원저 ISSN 일산병원학술지 2017;16(2): mm 이하의작은폐결절에대한 CT 유도폐침생검술결과 : 결절유형과의관계 국민건강보험일산병원영상의학과 홍용국 CT Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of Sma

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1 원저 ISSN 일산병원학술지 2017;16(2): mm 이하의작은폐결절에대한 CT 유도폐침생검술결과 : 결절유형과의관계 국민건강보험일산병원영상의학과 홍용국 CT Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of Small ( 10 mm) Pulmonary Nodules : Correlation with CT Attenuation Types Yong Kook Hong Department of Radiology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea Background: Improving CT technology and image quality, small pulmonary nodules are detected more frequently. The need for pathologic diagnosis of small pulmonary nodules is increasing for early detection of small lung cancers. CT guided percutaneous needle biopsy is a relatively safe and noninvasive procedure to obtain the pathologic diagnosis. We performed this study to evaluate the usefulness of CT guided percutaneous needle biopsy of small pulmonary nodules smaller than 10 mm. Methods: Smaller than 10 mm sized sixty-one pulmonary nodules performed CT guided percutaneous needle biopsy were reviewed retrospectively. We evaluated diagnostic accuracy, complication, pathologic diagnosis, according to nodular patterns of CT densities. Results: In 56 of 61 nodules, useful pathologic diagnoses were obtained. Twenty-eight of 56 nodules were malignant. All of 14 subsolid nodules obtained pathologic diagnosis were malignant. Two of 9 ground glass nodules and 3 of 45 solid nodules were non-diagnostic. Closed-tube thoracostomy were needed in 4 of 61 patients after procedures because of pneumothorax. Conclusion: CT guided percutaneous needle biopsy is a useful procedure for pathologic diagnosis of small pulmonary nodules, even smaller than 10 mm, with relatively high accuracy and low complication rate. Subsolid nodules showed high probability of lung cancer, but less accuracy to obtain pathologic diagnosis. Key Words: Pulmonary nodule, Percutaneous needle biopsy 서론 CT의기술발달로작은결절이나밀도가높지않은간유리결절들의발견이증가하고있다. 발견된작은폐결절은크기, CT 밀도, 위험인자에따라향후계획이결정된다 mm 이하의결절은주로추적검사를하게되며, 결절의크기, CT 밀도, 위험인자에따라추적검사의기간과간격이정해지게된다. CT유도경피적폐침생검은결절의크기가작은경우 책임저자 : 홍용국 경기도고양시일산동구일산로 100 국민건강보험일산병원영상의학과전화 : (031) , 팩스 : (031) yhong@nhimc.or.kr * 본연구는국민건강보험일산병원의연구비지원으로이루어졌음 (NHIMC 2017CR029). 진단율이떨어질수있으나비교적간편하며, 합병증이적어 10 mm 이하의작은결절에대해서도 8 mm 이상의고형결절이거나, 추적 CT에서크기가커지거나, 고형부위가증가하는비고형성결절에대해가장먼저시행할수있는조직검사다. 이연구에서는 CT 유도폐침생검을시행한경우중 10 mm 이하의작은결절의생검을후향적으로검토하여진단율, 합병증등을조사하고, 결절의 CT밀도에따른유형별로병리결과, 진단율등의차이를분석하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상 2013년 1월부터 2016년 12월까지 4년간에걸쳐 CT유도하경피적생검을시행한 671 명중결절의크기가 10 mm 이하 112 Korean Journal of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital

