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1 w y wz 9«( 2y) 119~128, 2006 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis m y w yœ Á * j l( ), * w yw Development of Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled with Counter Flow Oxidative Reaction for Soil Remediation Won Kyoung Lee and Keon Sang Ryoo* Insung Chroma-tech CO, LTD, Injeong2-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea *Department of Applied Chemistry, Andong National University, , Korea Remediation of contaminated soils is a challenging task especially when contaminants are organic pollutants, which are toxic and persistent in the environment. Currently, thermal incineration is the most widely utilized technology for this purpose. This technology, while highly efficient, is, however, quite energy intensive and gives rise to a variety of toxic chemicals as by-products. Therefore, alternative approaches for soil remediation problem is the use of supercritical fluids to extract contaminants from the soil. Attractive properties of supercritical fluids for soil remediation are based on higher solute diffusivities and lower viscosities than liquid solvents. Although supercritical fluid approach is regarded as one of the most promising new technologies in the remediation of contaminated soils, it is often unsatisfactory due to the fact that a substantial energy input is required for the recompression of the fluid recycle to the operating condition; furthermore, a separate detoxification step is necessary for ultimate disposal of the contaminants. A costly recompression stage can be reduced by the use of adsorbent materials. The use of the granular activated carbon (GAC) for this purpose has been investigated in our laboratory to strip the extracted contaminants from the CO 2 stream. The GAC is highly advantageous alternative to other adsorbents because of a feasibility of regeneration as well as its ability to adsorb strongly a variety of organic compounds. In addition, the original adsorptivity of the GAC can be restored by an oxidative carbon regeneration process, called counterflow oxidative reaction (COR). The purpose of the work reported here is to explore and evaluate the applicability of SFE (based on CO 2 ) coupled COR process for (1) effective extraction of contaminants in soil matrix, (2) recycle of CO 2 and GAC, and (3) complete destruction and removal of the deposited contaminants on the GAC. Key words: Supercritical fluid extraction, counterflow oxidation, soil remediation, organic pollutants 1. š w y y w š m. m w» w wš. w s y r (PCBs; polychlorinated biphenyls)» (organochlorine pesticide)» (persistent organic pollutants, POPs) To whom correspondence should be addressed. lee67@hanmail.net w y w ƒ» k» w. w w ey ƒ f mw ü ü w p š ü (endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs). PHAs, Dioxins Chlorinated Furans, Phenol, Hexachlorobenzene š» ƒ w m, s,, š s.

2 120 Á w m ù w w w š s» w» w x w m m» m» (soil vapor extraction).» w m w { j» (VOC) w» ù,» w w û ƒ. m (soil washing treatment) y k w» š w w ù w ù, m z ( y,,» )ƒ 2 ƒ w. w (bioremediation) w wƒ ƒ w» w» Ÿ w m z w ù, w ƒ š y w f w. ƒ m» š g ww œ ù, š dioxin».» (supercritical fluid extraction). w f, k, yw,, w m k yw. w, w ƒ,» w y, û û t ƒ w š enw w w w w. w p w w w, yk wš w m yw» w. w š w w wš, e ew», w w» v w. p w y m s y r (PCBs; Polychlorinated biphenyls)» (organochlorine pesticide) z yk e š w š w w» w y e w š w. x 2ƒ ù. w z w g w š, ƒ» w w. 2ƒ ƒ ƒ z sƒwš, 2ƒ y w mw z sƒ w. š y sx z sƒw. w» w z y k k z y k y mw w. y sƒw» w y k mw PCBs q z (destruction and removal efficiency, DRE) š y k, yw y w. 2. x 2.1. m(native soil) w ƒ w 100 C 24 k k z o (sieve) 20~40 mesh m kw w. m s y r (PCBs; Polychlorinated biphenyls)» (organochlorine pesticide) acetone methyl chloride w clean-upw. m ƒ PCB congener IUPAC yƒ 77 (3,3',4,4'-PCB), 96 (2,2',3,6,6'-PCB), 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PCB), 114 (2,2',3,4,6,6'-PCB). 176 (2,2'3,3'4,6,6'-PCB)» (organochlorine pesticides) Lindane, 4,4'-DDT, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin, Dieldrin Accustandard Inc., USA l w. t (n- Hexane, Aceton, MTBE, Acetonitile, Dichloromethane) w. Trap w» w y k (Darco 20~40 mesh) Aldrich l w w z 110 o C 24 k k z» w. y O 2 w CO % š ( ) wƒ l w w. 2.2.» e CO 2 e(sfe),

