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1 Research in Vestibular Science Vol. 16, No. 2, June 2017 Case Report pissn , eissn 수평전정안구반사소실이주증상인베르니케뇌병증 4 예 1 전북대학교병원신경과, 2 전북대학교의과대학신경과학교실 장혁수 1, 신병수 1,2, 서만욱 1,2, 오선영 1,2 Four Cases of Wernicke s Encephalopathy with Impaired Horizontal Vestibular Ocular Reflexes Hyuk-Su Jang 1, Byoung-Soo Shin 1,2, Man-Wook Seo 1,2, Sun-Young Oh 1,2 1 Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju; 2 Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea Received Apr 24, 2017 Revised May 15, 2017 Accepted Jun 2, 2017 Corresponding Author: Sun-Young Oh Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Korea Tel: Fax: ohsun@jbnu.ac.kr Copyright c 2017 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Wernicke s encephalopathy (WE) is a neurological disorder induced by a dietary vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency which is characterized by encephalopathy, gait ataxia, and variant ocular motor dysfunction. In addition to these classical signs of WE, a loss of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is being reported as the major underdiagnosed symptoms in WE. In this retrospective single center study, we report four cases of WE initially presented with impaired horizontal VOR in addition to the classical clinical presentations, and imaging and neurotological laboratory findings were described. Res Vestib Sci 2017;16(2):57-63 Keywords: Wernicke s encephalopathy; Vestibulo-ocular reflex; Ataxia; Dizziness 서론베르니케뇌병증 (Wernicke encephalopathy, WE) 은티아민결핍으로인한대사성질환으로써급성의혼돈및기억장애, 운동실조, 안구운동마비의 3가지주요증상을보이는임상증후군이다. 그러나 WE의임상양상은매우다양해서전체환자의 10% 에서만이전형적인 3징후를모두보이는것으로알려졌으며, 그외에도안증상으로수직안진, 주시고정안진, 망막출혈과동반되는시신경유두부종과핵간 안근마비등을보일수있다 [1-4]. WE의원인으로는알코올 [4] 중독에의한영양부족에의한경우가많지만다양한다른원인으로장기간의금식이나췌장염, 간부전, 구토, 항암치료등에인한티아민부족에의해서도발생할수있다 [5,6]. 최근에수평전정안구반사 (horizontal vestibuloocular reflex, horizontal VOR) 소실이 WE의주증상으로보고된바있으며 [7], 이에저자들은 WE 환자에서전형적인 WE 증상이외에수평전정안구반사소실을보인 4증례를신경이과적검사소견과함께보고하고자한다. 57

2 Res Vestib Sci Vol. 16, No. 2, Jun 증 례 수를 보였고 외안근 운동범위는 양안의 모든 방향에서 50% 정도 제한을 보였다. 자발안진은 없었으나 수평주시 1. 환자 1 에서 주시유발안진(gaze-evoked nystagmus)을 보였으며, 수 평방향의 두부충동검사(head-impulse test)에서 양측의 따라 수 년간 매일 소주 400 ml 정도를 마셨던 65세 남자환자 잡기신속안구운동(catch-up saccade)이 관찰되었다. 또한 양 가 어지럼과 균형장애, 복시를 주소로 내원하였다. 신경학 측의 상하지 운동기능과 감각기능, 심부건 반사는 모두 정 적 검사상 각성은 유지되었으나 주의집중력장애를 보였으 상이었으나, 소뇌운동검사에서 양측 사지의 겨냥이상(dys- 며 구음장애가 있었다. 동공은 정상이었으나 양측 안검하 metria)과 스스로 걷기 어려울 정도로의 몸통실조(truncal Fig. 1. The patient s findings (Case 1) of the vestibular function test (A, B, C) and the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (D). (A) Three-dimensional video-oculography (SMI, Netherland) showed gaze-evoked nystagmus (GEN) during bilateral horizontal gazes. (B) Bithermal caloric tests in the patient showed minimal responses in both ears. (C) Sinusoidal rotation chair test revealed low gain (Gain mean 0.128). (D) Flair (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) MRIs of patient showed hyperintense lesions at both medial thalmi and periaqueductal gray matter. RH, horizontal movement of the right eye. 58

