용자의총생존기간을 Kaplan-Meier 법으로분석후 log-rank test 로유의성을평가하였다. 2차분석목표로 EGFR-TKI 의무진행생존기간을비교하였고 EGFR 돌연변이상태와임상적특징그리고 EGFR-TKI 의효과와관련성을분석했다. 분석에서연속형변수에대한비교시에는 independent t-test를사용하였고, 범주형변수에대한비교시에는 chi-square test를사용하였다. 모든분석은 p 값이 0.05 미만일때통계적으로유의하다고판단하였다. 결과환자의특성연구대상이된비편평, 비소세포폐암환자는 122명이었다. 연령의중앙값은 64세이고남자가 67명 (54.9%), 여자가 55명 (45.1%) 이었다. 비흡연자는 63명 (51.6%), 10갑년이하의경도흡연자는 4명 (3.3%), 그이상의고도흡연자는 55명 (45.1%) 이었다. 조직형은선암이 113명 (92.6%) 으로대부분이었고대세포암이 2명 (1.6%), 분화도가좋지않아분류가어려운비소세포암이 7명 (5.7%) 이었다. 병기분포는 I 병기 18명 (14.8%), II 병기 8명 (6.6%), III 병기 24명 (19.7%), 그리고 IV 병기 72명 (59.0%) 이었다 (Table 1). 임상경과중 EGFR-TKI 치료를실시한환자는 56명으로 (gefitinib 38명, erlotinib 18명 ), 사용한시점은 1차항암치료로 4명, 2차치료로 32명, 3차치료로 18명, 그리고 4차치료로 2명이었다. EGFR 돌연변이분석결과 EGFR tyrosine kinase domain 부위인 exon 18-21의염기서열을분석한결과야생형은 86명 (70.5%), 돌연변이형은 36명 (29.5%) 이었다. 돌연변이가발견된환자들을임상적특징과함께표로정리하였다 (Table 2). EGF 돌연변이는 4개의 exon들모두에서관찰할수있었지만 exon 19와 exon 21에서집중적으로발견되었다. EGFR mutation database ( 에등록되지않은새롭게발견된돌연변이는 5종류이었다. Exon 19 결실돌연변이또는결실 / 삽입돌연변이 (deletion/insertion) 는전체돌연변이중 38.9% (14/36) 를차지하였다. 그밖에 Exon 19에서 E736K 1명, K737E 1명그리고 K757R 2명의치환돌연변이가있었으며이것들은기존에보고되지않은새로운돌연변이였다. Exon 21에서 L858R 치환돌연변이가전체돌연변이중 33.3% (12/36) 로발견되었고새로운돌연변이로 dell833-v834insfl 결실 / 삽입돌연변이가 1명발견되었다. Exon 18에서는 G719A 치환돌연변이가 2명발견되었다. Exon 20에서는새로운돌연변이인 A763T를포함하여 S768I, V769M, S784F 치환돌연변이가 1명씩있었고 H773dupH 중복돌연변이 (duplication) 1명, deln771insth 결실 / 삽입돌연변이 1명을발견할수있었다. 3명의환자에서는 EGFR tyrosine kinase domain에 2종류의돌연변이가동시에발견되었다 (Fig. 1). EGFR 돌연변이분석검체돌연변이분석을위한검체종류에따라발견율에차이가있는지비교하였다. 수술로절제된폐조직은 36.0% (9/25) 에서돌연변이를발견하였고, 경피적폐생검은 33.9% (19/56) 에서전이된부위생검은 33.3% (3/9) 에서그리고기관지내시경을통한조직검사는 20.8% (5/24) 에서돌연변이를발견하였다. 악성흉수로만든세포블록을이용한 8명의검체에서는돌연변이를발견할수없었다. 검체채취방법에따라서돌연변이발견율에통계학적차이를보이지못하였지만수치상으로는수술, 경피적폐생검, 전이된부위생검으로얻은조직검체에서악성흉수또는기관지내시경으로얻은검체보다돌연변이발견율이더높았다 (p = 0.257). EGFR genotype 과임상특성과의비교 EGFR 돌연변이는여자에서 41.8% (23/55) 로남자에서 19.4% (13/67) 보다더높은빈도로발견되었다 (p = 0.007). 비흡연자또는경도흡연자 (<10 pack years) 에서 44.8% (30/67) 로고도흡연자 (>10 pack years) 의 10.9% (6/55) 보다더많이발견되었다 (p < 0.001). 반면연령또는병기와 EGFR 돌연변이의빈도와는관련성이없었다 ( 연령, p = 0.768; 병기, p = 0.208). EGFR genotype과 EGFR-TKI 의효과 EGFR-TKI 를사용한 56명중에서 EGFR 돌연변이형은 19명, 야생형은 37명이었으며두군사이에서병기와사용한 EGFR-TKI
5 - 박지영외 12 인. EGFR 염기서열분석의치료반응예측