2 홍용국. 10 mm 이하의작은폐결절에대한 CT 유도폐침생검술결과 인 61명을대상으로후향적으로분석하였다. 국민건강보험일산병원연구윤리심의위원회의승인을얻었다. 67명중여자가 35명남자가 26명이었다. 나이는 39세에서 85세였으면평균 67.6세였다. 2. 방법 CT는 Somatom sensation 64 또는 Somatom definition flash (Siemens medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany) scanner를이용하여촬영하였으며, 촬영조건은 detector collimation 0.75 mm, image increment 1.0 mm, pitch 1.0, tube voltage 120 KVp, tube current 60 ma, matrix 였고, reconstruction 은 medium sharp algorithm을이용하여 2mm 두께로 axial 영상을얻었고, window level 700, width 1350으로영상을분석하였다. 결절의 CT 음영에따라간유리음영결절, 부분고형결절, 고형결절로나누었다. 간유리음영결절은결절음영내부에폐혈관이보이는경우, 고형결절은결절의음영이높아내부의폐구조가보이지않는경우, 부분고형결절은간유리음영과고형결절이함께있는경우로하였다. 간유리음영결절과부분고형결절을합하여아고형결절로분류하였다. 결절의크기, 위치, 모양등도분석하였다. 3. CT 유도경피적생검조직검사는먼저이전에시행한 CT을참조하여적절한체위를결정하고, 이체위에서 CT 영상을얻어적합한피부부위에표식을하고국소마취후 CT 유도하에 18 gauge disposable core biopsy needle 을생검총에장착하여폐결절부위까지바늘을진입시킨후생검총을발사하여조직을얻었다. 육안적으로충분한양의조직이나올경우시술을끝냈으며, 조직이충분치않다고생각될경우 1-2회더시행하였다. 조직검사직후그리고다음날단순흉부촬영을시행하였다. (±1.4) 이었다. 이중 8 mm 미만은 9개이었고, 나머지 52개는 8 mm 이상, 10 mm 이하였다. 결절의위치는좌상엽의첨후분엽에 8개, 좌상엽의전분엽에 6개, 좌하엽의상분엽에 7개, 좌하엽의전내기저분엽에 3개, 좌하엽의외기저분엽에 2개, 좌하엽의후기저분엽에 5 개, 우상엽첨분엽에 7개, 우상엽후분엽에 4개, 우상엽전분엽에 1개, 우중엽외분엽에 7개, 우중엽내분엽에 1개, 우하엽상분엽에 4개, 우하엽전기저분엽에 2개우하엽외기저분엽에 1개, 우하엽후기저분엽에 3개등으로비교적고르게분포하였다. 결절의 CT 밀도에의한유형은고형결절이 45개로가장많았고, 간유리음영결절이 9개, 부분고형결절이 7개였다. 61개의결절중 56개 (92%) 에서는병리적결과를얻을수있었으며, 5개 (8%) 에서는병리적으로유용한결과를얻기못했다. 병리적으로결과를얻은 56개의결절중악성결절은 28개이었으며, 이중원발성폐암이 24개, 전이성폐암이 4개이었다. 24개의원발성폐암중폐선암이 18개으로가장많았고, 소세포암이 1개, 편평상피암이 1개, 상피내선암이 3개, 유상피혈관내피종이 1개였다. 비염증성양성결절은 6개이었고이중비정형샘종이 1개, 양성종양인과오종이 5개이었다. 22개의염증성결절중 7개의결절은결핵이었으며, 7개의결절은기질화폐염이었고, 나머지 8개의결절은은섬유화또는급성또는만성염증성병변이었다. 간유리음영결절 9개중 5개는폐선암, 2개는상피내선암이었으며, 2개의결절에서는유용한병리결과를얻지못했다 (Fig. 1). 부분고형결절 7개모두는선암이었다 (Fig. 2). 고형결 4. 결과분석생검을시행한조직의병리검사결과를분석하였다. 시술직후와다음날시행한흉부단순촬영을통해합병증유무를분석하였다. 결절의유형별병리결과을분석하였고, 성공률과합병증발생빈도를분석하였다. 결과 결절의크기는 5mm 에서 10 mm 사이였으며, 평균 9.0 Fig. 1. Axial CT image of a ground glass nodule. CT image shows a 10 mm sized ground glass nodule in anterior segment of left upper lobe. CT guided percutaneous needle biopsy was performed. The pathologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. Volume 16 Number 2 December

3 YK Hong. CT Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of Small ( 10 mm) Pulmonary Nodules 절 45개중 42개에서유용한병리결과를얻을수있었고, 3개의결절에서유용한병리결과를얻지못했다 (Fig. 3). 고형결절의병리결과로는원발성폐암이 10개, 전이성암이 4개, 비정형샘종이 1개, 과오종이 5개, 결핵이 7, 기질화폐렴이 7개, 섬유화나급성또는만성염증이 8개였다. 생검결과비정형샘종증식증이었던고형결절 1개과상피내선암이었던간유리음영 1개는수술후폐선암으로확진되었다 (Table 1). 61명의환자중 16명 (17,6%) 에서시술직후시행한 CT에서기흉이발견되었다. 12명은소량의기흉으로수일이내에 Fig. 2. Axial CT image of a part-solid nodule. CT image demonstrates a 10 mm sized subsolid nodule in apicoposterior segment of left upper lobe. CT guided percutaneous biopsy was performed. The pathologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. 