3 토양의 정화를 위한 초임계유체추출과 역류산화공정의 개발 (static extraction)과 동적추출 (dynamic extraction)방 식으로 동시에 사용할 수 있는 추출장치를 설계하여 실 험실 규모로 제작하였다(Fig. 1~2). 추출용기 (extraction vessel)는 사용 온도 및 압력이 500 C 400 atm까 지 견딜 수 있도록 스테인리스 스틸 (SS316, Monel, Hastelloy)을 사용하였다. CO 의 임계온도는 자체 제작 한 Heater와 controller를 사용하여 조절 하였다. 압력 은 공기로 구동되는 Gas booster (DEL 75-1, Maxpro Technologies, Inc, Germany)를 이용하여 조정하였다. 추출된 시료를 회절증발 농축기를 사용하여 농축 후 분 석을 위해 가스크로마토그래프/전자포획검출기 (GC/ ECD)를 사용하였다. o 2 Fig 역류산화반응장치(Fig. 3) 반응기의 재질은 22 mm의 내경과 25 cm의 길이를 가지는 원통형 석영관으로 제 작하여 SS316로 만든 O-ring 뚜껑을 석영 관 위와 아 래에 부착시켰다. 위쪽은 구리선을 이용하여 산소 실린 더에 아래쪽은 배출되는 가스를 포집할 수 있는 coldtrap를 설치하였다. 그리고 들어오는 산소의 양을 조절 하기 위하여 metering valve와 flow meter를 사용하 여 조절하였다. 실험방법 초임계 CO 에 의한 토양중 PCBs 및 유기염소계 잔 류농약은 Fig. 4와 같은 순서로 행하였다. 우선 추출용 Schematic representation of the head-space supercritical fluid extraction apparatus. ① Compressor, ② CO Gas, ③ Gas booster, ④ Surge tank, ⑤ Temprature circulator, ⑥ Temprature controller, ⑦ Cold trap, ⑧ Heas-space extraction vesel, ⑨ Magnetic Surrer, ⑩ Back pressure regulator, ⑪ Heater&neadle valve, ⑫ Heater ⑬ Window. 2 Fig. 2. Schematic diagram for a hybrid SFE/COR process based on Closed loop system. Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of COR reactor. ① COR reactor, ② Elowmeter, ③ lmpinger trap, ④ Bubble meter.

4 122 Á Fig. 4. Flow schematic of experimental protocol.» m 10 g z š PCBs» yw j w m ƒw. z CO 2» 30» w. 40 o C, ƒƒ 1130, 1360, 1996 psi w d= 0.25, 0.5, š (dynamic extraction) w 30 w flow mw CO 2 g. w BPR(back press regulator) relief control valve w w. w w flow»w» w needle valve BPR (back Press regulator) SS316 1/16' w w. w sx w š w Flow w» l CO 2-20 Cƒ o cold Trap 40 ml MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) m w w.»»y CO 2ƒ š y» w cold trap m w» SS316 1/16' tubing heater w 100 C o w. ƒƒ w ww w. y, x mw y k y k w z (flow meter) w ù 1 100~500 ml w. z ¾ y k v q me(propane torch) yw. y k k w K type thermocouple probe w»(temperature controller) d w. y k d Õ» w ball valve w k z y k w y k d w. y k wš PCBs w y k surrogate (tetrachloro meta xylene) ƒw z n-hexane/acetone(1:1 V/V%) yw w (soxhlet extraction)w e f w z z» N2 w 1 ml¾ w. š y mw gas 2 d w» w Cold-Trap 50 ml MTBE m k z 1 ml w GC/ECD d w. PCBs». e sz» (ECD)ƒ GC (Thermo Electron TRACE GC 2000, Italy) w ww. ƒƒ PCB» 30 m length 0.25 mm I.D e f (DB 5, Supelco Inc, Belefronte PA) w. GC 2 mw v y w. 10 C/min o 80 C l o 180 o C, 3C/min o 260 C¾ o ƒw. ƒ š 10% k yw» w. PCB congener» j m v vj ü t PCBs (pentachlorobenzene) w y w. ƒƒ š vj w w.