3 장혁수외 3 인. 수평전정안구반사소실이주증상인베르니케뇌병증 4 예 ataxia) 가있었다. 3차원비디오안구운동기 (three dimensional video-oculography [VOG], SMI, Netherland) 를이용하여안구운동을기록하였을때신속보기 (saccades) 와부드런따라보기 (smooth pursuit) 검사에서안구운동제한소견을보였고수평주시에서주시유발안진을보였다 (Fig. 1A). 온도안진검사 (caloric test) 에서양측에서반응이현저히감소하였고 (slow phase velocity of nystagmus가 5 /sec) (Fig. 1B), 굴모양회전의자검사 (sinusoidal rotation chair test) 에서도전정안구반사이득 (gain) 이 0.2 이하로감소하고위상차가증가하였다 (Fig. 1C). 순음청력검사는정상이었고주관수직축검사 (subjective visual vertival, SVV) 에서편향은없었으며경부와외안근전정유발근전위 (vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, VEMP) 검사도정상이었다. 혈액검사에서티아민레벨이 51 g/ml ( 정상범위 g/ml) 로감소되어있었고뇌자기공명영상검사의 T2강조영상과액체감쇠역전회복영상 (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery image, FLAIR) 에서수도주변회백질, 내측시상, 숨뇌등쪽에서고신호강도를보였다 (Fig. 1D). 티아민주입 (100 mg intravenously daily) 후 3일째부터의식상태와운동실조, 안구운동마비의호전을보였다. 2. 환자 2 두달전부터금식기도를하던 38세여자환자가한달전부터진행하는어지럼, 진동시와심한균형장애를주소로내원하였다. 신경학적검사상시간과장소에대한인지 가떨어졌으며양측사지에서심한겨냥이상과몸통실조를보였다. 안구운동검사에서수평주시에서유발되는주시유발안진이관찰되었으며수평방향의두부충동검사에서양측으로따라잡기신속안구운동을보였다. 신경이과검사에서청력검사, 주관수직축검사, 전정유발근전위검사는정상이었으나, 안구운동기록에서자발상향안진 (spontaneous upbeat nystagmus) 과수평주시유발안진을보였고, 양측에서현저히저하된온도안진검사반응 (Fig. 2A) 과전정안구반사이득감소 (Fig. 2B) 를보였다. 영상검사에서양측유두체 (mammillary body) 에서고신호강도를보였으며 (Fig. 2C), 티아민주입 7일후운동실조와안구운동마비는서서히호전되어퇴원하였다. 3. 환자 3 수개월간식사를거르면서매일소주 2 3병정도를마시던 58세남자가어지럼과균형장애, 행동변화로내원하였다. 집중력이저하되어산만하였으며양측사지의겨냥이상은뚜렷하지않았으나스스로걷기어려울정도의몸통실조가있었다. 안구운동검사상수평주시유발안진이 (Fig. 3A), 수평방향의두부충동검사에서양측으로따라잡기신속안구운동이관찰되었다. 온도안진검사에서양안에서반응이현저히감소되었으며 (Fig. 3B) 회전의자검사에서전정안구반사이득이감소하였고 (Fig. 3C), 뇌영상에서양측연수와교뇌등쪽에서고음영의병터가관찰되었다 (Fig. 3D). 티아민주사 3일후의식상태, 실조그리고수평주시유 Fig. 2. The patient s findings (Case 2) of the vestibular function test (A, B) and the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (C). (A) Bithermal caloric tests in the patient showed no responses during bithermal caloric irrigation of either ear. (B) Sinusoidal rotation chair test revealed low gain (gain mean 0.073) and increased phase lead of VOR. (C) Flair (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) MRIs of patient showed hyperintense lesions at both mamillary body. VOR, vestibulo-ocular reflex. 59

