한 국 산 업 규 격 KS

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5 ICS 3080 KS Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps Code for hydraulic performance testsprecision class ISO 5198, Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumpscode for hydraulic performance testsprecision class,,, () III IEC IEC ISO 31 Quantities, units and symbols ISO 555 Liquid flow measurement in open channelsdilution methods for measurement of steady flow Part 1Constant-rate injection method Part Integration(sudden injection) method Part 3Constant-rate injection method and integration method using radioactive tracers ISO 1438 ISO Liquid flow measurement in open channels using thin-plate weirs and venturi flumes Water flow measurement in open channels using weirs and venturi flumespart 1Thin-plate weirs ISO 186 Fluid flow in closed conduitsconnections for pressure signal transmissions between primary and secondary elements ISO 548 Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumpscode for acceptance testsclass C ISO 975 Part 1General Measurement of water flow in closed conduitstracer methods Part Constant rate injection method using non-radioactive tracers

6 Part 3Constant rate injection method using radioactive tracers Part 6Transit time method using non-radioactive tracers Part 7Transit time method using radioactive tracers ISO 3354 Measurement of clean water flow in closed conduitsvelocity-area method using current-meters ISO 3534 StatisticsVocabulary ad symbols ISO 3555 Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumpscode for acceptance testsclass B ISO 3846 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumesfree overfall weirs of finite crest width (rectangular broad-crested weirs) ISO 3966 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduitsvelocity area method using Pitot static tubes ISO 4185 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduitsweighing method ISO 4359 Liquid flow measurement in open channelsrectangular, trapezoidal and Ushaped flumes ISO 4360 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumestriangular profile weirs ISO 4373 Measurement of liquid flow in open channelswater level measuring devices ISO 5167 Measurement of fluid flow by means of orifice plates, nozzles and venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full ISO 5168 Measurement of fluid flowestimation of uncertainty of a flow-rate measurement ISO 7194 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduitsvelocity-area methods of flow measurement in swirling or asymmetric flow conditions in circular ducts by means of current-meters or Pitot static tubes ISO 8316 Measurement of liquid flow in closed conduitsmethod by collection of the liquid in a volumetric tank IEC Rotating electrical machinespart Methods for determining losses and efficiency of rotating electrical machinery from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles) IEC International code for the field acceptance tests of hydraulic turbines IEC International code for model acceptance tests of hydraulic turbines IEC International code for the field acceptance tests of storage pumps IEC International code for model acceptance tests of storage pumps (transducer) (filtering effect) (cut frequency), (,, ) (, ) T µ x, 1 (random process) x(t)

7 1 µ x = t +T x( t) dt t T T T T σ x Rxx T x(t) 1 t σ x = + T [ x( t) µ t x] dt T 1 t R xx (t, T) = + T x( t)[ x( t + T )] dt t T x(t)1 (µ x ) [ σ Rxx(t, T )] t x T (steady) t T (unsteady) x(t) x(t) tt (1 ) 1 t T 1(µ x ) [ σ Rxx(t, T)] T x t T 1(µ x ) [ σ Rxx(t, T)] x 3

8 B ISO ( ) (random origin), (determinist origin),,, ( ) T T T 1 T 1 x x T, x(t) (pseudo-period) ( ) T (quasi-instantaneous) ( ) T (quasi-instantaneous) ( ) T, (averaging reading) 4

9 (quasi-instantaneous) Pr Pr = µ c P λ µ λ ( ISO 31/1 ) ISO 31 NPSH ( 1 ) ( ) ( 3 ) m M kg l L m t T s θ Θ A L m V L 3 m 3 ω T 1 rad/s v LT 1 m/s ( 4 ) g LT m/s n T 1 s 1 ML 3 kg/m 3 p ML 1 T Pa (1bar =10 5 Pa) v L T 1 m /s E L T J/kg P ML T 3 W Re D L m, qm(q) MT 1 kg/s 5

10 ( ), a) b) c) d), e) f) (, ) q V (Q) L 3 T 1 m 3 /s q v = q m ( 5 ) ( ) U LT 1 m/s U = q V A ( ) ( ) ( ) z z s αu /g v p e p b p v z z s LT 1 ML 1 T - ML 1 T ML 1 T L L L L m/s Pa Pa Pa m m m m 6