특별한처치없이흡수되었으며, 4명 (5,5%) 에서흉관삽관을시행하였다. 고찰 폐결절은 CT 밀도에따라고형, 부분고형, 간유리음영으로나눌수있다. 1-3 간유리음영결절과부분고형결절을합하여아고형결절로분류한다. 고형결절은 CT 밀도가높아결절내부의폐혈관음영이소실된경우이고, 간유리음영은폐결절의 CT 밀도가높지않아결절내부의폐혈관음영이보이는경우다. 부분고형은간유리음영과고형음영이함께있는결절을말한다. CT 밀도에의한결절의유형에따라결절의병리학적진단의유형이다르고, 결절의폐암가능성이다르다. 2-7 CT의기술발달로작은결절이나밀도가높지않은간유리결절들의발견이증가하고있다. 발견된작은폐의결절은크기, CT 밀도, 위험인자에따라향후계획이결정된다. 1 Fleischner Society 의 2017년가이드라인에따르면고형결절의경우, 크기가 6 mm 이하고위험인자가없는경우는추적 CT 가필요하지않으며, 위험인자가있는경우는 12개월후추적 CT를시행하는것을권장한다. 1 고형결절이 6mm 이상, 8 mm 이하인경우는 6-12개월후, 개월추적 CT를권장한다. 1 8mm 이상인경우는 3개월추적 CT, PET-CT, 또는생검을권장한다. 1 부분고형결절은 6 mm 이상에서 3-6개월추적 CT후변화가없으면 1년간격으로 5년간추적 CT를 Table 1. Pathologic diagnosis according to nodular patterns Fig. 3. CT guided biopsy of the solid nodule. An 8 mm sized solid nodule was demonstrated in the anterior segment of left upper lobe. The biopsy needle was inserted into the nodule under CT guidance. The pathologic diagnosis is adenocarcinoma. Pattern of nodule Pathology (number of nodules) (number of nodules) Ground glass (9) adenocarcinoma (5) adenocarcinoma in situ (2) non-diagnostic (2) Part-solid (7) adenocarcinoma (7) Solid (45) adenocarcinoma (6) small cell carcinoma (1) squamous cell carcinoma (1) epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (1) adenocarcinoma in situ (1) atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (1) metastasis (4) hamartoma (5) tuberculosis (7) organizing pneumonia (7) fibrosis (4) acute/chronic inflammation (4) non-diagnostic (3) 114 Korean Journal of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital

4 홍용국. 10 mm 이하의작은폐결절에대한 CT 유도폐침생검술결과 시행할것을권하고있으며, 간유리결절은 6 mm 이상인경우 1년후추적 CT를시행후변화가없으면 2년간격으로 5년추격관찰하는것을권장하고있다. 1 크기가증가하거나, 고형부분이증가하는아고형성결절, 또는고형부분이 8mm 이상인지속되는부분고형결절은 PET-CT, 생검, 또는절제술이권장된다. 1 IASCL 8 th edition 폐암병기에따르면결절의최대직경이 2cm 이하이고, 폐나내측흉막에둘려싸여있으면 T1a, 2 cm 초과 3cm 이하인경우는 T1b 병기였으나, 2016년제안된 8차개정에의하면결절의직경이 1cm 이하는 T1a, 1 cm 초과 2cm 이하인경우는 T1b, 2 cm 초과 3cm 이하인경우는 T1c 로정하고있다. 8 이는 2cm 이하의작은결절에서도크기가예후에영향을미치기때문이다. 따라서 1cm 이하의작은결절의폐암여부를결정하는것이중요하다. CT 유도하의경피적침생검은수술적생검에비해시술이간단하며, 합병증이적으면서도진단율이비교적높아 (88-100%) 폐결절의조직검사에유용한방법이지만, 크기가작은경우결절에대한접근성이낮고조직진단율이낮아 15 mm에서 74-95% 정도로알려져있다 cm 이하의작은결절, 특히간유리결절의경우는흉강경또는개흉술에의한조직검사도어려워먼저 CT 유도하에경피적으로위치표시를시행한후수술적생검을시행하기도한다 본연구에서는 10 mm 이하의작은결절에서도 61명중 56명, 약 92% 의비교적높은경우에서유용한병리결과를얻을수있었다. 병리적결과를얻지못한 5명중간유리음영결절이 2명 (22%), 고형결절이 3예 (7%) 였다. 간유리음영의작은결절일경우고형결절이나, 부분고형결절에비해경피적폐침생검으로유용한병리적결과를얻지못할가능성이높은것으로보인다. 경피적폐침생검을시행한 61명중중대한시술합병증을보인환자는없었으며, 4명, 5.5% 에서흉관삽입이필요한기흉이발생하였다. 크기가작은결절이크기가큰결절에비해합병증의빈도를의미있게높이지는않는것으로보인다. 간유리음영결절 9예중유용한병리결과를얻은 7예모두는선암이거나상피내선암이었으며, 부분고형 7예모두는선암이었다. 고형결절 45예중원발성폐암은 10예, 전이성폐암은 4예로 31% 에서악성종양이었다. 