4 Res Vestib Sci Vol. 16, No. 2, Jun Fig. 3. The patient s findings (Case 3) of the vestibular function test (A, B, C) and the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (D). (A) Three-dimensional video-oculography (SMI, Netherland) showed gaze-evoked nystagmus (GEN) during bilateral horizontal gazes. (B) Bithermal caloric tests in the patient showed minimal responses in both ears. (C) Sinusoidal rotation chair test revealed low gain (gain mean 0.195). (D) FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) MRIs of patient revealed symmetrical hyperintense lesions at dorsal portions of the medulla, pons, and periaqueductal gray matter. RH, horizontal movement of the right eye. 발안진과 전정안구반사소실이 호전되기 시작하여 일주일 보였으며 무릎반사 항진과 양측으로 바빈스키징후, 그리 후 모든 증상이 호전되어 퇴원하였다. 고 양측 사지의 겨냥이상과 심한 몸통실조로 스스로 걷기 어려웠다. 안구운동은 정상이었으며 안진도 관찰되지 않 4. 환자 4 았으나, 수평방향의 두부충동검사에서 양측으로 따라잡기 신속안구운동이 관찰되었다(Fig. 4A). 뇌자기공명영상검사 수 년 전부터 매일 소주 2 3병을 마셔온 44세 남자가 일 상 시상내측과 유두체에서 고신호 강도를 보였다(Fig. 4B). 주일 전부터 발생한 어지럼, 식은땀, 의식저하를 주소로 내 티아민 주입 후 3일 뒤 운동실조와 안구운동마비는 호전되 원하였다. 의식은 기면상태로 지남력저하와 구음장애를 어 퇴원하였다. 60

5 장혁수 외 3인. 수평전정안구반사 소실이 주증상인 베르니케뇌병증 4예 Fig. 4. The patient s findings (Case 4) of video head impulse test and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (A) Video head impulse test showed bilateral catch up saccade on both side. (B) Flair (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) MRIs of patient showed mild hyperintense lesions at both mamillary body and thalamus. 61

6 Res Vestib Sci Vol. 16, No. 2, Jun 고찰 WE는전형적인 3징후, 즉뇌병증 (encephalopathy), 보행실조 (ataxic gait), 그리고여러안구운동이상이특징적이나유발하는요인이나침범하는병터위치의다양성으로전형적인 3징후를모두보이는경우는 10% 내외로알려져있다 [8]. 이러한 3징후외다양한임상증상을보일수있는데최근에 WE환자들에서전형적인안근마비없이수평주시유발안진과수평전정안구반사의소실만을보일수있으며 [7], 이는 WE가제3, 4뇌실주변과제4뇌실바닥 (the floor of the 4th ventricle), 수도관 (aqueduct) 주변을침범하며이아래에위치하는내전정핵 (medial vestibular nucleus, MVN) 과혀밑신경앞핵 (nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, NPH) 에손상을주기때문이다 [7,9]. 증례환자들은심한보행실조와다양한안구운동마비, 그리고주시유발안진과수평전정안구반사가감소되어있었고고용량의티아민정주후증상은현저히회복되는특징을보였다 (Table 1). WE에서특징적인안증상들로는수평또는수직의자발안진, 양측외전마비, 기타외안근마비에의한주시마비 (gaze palsies) 등이며가장흔한안증상은안진으로알려졌다. 드물게는동공을침범하여동공반사가저하되며부등동공 (anisocoria), 안검하수, 암점 (scotoma) 을보이기도한다. 수직안진을보이는경우에는눈모음이나상하주시에의해방향이역전되는경향이있으며알렉산더법칙을따르지않아안진의빠른성분방향을볼때안진이강해지는것이아니라오히려약해지는데, 이는주시고정을위한신경적 분체 (neural integrator) 의불안정때문이라고여겨진다 [3]. 또한수평주시유발안진도안근마비없이나타나는흔한증상이며역시신경적분체의불안정성으로인하며수도관주변의내전정핵과혀밑신경앞핵의손상으로주시고정장애가발생하게되어주시유발안진이일어나게된다 [2]. 같은이유로 WE에서나타날수있는안징후로서수평전정안구반사의소실이있는데환자들의두부충동검사를하였을때양쪽으로따라잡기신속안구운동이보이며이것은티아민결핍이수평전정안구반사에선택적으로영향을주었다고해석할수있겠다. 주로수평반고리관으로부터나오게되는수평전정안구반사는다른반고리관의반사와비교하여선택적으로혹은우세하게취약하며이러한전정안구반사의취약은자극빈도에따라다르며높은빈도의자극을줄때더정확하다고알려져있다 [9,10]. 기존연구를보았을때 WE환자에서는내전정핵에서외전신경핵으로진행하는신경주행로를포함한제4뇌실바닥아래에위치한구조중, 특히내전정핵이주로침범이되고, 혀밑신경앞핵, 소뇌소절과목젖이관여하게되는데, 이부위가티아민결핍에선택적으로취약하여수평전정안구반사의소실로나타난다고해석된다 [10]. 본증례들에서나타난균형장애와수평전정안구반사의소실도내전정핵과주변구조물의취약으로발생한것으로설명할수있으며이는티아민을고용량으로정주하여호전되었다 [9,10]. 따라서수평전정안구반사만선택적으로소실되는것도 WE을시사하는강력한소견일수있겠다. 급성기에다양한신경계증상을보이는 WE에서증례들 Table 1. Clinical findings of four cases with Wernicke s encephalopathy Patient 1 Patient 2 Patient 3 Patient 4 Age/sex 65/Male 38/Female 58/Male 44/Male Neuro-ophthalmogic finding Brain MRI (T2 or FLAIR) Horizontal and vertical GEN, pan-ophthalmoplegia Increased signal in the mamillary bodies, medial thalamus and periaqueductal area Bilateral catch-up saccades on both sides Spontaneous upbeat nystagmus, horizontal GEN and horizontal saccade limitation Mild increased signal intensities in the mamillary and periaqueductal areas Horizontal GEN and horizontal saccade Mild increased signal intensities in the both dorsal pons and medulla Limited horizontal saccades Mild high signal intensity in the mamillary bodies and medial thalami Bilateral catch-up saccades on both sides Horizontal head impulse test Bilateral catch-up saccades on both sides Bilateral catch-up saccades on both sides Caloric test Reduced responses No responses Reduced responses Reduced response Rotation chair test Reduced gain Reduced gain Reduced gain Reduced gain <3 seconds 2.5 seconds <3 seconds 4.5 seconds GEN, gaze-evoked nystagmus; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; FLAIR, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery image. 62

