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1 Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 53(2), (2015) PISSN X, EISSN 초임계이산화탄소를이용한 Nannochloropsis sp. 미세조류로부터바이오디젤생산용지질의추출 최경석 류재훈 * 박동준 오세천 ** 곽현 ( 주 ) 한울엔지니어링기술연구소 경기도군포시고산로 148 번길 17 * 한양대학교화학공학과 경기도안산시상록구한양대학로 55 ** 공주대학교환경공학과 충청남도천안시서북구천안대로 (2014 년 6 월 24 일접수, 2014 년 8 월 11 일수정본접수, 2014 년 8 월 17 일채택 ) Lipid Extraction from Nannochloropsis sp. Microalgae for Biodiesel Production Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Kyung-Seok Choi, Jae-Hun Ryu*, Dong-Jun Park, Sea-Cheon Oh** and Hyun Kwak Hanwoul Engineering Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 17 Gosan-ro 148beon-gil, Gunpo-si, Gyeonggi , Korea *Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi , Korea **Department of Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam , Korea (Received 24 June 2014; Received in revised form 11 August 2014; accepted 17 August 2014) 요 약 본연구에서는미세조류인 Nannochloropsis sp. 로부터바이오디젤생산용지질을얻기위하여유기용매및초임계이산화탄소 ( ) 를이용하여추출을수행하였다. 추출법으로얻은지질의지방산메틸에스테르함량은 58.31% 로높았으며, Bligh-Dyer 추출법은 18.0 wt.% 의가장높은조지방수율을나타내었다. 추출법에극성을높이기위해공용매로서 methanol 을사용한결과, 조지방수율 12.5 wt.%, 지방산메틸에스테르함량 56.32%, 지방산메틸에스테르수율 7.04 wt.% 였으며, 만을이용하는추출방법에비하여추출시간을 2 시간에서 30 분으로단축시킬수있었다. 따라서미세조류에서지질을추출하는데기존의유기용매추출법과비교하여 추출법이친환경적이며, 효율적인방법임을확인하였다. Abstract In this paper, microalgae lipid extractions were performed using conventional organic solvent and supercritical carbon dioxide ( ) for biodiesel-convertible lipid fractions. The highest levels (58.31%) of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content in the lipid extracted by was obtained, and 18.0 wt.% crude lipid yield was achieved for Bligh-Dyer method. In the extraction, methanol as a co-solvent was applied to increase the polarity of extract. The experimental results indicated that crude lipid yield, FAME content and yield extracted by combination of with methanol were 12.5 wt.%, 56.32% and 7.04 wt.%, respectively, and this method could reduce the extraction time from 2 hour to 30 min when compared to extraction. Therefore, extraction is proven to be an environmentally-friendly and an effective method for lipid extraction from microalgae. Key words: Microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp., Supercritical Extraction, Lipid, Biodiesel To whom correspondence should be addressed. kh@hanwoul.com 이논문은한양대학교배성열교수님의정년을기념하여투고되었습니다. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 205