6 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 81, No. 5, Figure 1. Distribution of kinase domain mutations (exons 18-21) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. Exons are shown as boxes, and mutation types are indicated by differently colored arrows. Each arrow represents a single mutation event. The amino acid sequence of each mutation is shown below the box. 종류및치료시기에서통계적차이는없었다 (Table 3). EGFR- TKI를사용한전체환자에서완전관해는 1.8% (1/56), 부분관해는 25.0% (14/56) 그리고안정성병변은 26.8% (15/56) 로총 53.6% (30/56) 의질병조절률을보였다. EGFR 돌연변이유무에따라 EGFR-TKI의효과를비교하였고돌연변이형에서완전관해 1명, 부분관해 7명으로 42.1% (8/19) 의치료반응률을보였고야생형에서완전관해는없이부분관해 7명으로 18.9% (7/37) 의치료반응률을보였다 (p = 0.064). 질병조절률은돌연변이형에서 89.5% (17/19), 야생형에서 35.1% (13/37) 로유의한차이를확인하였다 (p < 0.001). EGFR-TKI 사용의무진행생존기간의중앙값은돌연변이형은 8.5개월 (95% CI, 개월 ), 야생형은 1.5개월 (95% CI, 개월 ) 로차이를보였다 (p = 0.003). EGFR-TKI 로치료한환자들의중앙생존기간은돌연변이형에서 40.0개월 (95% CI 개월 ), 야생형에서는 13.3개월 (95% CI 개월 ) 로유의한차이를보였다 (p = 0.006, Fig. 2). EGFR 돌연변이종류에따라 EGFR-TKI 사용의무진행생존기간의중앙값은 Exon 19 결실돌연변이환자군에서 8.5개월, L858R 치환돌연변이환자군에서 8.0개월로통계적차이가없었다 (p = 0.494). 새로운 EGFR 돌연변이와다중돌연변이에서 EGFR-TKI 의효과새롭게발견한돌연변이중에 K737E 치환돌연변이를가진환자 1명은 erlotinib 사용후안정화병변을보였다. K757R 치환돌연변이를가진환자 2명중 1명만이 gefitinib를사용하였으며진행성병변을보였다. 두종류의돌연변이를동시에가지고있는환자중 EGFR-TKI 에감수성돌연변이인 G719A 치환돌연변이와저항성돌연변이인 S768I 치환돌연 변이를같이가지고있는환자는 gefitinib 사용후안정화병변을보였다. 감수성돌연변이인 L858R 치환돌연변이와새롭게발견된 exon20의 A763T 치환돌연변이를동시에가진환자도 gefitinib에안정화병변을보였다. EGFR genotype 과세포독성항암제효과 EGFG genotype에따른 1차치료세포독성항암제의치료성적을비교하였다. 세포독성항암제치료는백금제제 (cisplatin, carboplatin), taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel), pemetrexed, vinorelbine, 그리고 gemcitabine 등의단독또는병합치료였다. 1차치료세포독성항암제에대한반응률은돌연변이형에서 61.9%, 야생형에서 39.3% 이었다 (p = 0.076). 무진행생존기간의중앙값은돌연변이형은 5.0개월야생형은 3.6개월로통계적차이는없었다 (p = 0.819). 중앙생존기간은돌연변이형에서 31.3개월야생형에서 14.1개월로차이를보였다 (p = 0.012). 직접염기서열분석법의민감도문제를보완하기위해서 EGFR-TKI 의치료효과에따라반응군과비반응군으로다시분류하여 1차치료세포독성항암제에대한효과를분석하였다. EGFR-TKI 반응군의세포독성항암제반응률은 50.0%, 비반응군의반응률은 26.1% 였다 (p = 0.086). 무진행생존기간의통계적차이는없었다 ( 반응군 4.9개월, 비반응군 3.1개월 ; p = 0.350). 중앙생존기간은 EGFR-TKI 에반응군은 34.9개월, 비반응군은 11.3개월로통계적차이를보였다 (p < 0.001). 고찰세포독성항암제는암세포뿐만아니라정상세포에미치는독성도커서치료용량과반복치료주기를제한할수밖에
7 - Ji Young Park, et al. Response prediction by EGFR sequencing - Table 3. Treatment responses to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and survival of patients in relation to EGFR mutation Parameter Mutant EGFR Wild-type EGFR p value Patients, n (%) 19 (33.9) 37 (66.1) Patient characteristics, n (%) Stage at diagnosis IA-IB 1 (5.3) 2 (5.4) IIA-IIB 1 (5.3) 0 (0.0) IIIA-IIIB 3 (15.8) 10 (27.0) IV 14 (73.7) 25 (67.6) EGFR-TKI Erlotinib 5 (26.3) 13 (35.1) Gefitinib 14 (73.7) 24 (64.9) Treatment line of EGFR-TKI First 2 (10.5) 2 (5.4) Second 13 (68.4) 19 (51.4) Third 4 (21.1) 14 (37.8) Fourth 0 (0.0) 2 (5.4) Response to EGFR-TKI, n (%) Complete response (CR) 1 (5.3) 0 (0.0) Partial response (PR) 7 (36.8) 7 (18.9) Stable disease (SD) 9 (47.4) 6 (16.2) Progression 2 (10.5) 24 (64.9) Objective response rate (CR + PR) 8/19 (42.1) 7/37 (18.9) Disease control rate (CR + PR + SD) 17/19 (89.5) 13/37 (35.1) < PFS (median), mon (95% CI) 8.5 ( ) 1.5 ( ) month progression-free rate 76% 21% 12-month progression-free rate 34% 10% Median survival, mon (95% CI) 40.0 ( ) 13.3 ( ) year survival rate 94% 56% 2-year survival rate 62% 28% 없는단점이있으며, 치료에따른임상적이점과필연적인독성의득실을고려하여치료계획을수립해야한다. 항암치료중발생하는내성과독성의문제는비소세포폐암치료성적의고평부를돌파하는전기를마련하지못하는제약이되고있다. 발암과진행과정에대한분자생물학적이해가깊어지면서암세포의성장과생존에필수적인유전자와표적단백질을선별적으로차단할수있는표적치료제의개 발이활발하게진행되고있다. 표적치료제는개별환자의맞춤치료를위한이상적인치료법이며, 암세포의표적을주요차단대상으로하므로세포독성항암제에서나타나는부작용과전혀다른종류의부작용을나타내며, 그정도도상대적으로경미하다 [15]. EGFR은막경유당단백 (transmembrane glycoprotein) 으로서세포밖수용체부위에 EGF, TGF-alpha, epiregulin 등의리간
8 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 81 권제 5 호통권제 615 호 Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier analysis of progression-free survival and overall survival after epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)- tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment in 56 patients with or without an EGFR mutation. 드가부착하면수용체들이동종또는이종이량체를형성하고 (homo-or heterodimerization) 수용체의세포안티로신키나아제의활성으로 RAS, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 경로를통한세포내신호전달과정이활성화된다 [16]. 이신호전달경로의비정상적인과도한활성은세포증식, 자멸사회피, 성장억제신호에둔감, 지속적인신생혈관생성, 주변조직침범및원격전이를조장하므로암의발생, 성장, 전이의중추적역할을한다 [17]. EGFR 의과도한활성은두경부암, 난소암, 자궁경부암, 방광암그리고식도암에서항암제저항성과불량한예후와관련이있다고보고된바있다 [18,19]. EGFR 돌연변이는비소세포폐암의주요발암유전자로서암유전자중독 (oncogene addiction) 의대표적인예에속하며, EGFR 활성경로를차단함으로써극적인종양억제효과를가져올수있다 [9]. EGFR 돌연변이는여성, 비흡연자, 선암, 아시아인종이라는임상적요소를가진경우에유의하게많이발견되는특징이있다 [20,21]. EGFR-TKI 에효과가좋은환자를선별하기위한분자생물학적표지자를찾기위한많은연구가이루어졌다. EGFR 은비소세포폐암환자의약 80-85% 에서발현이증가하며암세포에서 EGFR 유전자복제량 (gene copy number) 과면역화학염색으로측정한 EGFR 단백량이많을수록 EGFR-TKI 의치료효과가좋을것이라생각했지만추후연구에서일관성있는결과를보이지못했다 [22-24]. EGFR 돌연변이는비소세포폐암환자에서 EGFR- TKI 의효과를 가장잘예측할수있는분자생물학적표지자로서역할을한다. IPASS (Iressa Pan-Asia Survival Study), First-Signal (First-line Single Agent Iressa versus Gemcitabine and cisplatin Trial in Never-smokers with Adenocarcinoma of the Lung) 등의 3상임상시험을통해 EGFR 돌연변이비소세포폐암환자에서 EGFR-TKI 를 1차치료제로사용하였을때세포독성항암제와비교하여치료반응률이높고무진행생존기간을유의하게연장시킬수있음을증명하였다 [25,26]. EGFR 돌연변이빈도는연구대상의임상적특성에따라다르게나타난다. 서구에서시행되어백인이주로포함되어있지만그밖에임상인자로선별하지않은환자를대상한연구들에서 EGFR 돌연변이빈도는 12-16% 였고 [10,23,24], 동양에서시행되어아시아인을주대상으로하고다른임상인자로선별하지않은환자를대상한연구들에서는 30% 내외로발견되었으며 [11,21], 한국인대상의연구에서는 33.3% (107/324) 의돌연변이가발견되었다 [27]. 반면, 비슷한임상적특성을가진환자군이라도검사방법에따라서 EGFR 돌연변이발견율은다르게나타날수도있다. 직접염기서열분석법으로한국인대상돌연변이검사를시행한본연구에서선암이면서비흡연자인환자군에서돌연변이는 42.2% (19/45) 였다. 반면아시아인, 선암, 비흡연자를대상으로 allele-specific PCR 방법인 Scorpions ARMS (amplified refractory mutation system) 으로돌연변이검사를시행한 IPASS 연구에서돌연변이발견율이 59.7% (261/437) 로차이를보이는데이것은
