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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 19, No. 4 pp , ISSN / eissn RTK-GPS 무인항공사진측량의위치결정정확도평가 이재원 *, 성상민동아대학교토목공학과 Assessment of Positioning Accuracy of UAV Photogrammetry based on RTK-GPS Jae-One Lee *, Sang-Min Sung Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dong-A University 요약무인항공사진측량에서지상기준점 (GCP: Ground Control Point) 의설치는시간과비용이가장많이소요되는작업공종이다. 최근항법센서와통신기술의급속한발전으로 RTK(Real Time Kinematic) 또는 PPK(Post Processed Kinematic) 방식과같이지상기준점을사용하지않고도무인항공사진측량이가능한 UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) 기체가활용되고있다. 본연구에서는무기준점에의한 RTK- UAV 측량의잠재성을평가하고자지상기준점을사용한비 RTK(non-RTK)-UAV 측량과비교실험을수행하였다. 즉지상기준점의수를달리하여비 RTK(non-RTK) 방식의 UAV와무기준점에의한 RTK 방식의 UAV로동시에촬영하여획득된영상으로제작한성과물의위치정확도를비교분석하였다. 영상취득은촬영고도약 160m에서 Canon IXUS 127 카메라 ( 초점거리 4.3mm, 화소크기 1.3μm ) 로이론적인 GSD는약 4.7cm이다. 실험결과, 비 RTK 방식에의한지상기준점의수에따른위치정확도의 RMSE( 평면 / 수직 ) 는 GCP가 5개인경우각각 4.8cm/8.2cm, 4개인경우 5.4cm/10.3cm, 3 개인경우 6.2cm/12.0cm 로나타났다. 그리고비 RTK 방식의무기준점인경우에는평면과수직위치오차의 RMSE 가각각 112.9cm, 204.6cm로매우크게증가하였다. 하지만무기준점으로 RTK 방식을적용한무인항공사진측량의경우에는평면과수직위치정확도가각각 13.1cm, 15.7cm로비 RTK 방식에비하여오차가현저하게줄어들었다. 연구결과, 무기준점으로도정밀한위치결정이가능한 RTK 방식의무인항공사진측량은경제성이크게증가하여향후공간정보분야에의활용성이기대된다. Abstract The establishment of Ground Control Points (GCPs) in UAV-Photogrammetry is a working process that requires the most time and expenditure. Recently, the rapid developments of navigation sensors and communication technologies have enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to conduct photogrammetric mapping without using GCP because of the availability of new methods such as RTK (Real Time Kinematic) and PPK (Post Processed Kinematic) technology. In this study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of RTK-UAV mapping with no GCPs compared to that of non RTK-UAV mapping. The positioning accuracy results produced by images obtained simultaneously from the two different types of UAVs were compared and analyzed. One was a RTK-UAV without GCPs and the other was a non RTK-UAV with different numbers of GCPs. The images were taken with a Canon IXUS 127 camera (focal length 4.3mm, pixel size 1.3 μm ) at a flying height of approximately 160m, corresponding to a nominal GSD of approximately 4.7cm. As a result, the RMSE (planimetric/vertical) of positional accuracy according to the number of GCPs by the non-rtk method was 