간유리음영이나부분고형등의아고형성병변은비록크기가 1cm 이하의작은결절이라도악성종양의가능성이매우높은것을확인할수있었다. 경피적폐침생검에서비정형샘종의병리결과를얻은 1예 와상피내선암의결과를얻은 1예는수술에서선암으로확진되었다. 크기가작은선암의경우결절내병리의불균일성에의해부분적으로작은검체를얻는폐침생검에서상피내선암이나비정형샘종으로오진될수있는것으로보이며, 이러한병리결과를얻을경우수술적절제를고려해야할것으로생각된다. 본연구의한계점으로는첫째경피적침생검으로기질화폐렴이나섬유화, 비정형샘종등양성질환의병리를얻은환자들에서수술이나충분한기간의추적검사가이루어지지않은경우가있어악성종양의위음성을완전히배제하지못했다, 둘째, 고형결절에비해간유리음영결절이나부분고형결절의아고형결절의수가적어유형에따른진단율의정확한통계적의의를구할수없었다. 셋째, 10 mm 이하의모든결절중악성이의심되는경우에생검을시행함으로써전체병리중악성의비율이높아진걸로생각된다. 결론적으로 10 mm 이하의작은결절에서도 CT 유도폐침생검으로 92% 정도의비교적높은비율로유용한병리결과를얻을수있고, 크기가큰결절에비해합병증의빈도가높지않고비침습적시술이므로크기가커지거나, 부분고형결절등악성종양이의심되는경우적극적으로폐침생검을고려할경우폐암의조기진단율을올릴수있을것이다. REFERENCES 1. MacMahon H, Naidich DP, Goo JM, Lee KS, Leung ANC, Mayo JR, et al. Guidelines for Management of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules Detected on CT Images: From the Fleischner Society Radiology 2017;284(1): Kim H, Park CM, Koh JM, Lee SM, Goo JM. Pulmonary subsolid nodules: what radiologists need to know about the imaging features and management strategy. Diagn Interv Radiol 2014;20(1): Godoy MC, Naidich DP. Overview and strategic management of subsolid pulmonary nodules. J Thorac Imaging 2012;27(4): Kakinuma R, Noguchi M, Ashizawa K, Kuriyama K, Maeshima AM, Koizumi N, et al. Natural History of Pulmonary Subsolid Nodules: A Prospective Multicenter Study. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11(7): Kobayashi Y, Sakao Y, Deshpande GA, Fukui T, Mizuno T, Kuroda H, et al. The association between baseline clinicalradiological characteristics and growth of pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacity. Lung Cancer 2014;83(1): Lee JH, Park CM, Lee SM, Kim H, McAdams HP, Goo JM. Persistent pulmonary subsolid nodules with solid portions of 5 mm or smaller: Their natural course and predictors of interval growth. Eur Radiol 2016;26(6): Volume 16 Number 2 December

5 YK Hong. CT Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of Small ( 10 mm) Pulmonary Nodules 7. Lee SM, Park CM, Goo JM, Lee HJ, Wi JY, Kang CH. Invasive pulmonary adenocarcinomas versus preinvasive lesions appearing as ground-glass nodules: differentiation by using CT features. Radiology 2013;268(1): Goldstraw P, Chansky K, Crowley J, Rami-Porta R, Asamura H, Eberhardt WE, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for Revision of the TNM Stage Groupings in the Forthcoming (Eighth) Edition of the TNM Classification for Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2016;11(1): Laurent F, Latrabe V, Vergier B, Montaudon M, Vernejoux JM, Dubrez J. CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy of pulmonary nodules smaller than 20 mm: results with an automated 20-gauge coaxial cutting needle. Clin Radiol 