11 v A A α U 3 A 3 d v α α α a U /g 1<α a <α L m α a ( i ) i H i L m pei Ui H i =z i + αai g g i 1 H 1 L m H L m H H 1 H L m H = H H 1 H 1 H H J1 L m H J L m 7

12 (NPSH) (NPSH) L m pb pv (NPSH) = H 1 + z1 g g 1 I II (NPSH) (NPSH) α a1 1 ( ) (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH) [, (NPSH) r, (NPSH) a, (NPSH) (NPSH) c ] [ (NPSH) c (K/)] % 1/ 1/ π n( q K = ) q v v = ω 3/ 4 3 / 4 ( gh ) E q' v (eye) H P u = qvgh = qve P u K P P gr P u L ML T 3 ML T 3 ML T 3 η = η P Pu η gr = P η gr gr 1 m W W W ( 1 ) ( ) ISO 31 8

13 B ISO ( 3 ) M =, L =, T =, Θ = ( 4 ) g 981m/s g = ( sin ϕ ) z ϕ z m ( 5 ) q V A D e E f g H H J k K l m n (NPSH) p P qm qv Re t U v V z α η θ λ v ω m m J/kg Hz m/s m m m m kg s 1 m Pa W kg/s m 3 /s s m/s m/s m 3 m m /s kg/m 3 rad/s 9

14 1 a ac b c d e f gr H int M m mot P p r s sp t T u V v vis η ( ) () q Vsp H sp H sp q Vsp, H sp, q Vsp (cavitation effect) (NPSH) H(q V ) ( ) q Vsp 10

15 m /s kg/m 3 kg/m 3 kg/m , ( ),, 11

16 ,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) (circuit) L L (15K55) D L D K 1

17 (disturbance) ( ISO 7194 ) (pre-swirl), (ISO 7194 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 5, 09q V, G 11q V, G, ( ) 13

18 1,, ( ) ( ), 6 % % (rate of flow) (head) (torque) (power) 3 (speed of rotation) 1 14

19 x(t) ( ),,,, ( ) 1 1 ( ) 3 9 ~,, ( ) 15

20 ( 95 % ) % % ,, 0 % % (NPSH) c 0 % (scale) (),, ( ) ( ) λ 5 % λ Re = D gh 1 v D 1 H, n/v,,, 16

21 , 95 %, 0 (ISO 3534 ), (q V, H, P, η),,,,,, 17

22 ( 6 ) ( ) (%) 15 1 ( ) 13 0 ( 6 ) 5 ~ n sp q V, H, P η q V, T = q V n sp n nsp H T =H n n P T = P n η T = η 3 sp s p (NPSH) n (NPSH) T = (NPSH) sp n x, x = (NPSH),,,, 13 ( 7 ) 18

23 x,,,, n sp f sp, nf 1 % 5 % ( 7 ) RÜTSCHI, K, Messung und Drehzahlumrechnung des NPSH-Wertes bei Kreiselpumpen, Schweizer Ingenieur und Architekt 39/80, 1 %5 % ( ) (NPSH) (NPSH) ( ) (NPSH) (NPSH), 95 % e Q Q e H H e P P e η η e, ( ) 19

24 η q V ( ) ( ),, % ( 95 % ) 1, 0

25 % (ISO 4185) 1 (ISO 8316) (IEC 60193) ( 1 ) (ISO 5167 ISO 186) ( 1 ) ( 95 % ) ( 1 ) (ISO 1438/1, ISO 3846, ISO 4359, ISO 4360) 1 (ISO 5167 ISO 186) (ISO 186) (ISO 3354) (ISO 3966) (ISO 975 ISO 555/1 3) ( 1 ) ISO 4185 ( ),,, [ ( )] ( ) ( 95 % )01 0 %, (, 15m 3 /s ) ISO 8316,,, ( ) ( ) 1

26 , ( 95 % )01 03 %, (IEC ),, (, ) 1 % IEC ( ),, 0 03 % ( 95 % ),,, ISO 5167 ISO 186 ISO 5167 (ISO 5167 ), ISO 5167 ISA %, 1 %, ( 95 % )03 05 %