7 장혁수외 3 인. 수평전정안구반사소실이주증상인베르니케뇌병증 4 예 처럼보행실조와어지럼, 평형장애를주소보이는경우수평전정안구반사의소실만을보일수있으며또는전형적인 3징후와함께보일수있으며이는고용량 (500 mg 정주 ) 의티아민공급으로호전되는것을알수있었다. 임상의는이러한 WE에서의 VOR 소실에대한신경이학적소견을숙지하여야하며신속한티아민의공급으로임상후유증을최소화하여야겠다. 중심단어 : 베르니케뇌병증, 전정안구반사, 운동실조, 어지럼 CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. REFERENCES 1. De La Paz MA, Chung SM, McCrary JA 3rd. Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in a patient with Wernicke s encephalopathy. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1992;12: Halavaara J, Brander A, Lyytinen J, Setala K, Kallela M. Wernicke s encephalopathy: is diffusion-weighted MRI useful? Neuroradiology 2003;45: Shin BS, Oh SY, Kim JS, Lee H, Kim EJ, Hwang SB. Upbeat nystagmus changes to downbeat nystagmus with upward gaze in a patient with Wernicke s encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci 2010;298: Streifler J, Manor R, Kuritzky A. Ocular manifestations in a case of Wernicke s encephalopathy caused by hyperemesis gravidarum. Neuro-Ophthalmology 1989;9: Sechi G, Serra A. Wernicke s encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2007;6: Zuccoli G, Pipitone N. Neuroimaging findings in acute Wernicke s encephalopathy: review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;192: Yang TH, Oh SY. Loss of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex in a patient with wernicke encephalopathy. J Korean Neurol Assoc 2014;32: Cook CC. Prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 2000;35: Ghez C. Vestibular paresis: a clinical feature of Wernicke s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1969;32: Choi KD, Oh SY, Kim HJ, Kim JS. The vestibulo-ocular reflexes during head impulse in Wernicke s encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:

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