53-62_성상민_저완_1차수정.indd

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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography Vol. 34, No. 1, 53-62, ISSN (Print) ISSN X(Online) Original article 무인항공사진측량에의한농경지필지경계설정정확도 Accuracy of Parcel Boundary Demarcation in Agricultural Area Using UAV-Photogrammetry 성상민 1) 이재원 2) Sung, Sang Min Lee, Jae One Abstract In recent years, UAV Photogrammetry based on an ultra-light UAS(Unmanned Aerial System) installed with a low-cost compact navigation device and a camera has attracted great attention through fast and accurate acquirement of geo-spatial data. In particular, UAV Photogrammetry do gradually replace the traditional aerial photogrammetry because it is able to produce DEMs(Digital Elevation Models) and Orthophotos rapidly owing to large amounts of high resolution image collection by a low-cost camera and image processing software combined with computer vision technique. With these advantages, UAV-Photogrammetry has therefore been applying to a large scale mapping and cadastral surveying that require accurate position information. This paper presents experimental results of an accuracy performance test with images of 4cm GSD from a fixed wing UAS to demarcate parcel boundaries in agricultural area. Consequently, the accuracy of boundary point extracted from UAS orthoimage has shown less than 8cm compared with that of terrestrial cadastral surveying. This means that UAV images satisfy the tolerance limit of distance error in cadastral surveying for the scale of 1: 500. And also, the area deviation is negligible small, about 0.2%(3.3m 2 ), against true area of 1,969m 2 by cadastral surveying. UAV-Photogrammetry is therefore as a promising technology to demarcate parcel boundaries. Keywords: Unmanned Aerial System, UAV-Photogrammetry, Computer Vision, Orthoimage, Parcel Boundary Demarcation 초록 (UAS: Unmanned Aerial System) (UAV Photogrammetry)., DEM.. (GSD: Ground Sample Distance) 4cm., 8cm 1:500. 1, %(3.3 ).. :,,,, Received , Revised , Accepted ) Member, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dong-A University ( cantona777@ naver.com) 2) Corresponding Author, Member, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dong-A University ( leejo@dau.ac.kr) This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 53

2 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 53-62, 서론, (aerial photogrammetry).,., (UAV photogrammetry). UAV,,, (Eisenbeiss, 2007; Lim et al., 2015)., Framework. (Lee and Sung, 2015). Manyoky et al.(2011) 8 Falcon TS/GNSS UAV. UAV 3. Cunningham et al.(2011) Gatewing X Rijsdijk et al.(2013) UAS. 20 UAV 3cm Volkmann and Barnes(2014) km 2 GPS 6cm. KCSC (2014a) UAV. Gatewing RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) 8cm. KCSC(2014b) UAV. UAV,,. Kim(2014) (3.2km 1.5km,,, ) UAV 5cm, 8cm. Lee et al.(2015) UAV RMSE. UAV,. UAV. 1, 2,, UAV. 3 UAV. 2. 실험자료취득및처리 2.1 연구방법 UAV. UAV VRS-RTK. 2. UAV 54

3 Accuracy of Parcel Boundary Demarcation in Agricultural Area Using UAV-Photogrammetry 130m GSD 4cm.. Fig 지상기준점측량 8 Fig. 3( ) VRS-GPS. Fig. 3( ) 6. (Sung, 2015). Fig. 1. Study flow chart Fig. 3. GCP surveying and air target 2.2 연구대상지역 800m x 800m,. Fig. 2 2.,. (AT: Aerial Triangulation) Fig. 3( ) 30cm 30cm. Fig. 4. Fig. 2. Study area Fig. 4. Distribution of GCPs 55

4 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 53-62, 지적현황측량 UAV Fig GPS-VRS (MLTM, 2011) TS(Total Station). Fig. 6. Aerial target(left) placed at road slope(middle) and footpath of rice field(right) 2.5 영상취득및처리 UAV :00 12:30. UAV SenseFly ebee Canon IXUS 127. Fig. 7 UAV. 4.3mm, 16MP(4,608 x 3,456 pixel), 1.3. Fig. 5. Location of parcel boundary surveying 60 22, Fig. 6. (GSD: Ground Sample Distance),.. 5mm ( PVC). Fig. 6 20cm 20cm (Base Plate) 10cm 10cm (Sung, 2015). Fig. 7. UAV payload and camera for imaging 130m Fig GSD 4cm, 75%, 65%. Fig. 8. Image footprint and overlap Agisoft Photoscan AT dense image Fig pts./m 2, 8cm (DEM) 4cm (Agisoft, 2014). 56

5 Accuracy of Parcel Boundary Demarcation in Agricultural Area Using UAV-Photogrammetry 10 (red color) (blue color) UAV. Fig. 9. DEM and ortho-mosaic image 3. 결과분석 3.1 분석방법 Fig. 5 2 (60, 72 ) UAV 필지경계점정확도 필지 60( 답 ) 의경우 60 22, Fig. 10 AutoCad. Fig. Fig. 10. Detection and extraction of boundary points (parcel 60) from UAV image Table 1. UAV (RMSE) DX=0.035m, DY=0.067m. RMSE 0.076m. 2 DX 0.159m. 22 Fig m 2 UAV RMSE 0.076m 0.068m. Table 1. Comparison of boundary points coordinates (parcel 60) (unit : m) Point no. Terrestrial Surveying (A) Extracted from UAV Image (B) (A)-(B) Distance error X Y X Y DX DY

