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1 2015 년도한국철도학회춘계학술대회논문집 KSR2015S030 고속철도를위한 LTE 무선통신에서도플러효과분석 Analysis of Doppler Effect on LTE Wireless Communication for High-Speed Railway 최진규 *, 조한벽 *, 오현서 *, 유일선 **, 유흥균 *** Jin-Kyu Choi *, Hanbyeog Cho *, Hyun-Seo Oh *, Il-Seon Yu **, Heung-Gyoon Ryu *** Abstract Generally, the characteristics of wireless communication channel can be explained by path loss, shadowing, multi-path fading, and Doppler effect. Most of the previous research in a high speed railway environment is mainly due to Hata model and BER performance analysis on the Doppler effect and handover performance analysis. Each requirement of wireless communication based train control system for city rail, generic rail, and high speed rail may be the difference. And each channel characteristic of 150 km/h city rail and 350 km/h high speed rail are different too. Thus, in this paper, LTE wireless channel characteristics of the high speed rail environment are necessarily explored. Keywords: LTE, 무선통신, 고속철도, 도플러효과 초록일반적으로무선통신채널의특성은경로손실 (path loss), 음영손실 (shadowing), 다중경로페이딩 (multi-path fading), 도플러효과 (Doppler effect) 등으로나누어설명할수있는데그동안진행된고속철도환경에서의무선통신채널특성연구는주로 Hata 모델과도플러효과에의한 BER 성능분석과핸드오버성능분석이주를이루고있다. 무선통신기반의열차제어시스템의요구사항은도시철도, 일반철도, 고속철도의경우가각각차이가있을뿐만아니라, 열차속도에따른무선통신채널의특성이차이가있기때문에본논문에서는고속철도환경에서반드시고려해야할 LTE 무선통신채널특성중에서속도에따른무선채널의특징인도플러효과에대해살펴보고자한다. 주요어 : LTE, wireless channel, path loss, Doppler effect, high speed train 1. 서론 고속철도선로변 LTE 기지국의 RRH(Remote Radio Head) 와고속으로이동하는고속열차의차상통신장치가서로특정주파수를이용하여무선통신을하고자할때, 열차와선로변 RRH 간의속도차에의해발생하는도플러효과로인해 LTE 통신성능의열화가발생한다. 교신저자 : 한국전자통신연구원산업 IT 융합연구단 (jkchoi@etri.re.kr) * 한국전자통신연구원산업 IT 융합연구단, ** 한국철도시설공단 KR 연구원기술연구처 *** 충북대학교전자공학과
2 따라서, 고속철도를위한 LTE 통신망을설계할때는도플러효과에따른통신성능열화를고려하여 RRH 간의거리, 셀커버리지이중화, 핸드오버방법등을설계해야한다. 본논문에서는고속철도환경에서반드시고려해야할 LTE 무선통신채널특성중에서열차속도에따른도플러천이와이에따른 C/I ( 신호대간섭비 ) 에대해분석한다. 2. 본론 2.1 선행연구고속열차를위한무선채널모델링과통신성능분석에관한선행연구는 Table 1과같이대부분 CBTC (Communication Based Train Control) 시스템에서주로사용하는 2 GHz ~ 5 GHz 대역과 GSM-R 시스템에서주로사용하는 900 MHz 대역에집중되어있다. Table 1 Wireless channel modeling for the railroad communication Modeling Reference model Frequency Scene Channel statistics [1] FS, OH 400 MHz V2V PL, DF, DS [2] OH 900 MHz V2I PL [3] W2 2 ~ 6 GHz V2I PL, DF [4] FS 932 MHz V2I PL [5] FS 932 MHz V2I/ PE,VA PL, DF [6] FS 932 MHz V2I PL, MIMO, DF [7] W2 932 MHz V2I/ VA PL, SF FS : Free space model, OH : Okumura-Hata model, W2 : WINNER II V2I : Vehicular to infrastructure, V2V : Vehicular to vehicular PE : Plain earth, VA : Viaduct area, TN : Tunnel. PL : path loss, DS : RMS delay spread, DF : Doppler frequency, K : Ricean K-factor, PAS : power azimuth spectrum, SF : shadow fading, MIMO : multiple-input multiple-output Table 1에서보인채널모델링에관한선행연구들이참조하는경로손실모델은자유공간모델을제외하고 Table 2와같이적용가능한주파수대역이제한되어있다. Table 2 Propagation path loss model Modeling Okumura model Hata model COST Hata model (COST 231) Frequency 150 ~ 1900 MHz 150 ~ 1500 MHz 1.5 GHz ~ 2 GHz Link distance 1 ~ 100 km 1 ~ 20 km 1 km ~ 20 km Height of BS ANT 30 m ~ 1 km 30 m ~ 200 m 30 m ~ 200 m Height of MS ANT 1 m ~ 10 m 1 m ~ 10 m 1 m ~ 10 m 따라서, 700 MHz 대역에서고속열차를위한 LTE 통신성능을분석하기위해서는새로운무선채널모델링이필요하다. 따라서, 이러한고속열차에서의 LTE 통신시스템을위한무선채널의특징중에서이동속도에의한도플러효과와도시철도 (Metropolitan rapid transit), 일반철도 (Conventional train), 그리고고속철도 (High-speed train) 에서의도플러효과에의한 C/I ( 신호대간섭비 ) 를비교하고자한다.