5 3. š Fig. 5 w» PCBs» CO 2 z d w» w m PCB congeners (IUPAC Number 96, 77, 176, 126, 114)» (Lindane, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, 4,4'- DDT) ƒw 1 ml MTBE g GC/ECD d w j m. (static extraction method) w CO 2 k w m PCBs». Fig. 6 (static extraction) 10 magnetic stirrer w g w z Cold-Trap MTBE ù CO 2 PCBs» g 1 ml z GC/ECD d w j m. m y w yœ o C ƒƒ 1130, 1360, 1996 psi w 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 š Fig. 7 j m k, Headspace extraction vessel 40 C š o 2000 psi š d = w m ƒƒ 3 ww š ƒ PCBs» % z (percent recovery) r (standard deviation) Table 1 ùkü. s³ z 59% 74%¾ x 40 o C 1200 psi 2000 psi¾ yw ƒ d=0.25 k s³ 58% z ù ƒ ƒ j d= % z z ƒw. t r ƒƒ PCBsù» 6% ü w Fig. 5. GC chromatogram of each PCB and organochlorine pesticide spiked in soil. Fig. 6. GC chromatogram of PCBs & OCPs extracted from soil by SFE at 40 o C, 2000 psi (static extraction method).

6 124 Á Fig. 7. GC chromatogram of PCBs & OCPs extracted from soil by SFE at 40 o C, 2000 psi ( dynamic extraction method).. (static extraction method) w w z (dynamic extraction) w CO 2 k m PCBs». Fig. 7 w w z CO 2 ƒ w z 10 w Cold Trap MTBE PCBs» 1 ml z GC/ECD d w ùkü j m. k Head-space extraction vessel 40 C š o 2000 psi š d = 0.75 w š w CO 2 g. (static extraction method) w w w z w (dynamic extraction) w ww d w. x 3 w. š PCBs» % z (percent recovery) r (standard deviation) Table 2 ùkü. k 86% 99% Table 1. Percent recovery of PCBs & organochlorine pesticides from soil using supercritical CO 2 extraction with static method at different density (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g/m 3 ). Selected chlorinated organic compounds % recovery (40 o C, 1200 psi) static + dynamic Equi, time; 10 min X Û SD % recovery (40 o C, 1500 psi) static + dynamic Equi. time; 10 min X Û SD % recovery (40 o C, 2000 psi) static + dynamic Equi. time; 10 min X Û SD Lindane 59.8 Û Û Û 7.8 Heptachlor 69.2 Û Û Û 6.7 Aldrin 68.7 Û Û Û 6.8 PCB (# 96) 69.2 Û Û Û 8.9 Dieldrin 60.6 Û Û Û 6.2 PCB (# 77) 50.0 Û Û Û 5.5 Endrin 56.0 Û Û Û 6.2 PCB (# 176) 59.1 Û Û Û 5.9 4,4'-DDT 57.6 Û Û Û 5.2 PCB (# 126) 58.3 Û Û Û 5.6 PCB (# 114) 51.9 Û Û Û 5.5