2 206 최경석 류재훈 박동준 오세천 곽현 1. 서론 전세계적으로사용되는에너지는화석연료 ( 석유, 석탄, 천연가스등 ) 가대부분을차지하고있다. 그러나최근원유가격의급등은물론화석연료고갈및온실가스배출에따른기후변화문제가심각한환경문제로대두되고있어이를대체할만한신재생에너지개발은필수적이다 [1,2]. 미세조류는대기나수중의이산화탄소 (CO 2 ) 와물을원료로광에너지를이용하여유기물을합성하는단세포의광합성미생물이며, 높은광합성효율로인하여대기중의 CO 2 를회수하고, 세포내생화학적인합성을통해고유의물질들을생성한다. 특히지질함량이높아서육상농작물의 10배이상의뛰어난지질생산성을갖는다 [3-6]. 1세대바이오연료가가장논란을일으킨부분은농경지사용으로인한곡물가격상승이었다. 이에반해미세조류는비식용자원일뿐만아니라, 농경지가아닌물과햇빛이있는어느곳에서나배양이가능하기때문에차세대바이오연료의원료로서많은관심을받고있다 [7-10]. 바이오디젤은기존의디젤엔진을개조하지않고직접사용할수있는대체연료로서지질의일종인 triglyceride와알코올의전이에스테르화반응을통하여만들어지는차세대바이오연료이다. 바이오디젤로전환가능한지질은미세조류의세포벽안에포함되어있으며, 조류종에따라지질의함량및종류가매우다양하다. 건조미세조류로부터지질을추출하기위한일반적인방법으로는속슬렛추출법과 Bligh & Dyer 추출법이있다 [11-13]. 유기용매는고체바이오매스로부터오일을추출하는데유용하지만대부분중성지방인 triglyceride에대한선택도가낮으며, chcloroform과같이독성이강한유기용매를사용함으로써추출된지질에유기용매가잔류하게된다. 미세조류로부터추출하여응용가능한지질에는바이오연료뿐만아니라항산화물, 천연색소, DHA, EPA 등의식이보조제 등과같은추출물에도응용이가능한데, 이러한고부가추출물을생산하기위해서는유기용매가잔류하지않는추출공정이필요하다 [14,15]. 초임계유체 (supercritical fluid) 란임계압력및임계온도이상의조건을갖는상태에있는물질로정의되며, 일반적인액체나기체와는다른고유의특성을가진다. 일반적으로어떤물질을녹일수있는능력인용해력은용매가갖는밀도에비례하게되는데, 초임계유체는압력이충분히높으면상당한용해력을갖게된다. 그러나초임계상태에서의분자간의거리는액체처럼가깝지않아서점도, 확산계수, 열전도도및표면장력이기체와비슷한값을갖게된다. 즉초임계유체는높은용해력, 빠른확산속도, 낮은표면장력으로인한미세공간안으로의빠른침투성등을갖게된다. 또한상온에서기체상태인물질을초임계유체로선정하는경우에는잔존용매의문제를해결할수있으며, CO 2 와같이인체에무해하고환경오염이적은용매를사용하게되면무독성, 환경친화성공정개발이가능하여안전도가요구되는의약품, 천연물질, 식품소재, 화장품소재의고순도추출에주로활용되고있다 [16-19]. 위와같은초임계유체의장점들로인하여, 초임계 CO 2 를이용한미세조류로부터의지질추출 [14-19] 및공용매 [20-22] 를이용하는연구가외국의몇몇연구자들에의하여수행되어졌지만, 바이오디젤전환가능한지질의추출을위하여공용매의이용및추출된지질의특성에대한연구는보고되고있지않은실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는초임계 CO 2 추출법을이용하여미세조류인 Nannochloropsis sp. 로부터바이오디젤로전환가능한지질을추출하였다. 추출방법에따른효율을평가하기위하여추출된조지방 (crude lipid) 의수율과지방산메틸에스테르 (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) 수율을측정하였으며그결과를유기용매추출법인 hexane을용매로한속슬렛 (soxhlet) 및 chloroform, methanol, 증류수를용매로사용한 Bligh-Dyer 추출법에의해추출된지질과비교하였다. 초임계 CO 2 추출공정의극성을변화시키고추출효율을증가시키기위하여 methanol을공용매로사용하였으며바이오디젤생산용지질추출방법으로서의가능성을평가하였다. 2. 실험 2-1. 시료본실험에사용된미세조류는광생물반응기 (Photobioreactor) 에서배양된배양액을원심분리한후동결건조하여얻어진파우더형태의 Nannochloropsis sp.