9 - 박지영외 12 인. EGFR 염기서열분석의치료반응예측 - 돌연변이검사방법의민감도차이에의한것일가능성을배제할수없다 [26]. EGFR 돌연변이유무에따라 EGFR-TKI 의효과를비교한결과돌연변이군에서중앙생존기간과무진행생존기간모두의미있게연장되었다. 본연구의 EGFR-TKI 를사용한 EGFR 돌연변이환자의중앙생존기간이 40.0개월로 IPASS 연구의 21.6개월, NEJ002 연구의 30.5개월보다길었다. IPASS 연구와 NEJ002 연구는진행된병기의 (IIIB, IV) 환자들을대상으로하였지만본연구는 I-IIIA 병기환자들도포함하고있는점이중앙생존기간의차이를보이는원인중하나라고판단된다 [28,29]. 돌연변이환자에서 EGFR-TKI 의반응률은 42.1% (8/19) 를보였는데일본에서시행된 WJTOG3405 (West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group) 연구의반응률 62.1% 와 IPASS 연구의 71.2% 보다저조한결과였다 [26,30]. 이는 EGFR 돌연변이환자중에내성돌연변이로알려진 exon 20 돌연변이가 16.7% (6/36) 로다른기관연구들의 4-6% 보다많았고이들중에 EGFR-TKI 에반응을보인환자가없었던것이하나의원인일것으로추정된다 [26,27,31,32]. 하지만본연구에서 exon 20 돌연변이가많이발견된원인평가는어려웠다. 다른 EGFR 돌연변이와같이여성, 비흡연자, 선암의임상병리적요소가 exon 20 돌연변이에서도더흔하다는기존연구결과들에본연구결과도일치하여 exon 20 돌연변이중여성이 66.7% (4/6), 비흡연자또는경도흡연자가 83.3% (5/6), 선암이 100% (6/6) 였다 [33,34]. 따라서특정임상병리요소로 exon 20 돌연변이빈도를설명하기는어려웠다. 비소세포폐암환자에서 EGFR 돌연변이여부가 EGFR-TKI 효과를강력하게예측할수있지만예후인자로서역할이나세포독성항암치료의효과를예측하는것에대한연구들에서일관된결과를보이지못하였다 [35-37]. IPASS 연구에서는 1차치료세포독성항암제의반응률이 EGFR 돌연변이환자군에서야생형환자군보다좋았지만 (47.3% vs. 23.5%), 무진행생존기간의차이는없었다 [26,36]. 본연구에서는 1차치료세포독성항암제의반응률이돌연변이군에서더높았지만통계적유의성에도달하지는못하였다. 두군사이에서무진행생존기간의차이는없었지만중앙생존기간은돌연변이군에서유의하게연장되었다. 중앙생존기간의차이는 1차치료이후의임상경과중에사용한 EGFR-TKI 와세포독성항암제들의누적효과에의한것으로추정된다. Exon 19결실돌연변이환자군과 L858R치환돌연변이환자군사이에서중앙생존기간과무진행생존기간에차이는없었다. 일본의 I-CAMP (Iressa Combined Analysis of Mutation Positives) 연구 [38] 와 WJTOG3405 연구 [30] 결과에서도차이가없었지만미국과유럽의임상연구에서는 exon 19 결실돌연변이환자군이 L858R치환돌연변이환자군보다무진행생존기간과총생존기간이길었다 [10,39]. EGFR-TKI 치료로부분관해이상의반응을보인환자들 15명중직접염기서열분석법에서야생형이었던환자가 7명 (46.7%) 으로다수있었다. 또한야생형환자중에서 EGFR-TKI 에부분관해이상의반응을보인환자는 18.9% (7/37) 로 IPASS 연구에서는 1% 만이반응을보인결과와큰차이를보이고있다. 이런차이를보이는원인으로직접염기서열분석법이돌연변이를발견하는민감도가떨어져 EGFR 돌연변이형의일부를찾아내지못하여야생형으로잘못분류하여야생형환자군에서 EGFR-TKI 반응률이높게나타났을가능성이있다. 직접염기서열분석법으로돌연변이형을찾은 First-Signal 연구의경우야생형환자에서 EGFR-TKI 의반응률 25.9% (7/27) 였으며, 17-20% 반응률을보인동아시아의다른연구들도유사하므로이는직접염기서열분석법을사용한임상연구에서공통적으로관찰되는현상이라고볼수있다 [25, 40-42]. 지금까지의유전자돌연변이의검사방법의표준방법은암조직에서추출한 DNA를증폭하여염기서열을직접분석하는방법이었다. 하지만직접염기서열분석법은다소복잡한과정과많은시간이필요하며총 DNA에서종양세포의 DNA 비율, 즉야생형세포에대한돌연변이세포의비율이 20-30% 이상존재해야돌연변이검출이가능하여낮은민감도가문제가된다 [43,44]. 또한 EGFR 돌연변이검사를위한검체는따로다시채취하기보다는진단을위해사용한검체를이용하는데바늘생검을통한작은조직이나, 흡인액등의세포성검체에서충분한암세포가포함되지않는다면직접염기서열분석에서위음성으로나올수있을것이다. 이런단점을극복하기위하여검체시료를만들때 tumor enrichment procedure가권장되기도한다 [45]. EGFR 돌연변이양성인진행성비소세포폐암환자에서일차항암치료로 EGFR-TKI 사용이권장되고있고우리나라에 EGFR 돌연변이선암의빈도가높다는것을고려하면, 민감한 EGFR 돌연변이검사방법의수립과표준화가필요하다