2000;55(4): Ng YL, Patsios D, Roberts H, Walsham A, Paul NS, Chung T, et al. CT-guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pulmonary nodules measuring 10 mm or less. Clin Radiol 2008; 63(3): Tsukada H, Satou T, Iwashima A, Souma T. Diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided automated needle biopsy of lung nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;175(1): Klein JS. Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy for the cytologic diagnosis of subsolid lung nodules. Cancer Cytopathol 2016; 124(7): Findik G, Demiroz SM, Apaydin SMK, Erturk H, Biri S, Incekara F, et al. Computed Tomography-Guided Methylene Blue Labeling Prior to Thoracoscopic Resection of Small Deeply Placed Pulmonary Nodules. Do We Really Need Palpation? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017;65(5): Hanauer M, Perentes JY, Krueger T, Ris HB, Bize P, Schmidt S, et al. Pre-operative localization of solitary pulmonary nodules with computed tomography-guided hook wire: report of 181 patients. J Cardiothorac Surg 2016;11:5, Kim KS, Beck KS, Lee KY, Moon SW. CT localization for a patient with a ground-glass opacity pulmonary nodule expecting thoracoscopy: a mixture of lipiodol and India ink. J Thorac Dis 2017;9(4):E Kleedehn M, Kim DH, Lee FT, Lubner MG, Robbins JB, Ziemlewicz TJ, et al. Preoperative Pulmonary Nodule Localization: A Comparison of Methylene Blue and Hookwire Techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;207(6): Klinkenberg TJ, Dinjens L, Wolf RFE, van der Wekken AJ, van de Wauwer C, de Bock GH, et al. CT-guided percutaneous hookwire localization increases the efficacy and safety of VATS for pulmonary nodules. J Surg Oncol 2017;115(7): Lin MW, Chen JS. Image-guided techniques for localizing pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic surgery. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8(Suppl 9):S Qi H, Wan C, Zhang L, Wang J, Song Z, Zhang R, et al. Early effective treatment of small pulmonary nodules with videoassisted thoracoscopic surgery combined with CT-guided dualbarbed hookwire localization. Oncotarget 2017;8(24): Sui X, Zhao H, Yang F, Li JL, Wang J. Computed tomography guided microcoil localization for pulmonary small nodules and ground-glass opacity prior to thoracoscopic resection. J Thorac Dis 2015;7(9): Wang T, Ma S, Yan T, Song J, Wang K, He W, et al. Computed Tomography Guided Hook-wire Precise Localization and Minimally Invasive Resection of Pulmonary Nodules. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi 2015;18(11): Korean Journal of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital

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