4.8cm/8.2cm with 5 GCPs, 5.4cm/10.3cm with 4 GCPs, and 6.2cm/12.0cm with 3 GCPs. In the case of non RTK-UAV photogrammetry with no GCP, the positioning accuracy was decreased greatly to approximately cm and cm in the horizontal and vertical coordinates, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of the RTK method with no ground control point, the errors in the planimetric and vertical position coordinates were reduced remarkably to 13.1cm and 15.7cm, respectively, compared to the non-rtk method. Overall, UAV photogrammetry supported by RTK-GPS technology, enabling precise positioning without a control point, is expected to be useful in the field of spatial information in the future. Keywords : Digital Surface Model, Orthoimages, Positioning Accuracy, Real Time Kinematic, UAV-Photogrammetry * Corresponding Author : Jae-One Lee(Dong-A Univ.) Tel: leejo@dau.ac.kr Received February 5, 2018 Revised (1st March 7, 2018, 2nd March 27, 2018) Accepted April 6, 2018 Published April 30,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 4 호, 서론최근 UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) 를이용하여소규모지역을대상으로신속한공간정보취득이가능한무인항공사진측량 (UAV Photogrammetry) 은기존의방법에비해시스템운영의유연성과경제성이탁월한것으로입증되고있다. 특히고해상도카메라의탑재로대축척지형도의수정및갱신과지적경계설정에도활용이가능해지고있다 [1,2]. 하지만무인항공사진측량에서영상등록 (image registration) 을위해서는시간과경비소모가큰지상기준점 (GCP: Ground Control Point) 설치작업이필수적이다. 기존의항공사진측량에서는고가의 GPS/INS 장비를탑재하여센서의위치와회전각을관측하여실시간 (RTK: Real Time Kinematic) 혹은후처리방식 (PPK: Post Processed Kinematic) 으로외부표정요소를직접결정하는 Direct Georeferencing 기술의활용이보편적이다 [3]. 최근이러한 RTK/PPK 방식이소형 UAV에도접목되어지상기준점의설치없이도무인항공사진측량이가능한 UAV가활용되고있다. RTK 방식의무인항공사진측량은 UAV에탑재된 GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System) 수신기와기지국또는 VRS(Virtual Reference Station) 와무선이동통신망이나 WiFi로연결하여보정데이타를전송하여상대측위기법으로 UAV 위치와자세를실시간으로결정하는기술이다. 하지만건물이나산림등장해물로인한보정자료의전송을위한통신연결이불가능한경우에는미지정수의결정이 float 상태가되어위치정확도의저하가나타난다. 이때는후처리방식에의한 PPK 기술을적용하여위치정확도를확보하여야한다. 그리고 RTK 혹은 PPK 무인항공기체는지상기준점설치가필요없는장점이있지만추가로특정한장비와소프트웨어가필요하여장비가고가인단점도있다 [4]. 소형 UAV에 RTK-GNSS 기술을적용한초창기연구로는독일에서상시관측소 (SAPOS) 와모뎀으로연결하여상대측위를실시한바있다. 본실험에서는기체에처리장치를탑재하지않아모든자료를 WiFi 망을통해지상으로전송후처리하는과정에서연결이단락되어결과정확도의확보가어려웠다 [5]. 그후이러한단점을보완하고자 2 주파수 GPS 수신기 (Novatel) 와기계식 IMU(ADIS 16488) 을탑재하여위치정확도 5cm, 자세각 0.5deg의결과로무인항공사진측량의가능성을제시하 였다 [6]. 최근에는이에더하여 RTK 적용시횡스트립의및기준점수에따른위치결정의정확도변화를분석하거나 Lever arm과시각동기화의영향등을고려하는연구가활발히진행되고있다 [7,8]. 