7 토양의 정화를 위한 초임계유체추출과 역류산화공정의 개발 125 Percent recovery of PCBs & organochlorine pesticides from soil using supercritical CO2 extraction with static/ dynamic method at different density (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g/m3). % recovery (40oC, 1200 psi) % recovery (40oC, 1500 psi) % recovery (40oC, 2000 psi) Selected chlorinated static + dynamic Equi, time; static + dynamic Equi. time; static + dynamic Equi. time; organic compounds 10 min X ± SD 10 min X ± SD 10 min X ± SD Lindane 86.2 ± ± ± 5.3 Heptachlor 96.2 ± ± ± 2.7 Aldrin 96.6 ± ± ± 3.3 PCB (# 96) 93.8 ± ± ± 2.3 Dieldrin 98.4 ± ± ± 3.0 PCB (# 77) 92.7 ± ± ± 4.8 Endrin 92.7 ± ± ± 3.0 PCB (# 176) 98.4 ± ± ± 1.0 4,4'-DDT 97.2 ± ± ± 2.5 PCB (# 126) 98.6 ± ± ± 1.1 PCB (# 114) 94.5 ± ± ± 1.0 Table 2. 이상의 매우 좋은 %회수율을 얻을 수 있었다. 밀도가 높을수록 5-10%정도 높은 %회수율을 볼 수 있었다. 표준편차는 각각 PCBs나 유기염소계 잔류농약의 구조 와 상관없이 약 5% 이내로 분석을 신뢰할 수 있는 정 도의 값을 보였다. 결국 정적방식에서 약 60-70%를 추출이 되었고 동 적 추출에서 약 30-40%정도가 추출되었음을 알 수 있 었다. 초임계 유체로부터 추출 후 활성탄에 흡착된 PCBs 와 유기염소계 잔류농약이 역류산화반응을 하는 동안 얼마나 제거되는 가를 실험 하였다. 활성탄에 흡착시킨 PCBs와 유기염소계 잔류농약(OCP) 의 중량비는 1% 이었다. PCBs와 유기염소계 잔류농약의 제거 효율은 역류산화반응 과정에서 산소흐름 속도는 350 ml/min로 일정하게 유지하였다. PCBs와 유기염소계 잔류농약의 제거 효율은 역류산화반응 처리 이전과 이후의 상대 농

8 126 이원경 유건상 역산화반응 처리 이전과 이후의 실험 결과의 대부분 (99.99% 이상)이 위 실험조건에서 제거되었으며 역산화 반응으로 인해 생성된 gas속의 2차 오염물질이 생성되 었는지 여부는 Fig. 10에서 보는 바와 같이 다이옥신과 같은 2차 생성된 물질은 없었다. 이러한 결과는 궁극적 으로 높은 불꽃 온도(1300oC 이상)에 기인한다고 하겠 다. 결과적으로 열에 매우 안정한 PCBs 및 유기염소계 잔류농약을 제거하거나 파괴하는데 역류산화반응이 매 우 효율적이라 하겠다. 그리고 활성탄의 재생 여부를 파악하기 위하여 활성 탄의 중량실과 표면의 구조적인 변화와 이에 따른 표 면적의 변화에 대해 실험하였다. 활성탄의 중량손실은 활성탄의 평균수명을 결정하는 중요한 인자로서 되도록 재생 중에 흡착된 시료만 제 거하고 활성탄 손실의 양을 적게 하여 흡착공정에 반 복하여 재사용 하는 것이 경제적으로 큰 이익이 된다. 일반적으로 고열재생방법으로는 산소의 흐름속도를 통 제할 수 없어 과다한 산소로 인해 상당량의 활성탄이 손실된다고 알려져 있다. 역류산화반응에 의한 폐활성 탄 재생방법도 고열재생 방법과 같이 활성탄과 산소에 의한 연소반응으로 필연적으로 활성탄의 중량감소가 일 어나지만, 감소되는 양은 일정한 시간동안 반응기에 주 입되는 산소의 흐름속도나 연소 반응에 참여하는 산소 의 전체 양(일정한 직경과 길이로 반응기에 충전되어 있는 활성탄을 태우면서 위로 이동하는 불꽃의 속도 시간)에 크게 의존한다. 그러하여 역류산화반응에 의한 유기염소계 화합물이 제거된 활성탄 재생 시 산소의 흐 름속도를 적게하여 많은 양의 활성탄이 감소되지 않도 록 하는 것이 바람직하다. 예상 한 대로, 활성탄 중량 감소의 정도는 Fig. 11에서 보는바와 같이 반응기에 주 Fig. 12. Fig. 11. The effect of oxygen flow rate on mass loss of GAC during counterflow oxidation. 입되는 산소의 흐름속도를 감소시키면 감소하였고 증 가시키면 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 활성탄의 표면구조 변화를 보면 활성탄을 1번 태웠 을 때와 여러 번 태웠을 때의 변화를 관찰하기 위해 태우지 않은 활성탄과 역류산화 반응로 3번에 걸쳐 태 운 후 주사현미경을 이용하여 1,500배 비율로 확대하 여 비교하였다. Fig. 12에서 보는바와 같이 신탄의 표 면은 비교적 부드럽고 매끄러웠으나, 여러 번 반복하 여 재생시킨 활성탄의 경우에는 입자표면이 열에 의해 서 균열이 일어나 스폰지와 같은 모양으로 바뀌었으며 비록 마이크로 동공(micropore)은 관찰 할 수 없었으 나 마이크로 동공(micropore)이 확장되어 있는 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 마이크로 동공의 역할이 흡착질 분 자를 마이크로 동공으로 신속하게 운송하는 기능을 담 당하기 때문에 여러 번 태운 활성탄의 경우 흡착 공정 시 흡착시간을 단축시킬 수 있는 긍정적인 면이 있으 나, 부정적인 입장에서 볼 때 열에 의해서 입자 표면 이 균열이 된다는 것은 입자의 강도가 점차 약해진다 Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of virgin and 1,2,3 counterflow oxidation cycle (200 magnification).