27 ( 5 ), ISO 14381ISO 4359, ISO 3846ISO % ( 95 %) 1 % 3

28 (, DD/ ) ( ISA 3 ) ISO 5167,, 4

29 03 05 %, 05 1 % ISO 3354ISO 3966,,, ( 95 % )1 % (IEC ) ISO 975 (dilution) ( ) [ (salt velocity methods) ] ISO ISO 5553, ( 95 % )1 %, H 5

30 , ( ), (ISO ) (ISO 3846 ) (ISO 4360 ) (,, U ) 6

31 , z i, p ei, U i g 1 H i = z i g pei p0 dp Ui + αa i g, p H i = z i ( ei + i 0 Ui + αa i ) g g 40, 15 MPa 0 i = 1 p dp 1 p dp 1 pe g e e1 = p0 g p0 g pe1 dp v=f(p) 1 g dp ( p = ( pe1) g pe e p e 1 + 1) p e1 θ 1 1 p e θ 1 θ bar, % [ () ] (3) p 7

32 , U p U3 U α a = + α3 + H J = α H g g g H F α a α a =α, () ( ) ( ) S 1 S S 1 S S 1 S ( ) S 1 S 1 H J1 S S H J ( ) H = H + H1 + H J1 H J H 1 H S 1 S F 8

33 ,,,,,, α a ( ),, 10 0 mm, 5 10 mm, 1 3 mm, 9

34 0 1 %, % 05 1 % 0 1%,, H J1, ( ) () ( ) (type number), H J, 30

35 , H J1 H J ( ) 5 1 (, ) (, 1 ),, [ ] [ ],,, 00, α a, 4, ISO

36 3

37 10 ( ) 33

38 H 1 (quadratic law) H 1 = H 1 H J1 ( ) H 1 = ABq V ( ) H J1 + H J < H 34

39 , l, D l U H J = λ D g D Re < 3 ( ) k λ λ 1/ 51 = log 10 Re λ D D 3 < Re <560 ( ) k k D Re > 560 ( ) k λ 1/ = log 51 k 10 + Re λ 3 7D λ 1/ = log 10 k 37D UD Re = v k 35

40 ,,, (3 5 mm) (, ), 3 ISO ( ) 1 % 3 6 mm 008D 5 ( ) r d/4 400 mm D 150 mm 1D,, ( ) 36

41 ( ) ISO 186,, ISO %, NPSH NPSH 1 %,, () 37

42 a) b) c) ethyl tetrabromide(c H Br 4 ), carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), diiodomethane (CH l ),, iodides 100 mm 8 mm, 1 mm 38

43 (parallax error), U, d e d p d c d d c c p d + d p 01% 30 r/min ( ) ( ) (jockey weight),, (Bourdon dial gauge), ( % ) % 39

44 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 40

45 1 = 41

46 Z M p, m p M = p 1 g h 1 =po il g(h h 1 )gh 1 p 4mg p = π d e d + d e = c d p 4

47 p = L mg g(zmz) l s, m, s /,, 43

48 p ( ) p 1 ( ) ( ) p 1 > 0 ( ) 44

49 ac, % P( ),,,, IEC 60034( ) IEC ac,, 45

50 0 % 3 3 ( ) ( ) I II 3 3 ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) I II 46

51 ( ),,,,, 01% ( ),,, (, ) ( ) 47

52 (pot) 01 % 01 %, ( ),,, 05 % % 05 %, 01 %, 015 %,, 01 %, 01 %, 005 %, η ( ) (,, ) (, ),,, 100 m 48

53 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1 p E h αau αa1u 1 E h = V M ( p p1) + + g( z z1) E h 1, E m = a p p ) + c ( θ ) + ( 1 11 p 1 θ11 α U α U = h 1 h + a 1 a g( z1 z11) α U 11 α U a 1 a g( z1 z11) + E m + E E m 11, 1, m E h E m J/kg J/kg E m E m J/kg ( ) ( ) η = Eh E + E m x E x η J/kg ( 3 ) 1 V m = V m m 3 /kg ( 4 ) a = h p T Vm = Vm T T p a m 3 /kg ( 5 ) c p Jkg 1 K 1 a ( 6 ) p θ ac p a m 3 /kg c p ( 6 ) p 1 p, 11 + p p = θ 1 θ, 11 + θ θ = c p Jkg 1 K 1 V m ( 6 ) p θ V m p 1 + p p= θ 1 + θ θ = P m = q V E m = q m E m V m P m m 3 /kg W ( 1 ) 49