한편국내관련분야의연구로는도시방재정보구축목적으로약 0.6 면적에 PPK GNSS 방식을적용한결과위치정확도수평 8cm, 수직 12cm가가능하고, 기존방식과비교하여시간적으로는 40% 의절약이가능함을제시하였다 [9]. 이상과같이무기준점에의한 RTK/PPK GNSS 무인항공사진측량의적용가능성과활용성이급속히증가하고있는추세에비하여국내의연구는아직미흡한실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는 RTK-GNSS 기반의무인항공사진측량의실험을통하여국내적용가능성을검토하고자하였다. 2. 자료취득및처리 2.1 연구방법 RTK 방식의무인항공사진측량의정확도를검증하기위해연구대상지역내의지형지물을이용하여총 5개의기준점과 8개의검사점을 VRS-GPS 측량으로좌표를취득하였다. 그후 RTK 방식의무인항공기체와 RTK 방식이아닌일반무인항공기체를동일한조건에서촬영하여그결과를상호비교하였다. 그리고지상기준점의영향을분석하기위하여지상기준점 5, 4, 3점을사용한비 RTK 방식과지상기준점을사용하지않은비 RTK 방식, 무기준점에의한 RTK 방식및지상기준점 2점을이용한 RTK 방식으로 6개의경우로나누어촬영및분석하였다 (Fig. 2). 그후각각의경우에따라정사영상과 DSM을제작하고, 평면위치정확도와수직위치정확도를추출하여상호비교하였다. 본연구의전체적인흐름도는 Fig. 1과같다. Fig. 1. Study flowchart 64
3 RTK-GPS 무인항공사진측량의위치결정정확도평가 Fig. 5는지상기준점과검사점의분포도이며, 지상기준점은대성지의각외곽에 1점씩을배치하고중앙에별도로 1점을추가하여블록의기하적안정성을높이고자하였다. Fig. 2. GCP allocations for each case 2.2 연구대상지역본연구의대상지는부산광역시기장군에소재하는농경지, 주거지, 하천및일부산지로이루어진지역이다. Fig. 3에서보는바와같이약 500m 500m의면적으로촬영하였다. Fig. 5. Distribution of GCPs and CPs 2.4 영상취득및처리무인항공영상의촬영은고정익기체인 sensefly사의 ebee모델과 ebee RTK 모델을이용하였다. 이두기체의모습은 Table 1의사진과같으며, 각기체의제원을함께수록하였다. 두모델의기체에장착된카메라는 Canon IXUS 127 모델로초점거리 4.3mm, 픽셀크기는 1.3μm, 화소수는 24MP이다. Fig. 3. Location of study area(google map) 2.3 지상기준점및검사점측량무인항공촬영전에 Fig. 4와같이연구대상지역내에위치한맨홀의모서리, 건물의모서리등명확한지형 지물을선정하여측량을수행하고이를지상기준점과검사점으로이용하였다. Table 1. Specifications of ebee and ebee RTK Payload sensefly ebee sensefly ebee RTK Appearance Weight 0.69 kg 1.1 kg Flight time max 50minute max 59minute Flight speed 11-25m/s 11-30m/s GNSS/RTK receiver no L1/L2, GPS&GLONASS use GCPs Optional Not required (RTK on) Optional (RTK off) Fig. 4. GCPs & CPs Survey 촬영조건은앞에서설명한바와같이동일한비행고도 160m에서 GSD 4.6cm로동일한중복도 (P=70%, Q=60%) 로촬영하여각각약 300매의영상을취득하였 65
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 4 호, 2018 다. 촬영면적은 RTK 기체가 0.93 이며, 비 RTK 기체는 0.73 이다. 이와같은면적의차이는서로다른기체의비행경로설정시에스트립수의차이에서발생하였다. 다만영상의외곽부분의면적이늘어나영상중심부근에위치하고있는검사점의정확도성과에는큰영향을미치지않는다. (Table 2) 검토하였다. 모든경우에대하여 8개검사점좌표의결과값들에대한잔차를계산하여평균제곱근오차 (RMSE: Root Mean Square Error) 를산출하였다. 또한아래의 Table 3의 항공사진측량작업규정의도화축척별평면위치와표고의잔차기준 을참고하여정확도를평가하였다. Table 2. Flight parameters for UAV images UAV Flight parameters ebee RTK ebee Altitude 160m 160m Area Number of strips # images GSD 4.6cm 4.6cm Overlap P=70%, Q=60% P=70%, Q=60% Table 3. Accuracy Standards for Photogrammetry Regulation Map scale standard deviation (m) maximum error (m) 1/500~1/ /1,000~1/1, /2,500~1/3, /5, /10, /25, 촬영영상의처리는 Agisoft사의 Photoscan을사용하여모든경우에대하여 AT 작업과 dense image 매칭과정을거쳐정사영상과 DSM을제작하였으며, Fig. 6에는이들에대한가독성을위해대표적인 1과 6 의성과물만나타내었다. Fig. 6. Orthoimages and DSM 3. 