9 m y w yœ 127 Fig. 13. BET surface area by number of counterflow oxidation cycle. œ y k k y k w š w. w y k w y k t w y k sƒw. y k w y k t œ y (Van der Waals force) w. w y k t ƒ ƒ. Fig. 13 y t m 2 /g ù w y mw t ƒ( m 2 /g)w z w w. x y e z y k PCBs» y mw wš, z t mw š PCBs». š t w j yƒ. y my y k y w w. 5. m w ü PCBs» x w. y g yw w PCBs» 99% w. w yk z (0.25, 0.5, 0.75) ƒw. š s³ 60% z ùkü š w 99% z. w z y k g y mw y k PCBs» w x mw 99,99% š z û y k w d 2. š y z y k x w t t w ù y k yw z j yƒ. m» PCB y e w w ƒ x mw. m y w y š l w / y wœ mw PCBs» w» w 2 y mw w 2, 3 w š y z y k y w š ey l w. š x 1. Supernant, N., Nunno, T., and Krawell, M., 1988, Hanloganated organic containing waste treatment techoologies, Chap 8, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, New hersey. 2. Hills, J. W., and Hill, H. H., Anal. Chem., 1992, 63, Wright B. W. and Smith, R.D., 1986, Supercritical fluid extraction of particulate and adsorbent materials, U. S. EPA/600/S4-86/017, June, Langenfeld, J. J., Hawthone, S. B., Miller, D. J., and Pawliszyn, J. Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, Hawthone, S. B., Langenfeld, J., Miller D. V., and Burford, M. K., Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, () 6. Ergun, S., Menster, M., 1965, Chemistry and Physics of Carbon Vol. I, p.204, Marcel Dekker. 7. Rodman, C. A., Shunney, E. L., Water Waste Eng.,

10 128 Á 1971, E Safe, S., Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., , Majewski, W., Mengal, P., Perrut, M, and Ecalard, J. P., 1994, Supercritical fluid fractionation of butter oil In Supercritical fluid processing of food and biomaterials S. S. H. (ed) Blackie Academic & Professional, New York p Peng, D. Y., Robinson D. B., AIChE J., 1977, 23, David, A. H., Chem. Eng. 1979, 21, Ruggeri, B. Tundo, P. Tumiatti, W. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1990, 45, 2687.

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