10 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 81, No. 5, 최근직접염기서열분석법이외에다양한돌연변이검사방법이개발되고있다. 새로운방법들중 PCR 관련된방법들은 Scorpions ARMS (Amplified refractory mutation system) [46], PCR-SSCP (single-strand conformation polymorphism) [20], PNA-LNA PCR clamp (peptide nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction) [47], Taqman-MGB (minor groove binding probe) [48] 방법들이있으며 sequencing platform을이용한 pyrosequencing [49] 과그밖에 length analysis [45], dhplc (denaturing high performance liquid chromatography) [50] 등이있다. IPASS 연구에서이용된 Scorpions ARMS 법은형광법을이용한 Scorpion Primers 와 ARMS법을병합한것으로 Scorpions은 PCR Primer 와프로브역할을동시에할수있도록고안된분자물이다. PCR 과정에서목표염기서열 (Allele-specific mutation) 과결합하여 DNA 복제와연장이이루어진후변성 (denaturation) 을거쳐형광이증가하게되고이를측정하여증폭된돌연변이염기서열을발견할수있다. Scorpions ARMS 법을이용한 EGFR Mutation Kit (Qiagen, Manchester, United Kingdom) 는총 28종의돌연변이를검사할수있다 [46]. 이검사방법은검체 DNA 중에돌연변이 DNA가약 1% 정도만섞여있어도검출이가능하지만새로운돌연변이는발견하지못하고비용이고가인단점이있다 [12,46]. PNA-LNA PCR clamp 을이용한방법은 PNA 프로브를이용하는방법으로높은민감도와신속한검사의장점이있으며 1% 의적은양의돌연변이 DNA도검출가능하다 [47]. PNA-LNA PCR clamp 법을직접염기서열분석법과비교한국내연구에서 107명의환자에서직접염기서열분석법은 38명의돌연변이를확인하였고 PNA PCR 방법은 exon 19 결실과 L858R 치환돌연변이등을 13명에서추가적으로발견할수있었다 [51]. 본연구는의무기록을통한후향적조사였으며표본수가적었고다른 EGFR 돌연변이검사법과직접비교하지못한제한점이있다. 결론적으로이번연구를통해서비편평, 비소세포폐암환자에서직접염기서열분석법을통한 EGFR 돌연변이환자군이야생형환자군과비교하여 EGFR-TKI 치료에반응률높고무진행생존기간과중앙생존기간이연장됨을확인할수있었다. 반면직접염기서열분석법으로 EGFR 야생형으로분류된환자중적지않은수에서 EGFR-TKI 에부분관해이상의반응을보였기때문에검사의민감도가문제 될수있어앞으로전향적비교연구가이루어져야하며작은검체에서도정확하게 EGFR 돌연변이를찾을수있는검사방법개발과표준화가필요하다. 요약목적 : 비편평, 비소세포폐암에서 EGFR 돌연변이는 EGFR- TKI의효과를결정하는가장중요한인자로서 EGFR-TKI 를 1차항암치료제로사용할수있는환자를선별하는기준으로사용된다. 표준방법으로사용되고있는 EGFR 직접염기서열분석법의 EGFR-TKI 치료효과에대한예측력을평가하였다. 방법 : 편평세포암을제외한비소세포폐암환자 122명의임상정보와 EGFR 돌연변이검사결과를의무기록중심으로후향적으로분석하였다. 돌연변이검사는 EGFR gene의 kinase domain (exons 18-21) 에대한직접염기서열분석을실시하였다. 임상요소에따른돌연변이발견율과검사결과에따른 EGFR-TKI 치료효과를평가하였다. 결과 : 총 36명에서 EGFR 돌연변이를발견하였다. 여성에서 (44.8% vs. 10.9%; p < 0.001), 비흡연또는 10갑년이하의경도흡연자에서 (41.8% vs. 19.4%; p = 0.007) 유의하게높은빈도로돌연변이가발견되었다. EGFR-TKI 치료반응률은돌연변이형에서 42.1% (8/19), 야생형에서 18.9% (7/37) 였다 (p = 0.064). EGFR-TKI 사용의무진행생존기간은돌연변이형에서 8.5개월, 야생형에서 1.5개월로차이를보였다 (p = 0.003). EGFR-TKI 투여받은환자의중앙생존기간은돌연변이형에서 40.0개월, 야생형에서는 13.3개월로차이를보였다 (p = 0.006). EGFR-TKI 치료로부분관해이상의반응을보인환자들중직접염기서열분석법에서야생형이었던환자가 46.7% (7/15) 로다수있었으며야생형환자중에서 EGFR-TKI 에부분관해이상의반응을보인환자는 18.9% (7/37) 이었다. 결론 : 비편평, 비소세포폐암환자에서직접염기서열분석법을통한 EGFR 돌연변이환자군이야생형환자군과비교하여 EGFR-TKI 치료에반응률높고무진행생존기간과중앙생존기간이연장됨을확인할수있었다. 반면직접염기서열분석법으로 EGFR 야생형으로분류된환자중적지않은수에서 EGFR-TKI 에부분관해이상의반응을보였기때문에작은검체에서도민감하게 EGFR 돌연변이를찾을수있는검사방법개발과표준화가필요하다