결과분석 3.1 분석방법지상기준점의개수가무인항공사진측량의평면및수직위치정확도에미치는영향을분석하기위해비 RTK 방식으로지상기준점을 5개, 4개, 3개를이용하여획득한성과물의위치정확도와, 무기준점에의한 RTK 방식무인항공사진측량 (case 6) 의위치정확도를비교분석하였다. 아울러 RTK 방식에서지상기준점 2개를사용한결과 ( 5) 와무기준점에의한비 RTK 방식 ( 4) 도동시에비교하여 RTK 방식의효율성을비교 3.2 평면위치정확도 3.1에서제시한분석방법에따라산출된검사점들에대한평면위치의잔차값에대한 RMSE 는 Table 4와같다. Table 4. Residuals at horizontal check points in RMSE(unit:cm) CP no dx dy Dxy dx dy Dxy dx dy Dxy Max RMSE CP no. dx dy Dxy dx dy Dxy dx dy Dxy Max RMSE
5 RTK-GPS 무인항공사진측량의위치결정정확도평가 3.3 수직위치정확도평면위치정확도와마찬가지로 3.1에서제시한분석방법에따라산출된검사점들에대한수직위치의잔차값에대한 RMSE는 Table 5와같다. Table 5. Residuals at vertical check points in RMSE(unit:cm) Fig. 7. Residuals at horizontal check points in RMSE 먼저지상기준점의개수에따른위치정확도를분석하기위해비 RTK 방식에서 5개, 4개, 3개의지상기준점을사용한결과를비교하였다. 비교결과 5개 ( 1) 를사용한결과는평면위치 RMSE 값이 4.8cm, 최대값 7.3cm로매우우수한결과임을알수있다. 4개 ( 2) 의경우평면위치 RMSE 5.4cm, 최대값 6.5cm, 3개 ( 3) 의경우평면위치 RMSE 6.2cm, 최대값 7.0cm 의결과로지상기준점의개수가감소할수록평면위치정확도가대략 0.6cm 정도로일정하게낮아지는결과를나타내었다. 무기준점에의한 RTK 방식인 6의경우에는평면위치 RMSE 값이 14.2cm, 최대값 24.5cm로 5개의지상기준점을사용한 1에비하여정확도가약 3배정도낮아지고있음을알수있다. 하지만 Table 4의 항공사진측량작업규정의도화축척별평면위치와표고의잔차기준 에서 1/1,000 ~ 1/1,200 도화축척의표준편차와최대값의기준을만족함을확인할수있다. 또한무기준점의 RTK 방식 ( 6) 과무기준점의비 RTK 방식 ( 4) 의경우 Fig. 7과같이지상기준점을사용한경우인 1, 2, 3, 5와비교하여각검사점마다오차의크기가균일하지않고평면위치 RMSE 값에비하여큰크기의오차가일부검사점에서발생하고있어정밀위치결정에활용시에는매우유의하여야함을알수있다. 마지막으로무기준점에의한비 RTK 방식인 4 의경우대부분의검사점에서 1m를초과하는 (RMSE 112.9cm) 오차를보여주고있어측량분야에의활용은불가능함을알수있다. CP no dz dz dz dz dz dz Max RMSE 먼저비 RTK 기체로촬영하여지상기준점을 5개사용한 1의경우에는 RMSE가 8.2cm로상당히우수한결과이다. 4개를사용한 2의경우 RMSE가 10.3cm, 3 개를사용한 3 의경우 RMSE 가 12.0cm 의결과로평면위치와마찬가지로지상기준점의개수가감소할수록대략 2.0cm 정도로일정하게낮아지는결과를나타내었다. 무기준점 RTK 방식인 6 의경우에는 RMSE 가 15.7cm로 1에비하여약 2배정도커지고있다. 하지만평면위치의경우와달리각검사점에서잔차의크기변화가심하게발생하지않고있다. 마지막으로무기준점으로비 RTK 방식인 4의경우에는 RMSE가 204.6cm로매우커지고있어비 RTK 방식에서는지상기준점의설치가필수적임을알수있다. 4. 결론 본연구는 RTK GNSS 방식으로무기준점으로무인항공사진측량을수행하여위치결정정확도를평가하여이의활용가능성을제시하고자하였다. 본연구를통하여다음과같은결론을도출하였다. 첫째, 평면및수직위치정확도는지상기준점의개수의감소에비례하여일정한정확도저하의결과를확인 67
6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 4 호, 2018 할수있었다. 둘째, 평면위치결정의정확도는비 RTK 방식의지상기준점 5개를사용한경우 RMSE 오차가약 4.8cm, 무기준점에의한 RTK 방식인경우에는 13.1cm로나타났다. 이결과는 항공사진작업규정의도화축척별평면위치와표고의잔차기준 의 1/1,000 1/1,200 도화축척의표준편차와최대값의기준을만족함을확인할수있다. 셋째, 수직위치결정의정확도는비 RTK 방식의지상기준점 5개를사용한경우 RMSE 오차가약 8.2cm, 무기준점에의한 RTK 방식인경우에는 15.7cm를얻을수있었다. 