54 g g ( ) α a1 =α a =1 ( ( 3 ) ) = 1 Vm ( 4 ) a ( 5 ) c p ( 6 ) [ 0300 bar(30 MPa) 0150 ] a, V m c p E m E h (1 ) (,, ) ( ) ( 100 %), ( ) ( ) 1, ( ) V m dp ( ) Vm dp = V ( p p ) m 1 1 S V dp = h h 1 m S 1 θ = θ 1 E m 50

55 B ISO i i ( e) ( s) E m U si Ue i E m = ϕ i hsi he i + + g( zsi ze i) i h s h e, h h s e = a p ) + c ( θ θ ) ( ps e p s e ϕ i q m q mi i = q q mi m q E x = m h cp h ( θs θe) q m q mh c ph E m E x 1 = P A( θ θ ) E m q m e a P P 10 W m K 1 q m (kg/s) A (m ) θ a ( ) θ e ( ) ( 4 ),, E m ϕ 1 = x / h 51

56 h (kj/kg) x, (kg/kg), 1 5

57 (, ) 0005 K/min E m dθ E m = c p ( t t 1 + t ) dt c p (J/kg/K) dθ /dt (K/s) t (s) t 1 (s) t (s) 005 K/min 1 53

58 1 3 4 HP 5 BP 6 7 8, E m = ϕ 14 (h 4 h 1 )ϕ 15 (h 5 h 1 )ϕ 34 (h 4 h 3 )ϕ 35 (h 5 h 3 )ϕ 36 (h 6 h 3 ) E x = ϕ 78(h 8 h 7 ) ϕ ij = q q mij m ϕ 36 = ϕ 36a ϕ 36b ( ) 54

59 E m ( ) 1 % 15 % 1 1 U 1 U, E m p 11 p 1 E m θ 11 θ 1 p 1, p, θ 1 θ E m ( ) 0105 dm 3 /s U /gz z 11 z 1 U 11 U 1 E m, E m a(p 1 P 11 ) ( ) a ( ) c p (θ 1 θ 11 ) θ 1 θ 11 ( ) c p ( ), 55

60 ( ) (θ 1 θ 11 )(p 1 p 11 ), , E m c p (θ 1 θ 11 ) 0 E m (p 1 p 11 ) ( ) ( ) (p 1 p 11 )(θ 1 θ 11 ) p 11 p 1 θ 11 θ 1 p 11, E m a(p 1 p 11 ) 0, E m (θ 1 θ 11 ) c p 0 0, U 1 U E m = a( p1 p ) + c p ( θ 1 θ ) + + g( z1 z ) = 0 1 ( p1 p) + [( U 1 U )/ ] + g( z1 z c p a ) θ θ =, 01 g/dm 3 56

61 , U / gz V m (p p 1 ) (h S h 1 ) (,, ) A θ m θ = m θ v da v da x x V x da ( )1, θ m r r/r 57

62 r/r , (thermistor), 4 ( ), a c d c, 01 %,,,, 005 m, 08 R ( ), 1 m, 58

63 15 40 mm 8 mm, (,, ) h cz h cz 3 h cz E m ( ) E m q 59

64 E m 0 % ( 1/7 ) (U /) 01 % E m E h % 005, 95 %, ISO 5168, δη/η E x δη δe h δe = + η h E E m m 1/ E h E m E m, 100 m05~1 % (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH), 60

65 ,,,, (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH), (NPSH), (NPSH) d K ( + ) %, (NPSH) c x %, (NPSH) H x %, (NPSH) η, (NPSH) f K () %, 61

66 (NPSH),,, ( ) /1000, ( ), 010 m (NPSH) %,, 05 m/s [ ] 6

67 (NPSH), ~ (NPSH) 10 %, Van Slyke, ( ),, 1/8 ( ) (NPSH) 005 m (NPSH) (NPSH), 63

68 (NPSH) (NPSH)3 % 015 m (NPSH), 64

69 , 65

70 (NPSH) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (NPSH) [ (NPSH) ] 66

71 (NPSH), (NPSH),, (NPSH),, (NPSH) ( ) ICS ( ) (NPSH), ( ) (NPSH), (NPSH), (, (NPSH), (,, ) ), (NPSH) ( ) 67 + K %

72 ( ),, / (, ),,, ( ),,,,, (Gaussian) n x i (i=1,, 3, n), x x = 1 n x i n i= 1 (1) s s = 1 1 n n i= 1 ( x i x) () n x,