(proviron INDUSTRIES NV, Provifeed TM Nannochloropsis FD, Belgium) 이며, 동결건조시료는밀봉하여 4 o C 의냉장실에보관하면서실험에사용하였다. PROVIRON 사에서구입한 Nannochloropsis sp. 의성분을 Table 1에나타내었다 Bligh-Dyer 추출법 Nannochloropsis 건조파우더 5 g을정량하여 flask에담은후 chloroform 50 ml, methanol 50 ml, 증류수 45 ml(1:1:0.9, v/v/v) 를넣고 150 rpm 으로 2 시간동안교반하였다. 교반된시료를 glass microfiber filter(whatman TM, 0.45 µm, UK) 를통해고상과액상을분리하고, 추출된액상생성물과물을분리하기위해분액깔때기에넣은후 10 분간분리시켰다. 생성된분리층에서지방을포함하고있는 chloroform 층을취하여회전식감압증발기 (EYELA, N-1110V, Japan) 를이용하여용매를증발시킨후수율을측정하였으며, 지질성분의 FAME 함량을분석하였다 속슬렛추출법 Nannochloropsis 건조파우더 5g을정량하여 thimble filter (ADVANTEC, ID25 mm OD28 mm L100 mm, Japan) 에담은후속슬렛추출기안에설치하였으며, n-hexane 300 ml로 24시간 ( 용매회전수 : 428 회 ) 동안추출하였다. 추출이종료된후용매를증발시켰으며, 추출된지질을정량하였다 초임계 CO 2 추출법초임계 CO 2 추출실험에사용된반응장치의개략도를 Fig. 1에나타내었다. 반응기는 sus316 재질의내부용량 20 ml(1.5 cm I.D., 12 cm Height) 의관형반응기를사용하였으며, Nannochloropsis 건조시료 2g 정량하여반응기내부에넣고 CO 2 추출시시료가반응기외부로빠져나가는것을방지할수있도록반응기전후의양쪽끝을유리섬 Table 1. Composition of Nannochloropsis sp. Component Content (wt.%) Test method Total neutral fat ISO 1443 Protein ISO 937-ISO 1871 Ash max. 20 ISO 936 Water max. 10 -
3 초임계이산화탄소를이용한 Nannochloropsis sp. 미세조류로부터바이오디젤생산용지질의추출 207 injector와 detector의온도는 260 o C로유지하였다. FAME의성분을확인하기위해서 GC/MS(Agilent, HP-5973, USA) 를사용하였다. Ion source의온도는 280 o C, interface의온도는 260 o C로유지하였다. 측정된샘플과 standard 샘플 peak의 retention time을비교하여정성분석하였으며, EI mass spectra(70 ev, 50~500 m/z) 로확인하였다. 3. 결과및고찰 Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of extraction with co-solvent of microalgae. 1. CO 2 Cylinder 8. Electric band heater 2. Cold liquid circulator 9. Thermocouple 3. Heat Exchanger 10. Pressure transmitter 4. Syringe pump 11. Controller 5. MeOH feed burette 12. Back pressure regulator 6. HPLC pump 13. Separator 7. Extractor 14. CO 2 vent 유 (glass wool) 로막았다. CO 2 를액화하기위하여액화컨덴서를 -10 o C로유지하였으며, 원하는추출압력까지가압하는데 syringe pump(isco, 260D, U.S.A.) 를사용하였다. 목표압력에도달한후에 back pressure regulator(tescom, , U.S.A.) 로반응기내부압력을 400 bar로일정하게유지하였으며, 액화된 CO 2 의유량은 4 ml/min로주입하였다. 반응기의온도는 heating band를감아 PID controller에연결하여 50 o C로일정하게제어하였다. 공용매효과를알아보기위해 CO 2 주입과동시에공용매인 methanol을반응기내로주입하였으며, HPLC pump(chrom Tech, Inc., P-1010, U.S.A.) 를사용하여 0.4 ml/min의유량으로일정하게주입하였다. 