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12 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 81 권제 5 호통권제 615 호 Fukuoka M, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, et al. Biomarker analyses and final overall survival results from a phase III, randomized, open-label, first-line study of gefitinib versus carboplatin/paclitaxel in clinically selected patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in Asia (IPASS). J Clin Oncol 2011;29: Mitsudomi T, Morita S, Yatabe Y, et al. Gefitinib versus cisplatin plus docetaxel in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (WJTOG3405): an open label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11: Yasuda H, Kobayashi S, Costa DB. EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer: preclinical data and clinical implications. Lancet Oncol 2011, Lancet Oncol 2011 July 18 [Epub], Pao W, Chmielecki J. Rational, biologically based treatment of EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10: Sasaki H, Endo K, Takada M, et al. EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation in Japanese lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2007;58: Wu JY, Wu SG, Yang CH, et al. Lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor exon 20 mutations is associated with poor gefitinib treatment response. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14: Hotta K, Kiura K, Toyooka S, et al. Clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations on treatment outcome after first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2: Lin CC, Hsu HH, Sun CT, et al. Chemotherapy response in East Asian non-small cell lung cancer patients harboring wild-type or activating mutation of epidermal growth factor receptors. J Thorac Oncol 2010;5: Tsao MS, Sakurada A, Ding K, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain mutation status and gene copy number for adjuvant chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011;6: Morita S, Okamoto I, Kobayashi K, et al. Combined survival analysis of prospective clinical trials of gefitinib for non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15: Jackman DM, Miller VA, Cioffredi LA, et al. Impact of epidermal growth factor receptor and KRAS mutations on clinical outcomes in previously untreated non-small cell lung cancer patients: results of an online tumor registry of clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15: Yang CH, Yu CJ, Shih JY, et al. Specific EGFR mutations predict treatment outcome of stage IIIB/IV patients with chemotherapy- naive non-small-cell lung cancer