73 005 n,, () s, 95 % 1/19 99 % 99 % 95 % 30 n ( ) t ± ts / n n t95 % n n t n t % x(1) s() x s t / n 95 % ts / n e r ( 3),,, ε, 69

74 ts n < ε s < ε n t n /t n n / t n n / t x r x s s x R=( x r x )/s ( ) ( ) n1, sx n 3 n R n R

75 ,,, h (,,, ) X 1, X, X n H = f ( X 1, X, X n ) (4) H s H f s H = n i= 1 H s xi X i (5) n H = s x i i= 1 s (6) 95 % e s e sh = 196s H n es H = es xi (7) i= 1 95 %,,,, ~ 95 % 71

76 (square law propagation method) e = e + e (8) s r, (10 % ) (spline-fit) (simple curve), 7

77 73

78 H(q V ) AB t H H η(q V ) AB t η η 74

79 P(q V ) AB t p P H(q V ) AB t q q V 75

80 H(η) AB t η η H(P) AB t p P 76

81 H(q V ) ABCD (q Vsp, H sp ) t q t H q V H ABCD DEF DEF η(q V ) GHIJ GHIJ A B C D t q t η q V η DEF P(q V ) KLMN KLMN ABCD t q t P q V P AB ~ ABCD 77

82 78

83 79

84 a, c p bar( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1bar = 01 MPa bar 80

85 ( ) bar bar 81

86 ) bar bar 8

87 ) bar bar 83

88 bar bar 84

89 ( ) bar bar 85

90 ( ) bar bar 86

91 ( ) bar bar 87

92 ( ) bar bar 88

93 ( ) bar bar 89

94 ( ) bar bar (p p 1 ) δ p/ p δ V m /V m 90

95 δe h / E h δeh Eh = δ p δvm + p V m (p 1 p 11 ) δ p/ p δ a / a δ θ / θ δ c p /c p δ E m / E m E m, δe m (δe m ) =( pδ a) (aδ p) ( θδc p ) (c p δ θ) δem E m δe E m m 1 = c 1 + p θ a p δa δ p 1 δ c + + a p a p 1 cp + cp θ δ (h 1 h 11 )/(h 1 h 11 ) δ E m /E m p δ θ δ E + + θ Em (,, ), h δ h δ ( h h 1 h h 11 ) = h δh h 11 θpd 10 % E m δf 1 f, δ E E m m m 91

96 + + = m m m m E f E f E E δ δ δ δη/η m m h h + = E E E δe δ η δη 1/ m m m m = E E c c c a a a a c p p a c V V p p p p p δ δ θ θ δ θ δ θ δ θ δ η δη p p 1/ m m m m = E E p p a a V V δ δ δ δ η δη p 9

97 (NPSH) (NPSH) (NPSH) vis (NPSH) ( ) 93

98 0 % nsp (NPSH) T = (NPSH) n (NPSH) ac [ (NPSH) ] (NPSH) (NPSH) 10 khz 16 khz315 khz (octave band), ( ) (NPSH) 94

99 Moody ( ) λ ( ) k k mm,, ( )

100 (m) (mm) (m/s) 96

101 k D, Re= UD v λ λ 97

102 KS B ISO ,,, 1987 ISO 5198, Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps Code for hydraulic performance tests Precision class,,,,,,,, Mixed flow pump, (), 98

103 (0) (0) ( 10) (051) ( 3) (053) ( 11) (03) ( 9) (031) ( 4) (033)5943, ( 6) (043) ( 5) (04) ( 7) (063) ( 5) (06) ( 501) (055) ( ) (0) ( 4) (031)495780, ( 8) (054) ( 3) (031)898184

104 003 KSKSKS SKSKS KSKS SKS KSKS SKSKS KSKSKS ICS 3080

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KSKSKSKS SKSKSKS KSKSKS SKSKS KSKS SKS KS KS C 3004 KS C 3004 2002 2002 12 27 ICS 2906020 2904020 KS Testing methods for rubber or plastic insulated wires and cables ( ) KS B 5202 KS B 5203 KS B 5206 KS