3 2.2 고속철도에대한 LTE 시스템의도플러영향고속철도선로변 LTE 기지국의 RRH와고속으로이동하는고속열차의차상통신장치간의속도차에의해발생하는도플러천이주파수는식 (1) 과같다. Δv fc f d = cos Δv cos (1) c LTE 통신주파수가각각 700 MHz 대역, 1.8 GHz 대역, 2.6 GHz 대역일때, 도시철도, 일반철도, 그리고고속철도에서의도플러천이주파수는식 (1) 에의해서 Table 3과같이계산된다. Frequency Table 3 Comparison of Doppler shift on 0.7, 1.8, and 2.6 GHz band MRT (90 km/h) Conventional train (150 km/h) High-speed train (350 km/h) 700 MHz 58.3 Hz 97.2 Hz Hz 1.8 GHz Hz Hz Hz 2.6 GHz Hz Hz Hz [8] 에서 Wang은도플러효과에의한 OFDM 시스템의성능열화를분석한결과 C/I는식 (2) 와같다. CI NTf 1 2 d N 2 k 1 ki 1 k i 식 (2) 에서 N 1024 부반송파, T 1W 1/20MHz이다. 식 (2) 에의해서각각 700 MHz, 1.8 GHz, 2.6 GHz 대역에서도시철도, 일반철도, 고속철도에대한 C/I는 Fig. 1(a), (b), (c) 와같다. 2 (2) C/I Ratio Curves for MRT 700 MHz band 1.8 GHz band 2.6 GHz band C/I (db) Doppler frequency in Hz (a) C/I ratio for MRT (b) C/I ratio of Conventional train
4 (c) C/I ratio of MRT (d) Compartion of C/I ratio Fig. 1 Comparison of C/I ratio for MRT, CT, and HST Fig. 1(a) 에서도시철도의경우 700 MHz의대역에비해 2.6 GHz 대역은 C/I가 11 db 이상열화된다는것을보인다. 마찬가지로 Fig. 1(b) 의일반철도와 Fig. 1(c) 의고속철도의경우에도각각 C/I가 10 db 이상열화되는것을확인할수있다. 또한, Fig. 1(d) 에서는 700 MHz 대역에서 LTE 무선통신을할때도시철도에비해서일반철도의경우 C/I가 4 db 정도차이가나지만, 고속철도의경우는 C/I가 12 db 정도차이가나는것을확인할수있다. 또한, 도시철도, 일반철도, 고속철도등모두의경우에주파수대역이 700 MHz 대역일때의 C/I가 2.6 GHz 대역일때의 C/I에비해서높으므로상대적으로더낮은주파수대역인 700 MHz 대역이무선통신기반의열차제어시스템을설계하기에유리하다는것을알수있다. 아울러, 도시철도와고속철도의 C/I를비교해보면 700 MHz 대역인경우에는 12 db 정도차이가나고 2.6 GHz 대역인경우에도마찬가지로 12 db 정도차이가나므로대역에상관없이고속철도의경우가비슷한비율로통신성능열화가발생한다는것을확인하였다. 3. 결론고속철도는도시철도에비해서열차제어시스템의요구사항이차이가있을뿐만아니라, 열차속도에따른무선통신채널의특성이차이가있다. 본논문에서는고속철도환경에서반드시고려해야할 LTE 무선통신채널특성중에서속도에따른도플러효과와그에따른 C/I ( 신호대간섭비 ) 를분석하였다. 분석결과, 주파수대역이 2.6 GHz 대역일때보다 700 MHz 대역인경우가 LTE 무선통신기반의열차제어시스템을설계하기에유리하다는것을알수있었고, 700 MHz 대역과 2.6 GHz 대역에대해서고속철도와일반철도의 C/I 차이는비슷한차이를보였다. 즉, 주파수대역에상관없이비슷한비율로고속철도의경우통신성능열화가발생한다는것을확인하였다.
5 감사의글 본연구는 2014년도국토교통부및국토교통과학기술진흥원의지원을받은철도기술연구사업 (14RTRP-B ) 의일환으로수행하였으며, 이에감사드립니다. 참고문헌 [1] C. R. Garcia, et al. (2008) Channel Model for Train to Train Comm using the 400 MHz band, Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, pp [2] N. Cota, et al. (2013) On the Use of Okumura-Hat a Propagation Model on Railway Communications, Proceedings of the 16th WPMC International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, IEEE, pp [3] K. Guan, et al. (2011) Assessment of LTE-R Using High Speed Railway Channel Model, Proceedings of the 3rd CMC International Conference On Communications and Mobile Computing, IEEE, pp [4] J. Lu, et al. (2010) Radio Propagation Measurements and Modeling in Railway Viaduct Area, Proceedings of the 6th WiCOM International Conference on Wireless Communications Networking and Mobile Computing, IEEE, pp [5] J. Bok, H. G. Ryu (2014) Path loss model considering doppler shift for high speed railroad communication, Proceedings of the 16th ICACT International Conference on Advanced Communications Technology, Pyeongchang, Korea, pp [6] H. Park, K. H. Yoon, H. G. Ryu (2014) Path loss model with multiple-antenna and Doppler shift for high speed railroad communicaion, Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society, 39A(8), pp [7] R. He, et al. (2010) Path Loss Measurements and Analysis for High-Speed Railway Viaduct Scene, Proceedings of the 6th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, ACM, pp [8] T. Wang, J. G. Proakis, et al. (2006) Performance degradation of OFDM systems due to Doppler spreading, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 5(6), pp
04 최진규.hwp
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