초임계 CO 2 에추출되어나온추출물은 separator 에서기체 CO 2 와분리된액상생성물로회전식감압증발기를통하여 methanol을증발시킨후수율을측정하였으며, FAME 함량을분석하였다 지방산분석추출된지질의 FAME 함량과지방산조성을분석하기위하여추출된지질 400 mg에 BF 3 /methanol 4 ml를넣고 80 o C에서 2시간동안전이에스테르화반응을수행하였다. 반응액을상온까지냉각하고 hexane 5 ml와증류수 2 ml를첨가한다음원심분리기를사용하여유기상과수상으로분리하였다. 상층액인유기상을취하여회전식감압증발기로용매를제거한후반응물 75 mg에내부표준물질 3 ml를첨가하여 flame ionization detector(fid) 가장착된 GC (Agilent, HP-6890, U.S.A.) 로분석하였다. 내부표준물질은 methyl heptadecanoate를 hexane에녹인 5 mg/ml의용액을사용하였고, GC column은 HP-88 capillary column(agilent, 100 m 0.25 mm 0.2 µm, U.S.A.) 을사용하였다. 분석조건은초기컬럼온도 50 o C에서 1 µl의시료를주입한후 170 o C까지 10 o C/min으로, 170 o C에서 210 o C까지는 5 o C/min 으로승온하여 10 분간유지하였으며, 230 o C까지 5 o C/min 으로승온하여 6 분간유지하였다. 이때 carrier gas (He) 의유량은 1 ml/min, 중성지질 (total neutral fat) 함량이 15~25% 인 Nannochloropsis sp. 미세조류에대하여초임계 CO 2 추출법 (50 o C, 400 bar) 과공용매로 methanol을사용한초임계추출법, 그리고 Bligh-Dyer 및속슬렛추출법을수행하여결과를비교하였다. 초임계 CO 2 추출에서는극성을변화시키기위하여일반적으로 methanol, ethanol, toluene, methanolwater 혼합액을사용한다. 본연구에서는추출효율을증가시키기위하여극성이높고불포화지방산추출에효율이좋은 methanol을선택하여사용하였다. 추출후얻어진모든조지방의수율은다음과같이계산하였다. Weight of extractedlipid (g) Lipid Yield (wt.%) = 100 (1) Weight of microalgae (g) Table 2에각각의추출방법에대해추출된조지방수율의평균값및표준편차를나타내었다. Bligh-Dyer 추출법이 18.0 wt.% 로상대 적으로높은수율을보였으며, 속슬렛추출법은 24시간의긴시간동안추출했음에도불구하고조지방의수율이 8.8 wt.% 에불과하였다. 초임계 CO 2 추출법으로는 6.9 wt.% 의수율을얻었으나, 공용매로 methanol을첨가하였을경우에는추출시간이 30분으로줄었음에도 12.5 wt.% 의비교적높은수율을얻었다. 지질은물에쉽게용해되지않는유기화합물로서, 대부분의지질은분자구조에따라중성지질 (acylglycerols, free fatty acids(ffa), hydrocarbons, sterols, ketones, pigments) 과극성지질 ( 인지질, 당지질 ) 두가지로분류할수있다. Bligh- Dyer 추출법은비극성용매인 chloroform과극성용매인 methanol 및증류수를사용하여미세조류내의중성지질과극성지질을모두추출해내기때문에가장높은지질추출수율을얻을수있었다. 속슬렛및 추출법에의하여추출된지질의수율은상당히큰추출시간의차이에도불구하고다소적은 1.9 wt.% 의차이를나타내었다. 이는초임계상태의고압유체에의한세포벽파괴효과때문일것이다. 하지만비극성용매를사용한속슬렛추출법과 추출법에의해추출된지질의수율은상대적으로적은것을알수있었다. 초임계 CO 2 추출과동시에공용매로 methanol을첨가하였을경우에는추출된전체조지방의수율이 12.5 wt.% 로상대적으로높은수 Table 2. Crude lipid yield at different extraction methods Extraction method Yield a (wt.%) Extraction time (hour) Bligh-Dyer 18.0 (±0.8) 2 Soxhlet 8.8 (±0.4) 24 b 6.9 (±0.6) 1 w/co-solvent c 12.5 (±0.6) 0.5 a Lipid yields represent the average of three experiment (±standard deviation). b extraction was performed at 50 o C, 400 bar, and 4.0 ml/minco 2. c w/co-solvent was performed at 50 o C, 400 bar, 4.0 ml/minco 2, and 0.4 mlmeoh.