receiving first-line gefitinib monotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2008;26: Wu JY, Shih JY, Chen KY, Yang CH, Yu CJ, Yang PC. Gefitinib therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with or without testing for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. Medicine (Baltimore) 2011;90: Wu YL, Zhong WZ, Li LY, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and their correlation with gefitinib therapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis based on updated individual patient data from six medical centers in mainland China. J Thorac Oncol 2007;2: Hoshi K, Takakura H, Mitani Y, et al. Rapid detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer by the SMart-Amplification Process. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13: Pao W, Ladanyi M. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation testing in lung cancer: searching for the ideal method. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13: Molina-Vila MA, Bertran-Alamillo J, Reguart N, et al. A sensitive method for detecting EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer samples with few tumor cells. J Thorac Oncol 2008;3: Kimura H, Kasahara K, Kawaishi M, et al. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in serum as a predictor of the response to gefitinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12: Tanaka T, Nagai Y, Miyazawa H, et al. Reliability of the peptide nucleic acid-locked nucleic acid polymerase chain reaction clamp-based test for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations integrated into the clinical practice for non-small cell lung cancers. Cancer Sci 2007;98: Jian G, Songwen Z, Ling Z, et al. Prediction of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in the plasma/pleural effusion to efficacy of gefitinib treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010;136: Dufort S, Richard MJ, Lantuejoul S, de Fraipont F. Pyrosequencing, a method approved to detect the two major EGFR mutations for anti EGFR therapy in NSCLC. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011;30: Chin TM, Anuar D, Soo R, et al. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor variations by partially denaturing HPLC. Clin Chem 2007;53: Kim HJ, Kim WS, Shin KC, et al. Comparative analysis of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-mediated real-time PCR clamping and DNA direct sequencing for EGFR mutation detection. Tuberc Respir Dis 2011;70:
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