6 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 53-62, 2016 Point no. Terrestrial Surveying (A) Extracted from UAV Image (B) (A)-(B) X Y X Y DX DY Distance error RMSE Fig. 11. Distance error of extracted boundary points(parcel 60) from UAV image 58

7 Accuracy of Parcel Boundary Demarcation in Agricultural Area Using UAV-Photogrammetry Fig. 12. Detection and extraction of boundary points(parcel 72) from UAV image 필지 72( 답 ) 의경우 Fig. 12 (red color) (blue color) UAV. 17 Table 2. UAV RMSE Table 2. Comparison of boundary points coordinates (parcel 72) (unit : m) Point no. Terrestrial Surveying (A) Extracted from UAV Image (B) (A)-(B) Distance error X Y X Y DX DY RMSE

8 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 53-62, 2016 Fig. 13. Distance error of extracted boundary points(parcel 72) from UAV image DX=0.075m, DY=0.024m. RMSE 0.079m. 8 DX 0.145m. 17 Fig m 8 UAV RMSE 0.079m 0.070m. UAV 8cm M (M : ) 1/500 15cm. 7cm UAV. 3.3 필지면적의정확도. UAV. Table %(71 ), %(224 ). UAV %(3.3 ), Table 3. Comparison of parcel area (unit : m2 ) Parcel no. 60 Paddy 72 Paddy Registered Area (A) Terrestrial Surveying (B) Extracted from UAV Image (C) B-A Area Differences B-C 60

9 Accuracy of Parcel Boundary Demarcation in Agricultural Area Using UAV-Photogrammetry 4. 결론 References., 130m GSD 4cm UAV 10cm. GSD., UAV RMSE 8cm 27 1/500 15cm. 7cm., UAV, %(3.3 ) 0.04%(0.4 )... UAV, GSD GSD. 감사의글 / ( ). Agisoft, (2014), Photoscan User Manual: Professional Edition, Ver 1.1. Cunningham, K., Walker, G., Strahlke, E., and Wilson, R. (2011), Cadastral audit and assessments using unmanned aerial vehicle, IAPRS, Vol. XXXVIII-1/C22, pp Eisenbeiss, H. (2007), UAV- Photogrammetry, Ph.D. dissertation, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 203p. KCSC(2014a), A Study on the Improvement Plan for Business Process of Cadastral Surveying, No , Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation, Seoul, pp (in Korean with English abstract) KCSC(2014b), The Study for Realistic Cadastral Contents Development and Cadastral Resurvey Application of High Quality Image-based Content, No , Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation, Seoul, pp (in Korean) Kim, S. (2014), A Study on Construction and Application of Spatial Information Utilizing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System, Ph.D. dissertation, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Korea, 161p. (in Korean with English abstract) Lee, J. and Sung, S. (2015), Acquisition and application of high resolution geoinformation using ultra-light UAVphotogrammetry, Proceedings of 2015 Korean Society of Civil Engineers Busan Ulsan Gyeongnam Branch, pp (in Korean with English abstract) Lee, J., Sung, S., Lee, D., and Heo, J. (2015), Accuracy of parcel boundary demarcation with UAV image, Proceedings of 2015 KSGPC Annual Conference, pp (in Korean with English abstract) Lee, Y. (2015), Assessing the positioning accuracy of high density point clouds produced from rotary wing quadrocopter unmanned aerial system based imagery, Journal of the Korean Society for Geospatial Information System, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp (in Korean with English abstract) Lim, S., Seo, C., and Yun, H. (2015), Digital map updates with UAV photogrammetric methods, Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp (in Korean with English abstract) 61

10 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 53-62, 2016 Manyoky, M., Theiler, P., Steudler, D., and Eisenbeiss, H. (2011), Unmanned aerial vehicle in cadastral application, IAPRS, Vol. XXXVIII-1/C22, pp MLTM(2011), Application of Cadastral Surveying Using Aerial Photos: In Foundation Construction Study for Cadastre Renovation Project, No , Ministry of Land, Transport and Marine Affairs, Gwacheon, pp (in Korean) Rijsdijk, M., van Hinsbergh, W.H.M., Witteween, W., ten Burren, G.H.M., Schakelaar, G.A., Poppinga, G., van Persie, M., and Radiges, R. (2013), UASs in the process of juridical verification of cadastral border, IAPRS, Vol. XL-1/W2, pp Sung, S. (2015), Quality Verification and Utilization of Ultra- Light UAV Imagery in Parcel Boundary Delineation, Master s thesis, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea, 66p. (in Korean with English abstract) Volkmann, W. and Barnes G. (2014), Virtual surveying: mapping and modeling cadastral boundaries using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), Proceedings of FIG Congress 2014, FIG, June, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, TS09A 7300, pp