4 208 최경석 류재훈 박동준 오세천 곽현 Fig. 2. GC chromatogram of the Nannochloropsis sp. lipid products extracted with and methanol under 50 o C, 400 bar, 4.0 ml/min- CO 2, and 0.4 ml/minmeoh. 율을얻었는데, 이것은공용매로첨가한 methanol이초임계 CO 2 의 polarity를증가시켜미세조류의세포벽안으로의빠른침투및극성을띤지질에대한유체의친화력증가때문이라사료된다. 추출된조지방중에서바이오디젤의주성분인 FAME로전환이가능한 acylglycerols, FFA, 지방산등의함량이중요하다. 따라서각각의추출법으로얻어진조지방을전이에스테르화반응시킨후 GC 분석을통해 FAME 함량을계산하였다. Fig. 2에는초임계 CO 2 에 methanol을공용매로사용하여추출한지질의 GC chromatogram을대표적으로나타내었다. 각각의추출방법에따른 FAME 성분을분석하였고, FAME 함량 (%) 및 FAME 수율 (wt.%) 을계산하여 Table 3에나타내었다. FAME 함량 (content) 과 FAME 수율 (yield) 은아래의식으로계산하였다. ( ΣA) A FAME content (%) = ISTD V ISTD 100 (2) m A ISTD C ISTD ΣA is the total peak area from FAME A ISTD is the peak area corresponding to methyl heptadecanoate C ISTD is the concentration of the methyl heptadecanoate solution [mg/ml] V ISTD is the volume of the methyl heptadecanoate solution [ml] m is the mass of the sample [mg] Lipid yield (wt.%) FAME content (%) FAME yield (wt.%) = (3) 100 Table 3을보면여러가지방법으로추출한지질을분석한결과추출방법이 FAME의성분에미치는영향은미미한것을알수있었다. 추출된지방의주된 FAME 는 palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1c), tricosanoic acid (C20:5), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) 의 methyl ester이며, 불포화도 (degree of unsaturation) 는 추출법이 로가장작은값을보였고, Bligh-Dyer 법이 으로가장큰값으로계산되었으며, w/meoh 추출법은불포화도가 이었다. Kinney 등 [23] 은바이오디젤의물리화학적특성이원료내지방산의조성및그로부터유래되는 methyl ester의조성에따라달라진다고보고하였다. 예를들어 palmitic acid나 stearic acid와같은포화지방산이많이함유된원료 물질로부터생성된바이오디젤의경우저온유동성이나빠지며, linoleic acid 또는 linolenic acid와같은불포화지방산으로부터생성된바이오디젤은포화지방산에비해산화안정성이저하된다고보고한바있다. 따라서 추출법에의해생성된바이오디젤은산화안정성이좋으나, w/meoh 추출법에의해생성된바이오디젤은불포화지방산을많이함유하고있어산화안정성이다소낮을것으로생각된다. FAME 선택도는일반적인유기용매추출법과비교하여초임계추출법이상대적으로높은것으로나타났으며, 특히 추출은 58.31% 로네가지추출방법중에가장높은선택도를나타내었다. 미세조류로부터추출된지질을바이오디젤의원료로사용하기위해선중성지방의함량이높아야하는데, 초임계 CO 2 는 non-polar한중성지방에대한추출선택도가높기때문에 FAME의함량이높은것으로사료된다. FAME 수율은 Bligh-Dyer 추출법이 9.66 wt.% 로가장높았고, 그다음이공용매로 methanol을사용한 추출법이 7.04 wt.% 이었으며, 속슬렛추출법과 추출법이각각 4.67, 4.02 wt.% 의수율을얻었다. Bligh-Dyer 법으로추출했을때가장많은 FAME 수율을얻었으나 chloroform과같은독성이강한유기용매를사용하게되고, 추출시간이다소길다는단점이있다. 따라서추출시간이 30분으로가장짧고, FAME 수율이 7.04 wt.% 로비교적높았던 SC- CO 2 w/meoh 추출법이미세조류로부터바이오디젤생산용지질을추출하기위한친환경적이며, 효율적인추출방법이라생각된다. 향후미세조류에대한초임계 CO 2 추출에대하여온도, 압력, 유량및공용매영향등공정최적화에대한연구를수행해야할것이며미세조류에서지질을추출하는데있어서 FAME의수율을높일수있는최적조건을찾아낼필요가있다. 4. 결론본연구에서는미세조류인 Nannochloropsis sp. 에서지질을추출하기위하여유기용매추출법과초임계 CO 2 추출법을이용하여그결과를서로비교하였다. 추출된조지방의수율은 Bligh-Dyer 추출법이 18.0 wt.% 로가장높은수율을얻었으나, chloroform과같은독성이강한유기용매를사용하며추출시간이다소길다는단점이