넷째, 무기준점의 RTK와비 RTK 방식의경우검사점별로오차의크기가균일하지않고 RMSE값에비하여큰크기의오차가발생하므로정밀위치결정에활용시에는크게유의하여야함을알수있다. 다섯째, 지상기준점을사용하지않고도평면 13.1cm, 수직 15.7cm의위치정확도성과를나타내는 RTK 방식의무인항공사진측량은경제성이크게증가하여향후공간정보분야에의활용성이기대된다. 본연구의결과는특정기종의 UAV를이용하여비교적제한된크기의대상지역에적용한결과이므로다른기종의 UAV를이용하여다른지형에적용한결과의도출로 RTK-GNSS 무인항공사진측량의보편적인정확도특성분석이필요하다. References [1] S. M. Sung and J. O. Lee, Accuracy of Parcel Boundary Demarcation in Agricultural Area using UAV-photogrammetry, Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, vol. 34, no. 1 pp , DOI: [2] S. B. Lim, O. C. Seo and H. C. Yun, Digital Map Updates with UAV Photogrammetric Methods, Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, vol. 33, no. 5 pp , DOI: [3] H. Burman, Calibration and Orientation of Airborne Image and Laser Scanner Data Using GPS and INS, Dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, [4] Pix4D[cited 2017 Aug 29], Available From: d Feb., 25, 2018) [5] M. Rieke, T. Foerster, J. Geipel and T. Prinz, High-Precision Positioning and Real-Time Data Processing of UAV-Systems, IASPRS, Volume XXXVIII-1/C22, pp , [6] C. Elling, L. Klingbeil, M. Wieland and H. Kuhlman, A Precise Position and Attitude Determination system for Lightweight Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, IAPRS, vol. XL-1/W2, pp , DOI: [7] M. Gerk and, H. J. Przybilla, Accuracy Analysis of Photogrammetric UAV Image Blocks: Influence of Onboard RTK-GNSS and Cross Flight Patterns, Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung, Geoinformation (PFG), no. 1 pp , [8] H. Fazeli, F. Samadzadegan and F. Dadrasjavan, Evaluating the Potential of RTK-UAV for Automatic Point Cloud Generation in 3D Rapid Mapping IAPRS, Volume XLI-B6, pp , DOI: [9] J. K. Park and M. G. Kim, PPK GNSS System based UAV Photogrammetry for Construction of Urban Disaster Prevention Information, Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, vol. 7, no. 4 pp , DOI: 이재원 (Jae-One Lee) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 측량학, 사진측량 1984년 2월 : 동아대학교대학원토목공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1996년 2월 : 독일 Hannover 대학교 ( 공학박사 ) 2000년 4월 ~ 2006년 2월 : 대한측량협회 ( 現 : 공간정보산업협회 ) 연구개발실장 2006년 3월 ~ 현재 : 동아대학교공과대학토목공학과교수 성상민 (Sang-Min Sung) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 측량학, 사진측량 2016 년 2 월 : 동아대학교대학원토목공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2018 년 2 월 : 동아대학교대학원토목공학과 ( 박사수료 ) 68
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