5 초임계이산화탄소를이용한 Nannochloropsis sp. 미세조류로부터바이오디젤생산용지질의추출 209 Table 3. Comparison of FAME compositions and yields for different extraction methods Extraction method Bligh-Dyer Soxhlet w/meoh Extraction time (hr) Crude lipid yield (wt.%) 18.0 (±0.8) 8.8 (±0.8) 6.9 (±0.6) 12.5 (±0.6) FAME composition (%FAME) Butyric acid (C4:0) Caprylic acid (C8:0) Decanoic acid (C10:0) Lauric acid (C12:0) Tridecanoic acid (C13:0) Myristic acid (C14:0) Myristoleic acid (C14:1) Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) Palmitic acid (C16:0) Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) Heptadenoic acid (C17:1) Stearic acid (C18:0) Oleic acid (C18:1c) Lonolelaidic acid (C18:2t) Linoleic acid (C18:2c) γ-linolenic acid (C18:3n6) Arachidic acid (C20:0) Eicosenoic acid (C20:1) Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2) Behenic acid (C22:0) Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:3n3) Erucic acid (C22:1) Tricosanoic acid (C23:0) Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) Degree of unsaturation a FAME content (%) FAME yield (wt.%) a Degree of unsaturation = 1 monoene (%) + 2 diene (%) + 3 triene (%) + 4 tetraene (%) + 5 pentaene (%) + 6 hexaene (%) 있다. 초임계 CO 2 추출법은 Bligh-Dyer 추출법과속슬렛추출법에비해 FAME 선택도가높았으나조지방수율이 6.9 wt.% 로가장낮았다. 초임계 CO 2 에공용매로 methanol을사용한경우에는반응시간 30분에조지방수율 12.5 wt.%, FAME 함량 56.32%, FAME 수율 7.04wt.% 로짧은반응시간에비교적높은 FAME 수율을얻을수있었다. 따라서, 미세조류에서바이오디젤을생산하기위한지질의추출에초임계 CO 2 추출법이충분히이용될수있을것으로기대된다. 감 본연구는 2013년도산업통상자원부의재원으로한국에너지기술평가원 (KETEP) 의지원을받아수행한연구과제입니다 (No ). 사 References 1. Demirbas, A., Progress and Recent Trends in Biodiesel Fuels, Energy Conv. Manag., 50, 14-34(2009). 2. Gavrilescu, M. and Chisti, Y., Biotechnology - a Sustainable Alternative for Chemical Industry, Biotechnology Advances, 23, (2005). 3. Pulz, O. and Gross, W., Valuable Products from Biotechnology of Microalgae, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 65, (2004). 4. Chisti, Y., Biodiesel from Microalgae, Biotechnology Advances, 25, (2007). 5. Rosenberg, J. N., Oyler, G. A., Wilkinson, L. and Betenbaugh, M. J., A Green Light for Engineered Algae: Redirecting Metabolism to Fuel a Biotechnology Revolution, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 19, (2008). 6. Schenk, P. M., Thomas-Hall, S. R., Stephens, E., Marx, U. C., Mussgnug, J. H.., Posten, C., Kruse, O. and Hankamer, B., Second Generation Biofuels: High-Efficiency Microalgae for Biodiesel Production, Bioenergy Research, 1, 20-43(2008). 7. Lardon, L., Helias, A., Sialve, B., Steyer, P. and Bernard, O., Life-Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43(17), (2009). 8. Lee, H. S., Jeon, S. G., Oh, Y. K., Kim, K. H., Chung, S. H., Na, J. G. and Yeo, S. D., Recovery of Lipids from Chlorella sp. KR- 1 via Pyrolysis and Characteristics of the Pyrolysis Oil, Korean
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