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1 원저 ISSN 일산병원학술지 2018;17(2):39-44 특발성폐섬유증의급성악화에서 CT 예후인자 국민건강보험일산병원영상의학과 김도중, 홍용국 Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Interstitial Fibrosis: CT Prognostic Factors Do Joong Kim, Yong Kook Hong Department of Radiology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea Background: Acute exacerbation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (IPF) has a poor prognosis and is a major cause of death. We performed this study to evaluate whether CT findings can be helpful in predicting mortality for patients with such acute events. Method: Records from 57 patients with acute exacerbation of IPF were reviewed retrospectively. CT fibrosis score was calculated from the extent of intralobular reticulation, traction bronchiectasis and honeycombing. CT ground-glass attenuation score was calculated from the extent of ground-glass attenuation and consolidation. Ground-glass attenuation patterns were categroized by distribution into three groups: diffuse (n=26), patchy (n=17) and peripheral (n=9). Mortality rates for groups of survivors (n=34) and non-suvivors (n=24) were compared according to CT fibrosis score and ground-glass attenuation score. Mortality rates among patients from the three ground-glass attenuation pattern groups were compared. Result: CT fibrosis score and ground-glass attenuation score were statistically significant predictors of mortality in patients with acute exacerbation of IPF (p<0.01, t-test). A diffuse pattern of ground-glass attenuation predicted a statistically significant higher mortality rate, comparing to patchy and peripheral patterns (p=0.03, Pearson chi square test). Conclusion: CT fibrosis score, ground-glass score and ground-glass attenuation pattern are associated with prognosis in patients with acute exacerbation of IPF. Key Words: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, Acute exacerbation, Computed tomography 서론 특발성폐섬유증은만성섬유화간질성폐염의한형태로특별 한원인없이주로장년이나노년에서발생하며폐에국한된다. 특발성폐섬유증의진단을위해서는간질성폐질환을유발하는 알려진원인이없어야하고고해상 CT에서통상형간질성폐렴 책임저자 : 홍용국 경기도고양시일산동구일산로 100 국민건강보험일산병원영상의학과전화: (031) , 팩스: yhong@nhimc.or.kr * 본연구는국민건강보험일산병원의연구비지원으로이루어졌음 (NHIMC 2018CR003). (usual interstitial pneumonia, UIP) 형태를보일경우외과적 폐생검이필요치않으며, 외과적폐생검을한경우고해상 CT 소 견과병리소견을종합하여진단할수있다. 임상증상, 영상소 견, 병리소견등을다면적으로평가하고이에해당하는의사들의 협업에의해진단의정확도가높아진다. 예후는다양하여대부분 의경우점진적인악화를보이나, 일부에서는변화없이안정화 상태를보이고일부에서는빠른진행을보인다. 질환이진행하면 서호흡곤란과폐기능이지속적으로악화되고, 고해상 CT에서 섬유화가진행되며, 급성악화가되거나죽음에이를수있다. 1-3 특발성폐섬유증의급성악화는확인되는이유없이호흡곤란과 폐기능의급성적악화로정의된다. 4,5 현재널리받아들여지는진 단기준으로는 1) 특발성폐섬유증이있고, 2) 30일이내에발생한 호흡곤란의악화 3) 고해상 CT에서새로생긴양측간유리음영이 Volume 17 Number 2 December
2 DJ Kim et al. Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Interstitial Fibrosis: CT Prognostic Factors 나폐경결 4) 폐렴등의다른원인이없는경우이다. 3 특발성섬유 증에서급성악화의 1년발생률은연구에따라 1-20% 로다양하 다. 3 한국에서는일년발생률이 8.5%, 이년발생률이 9.6% 로보고 되었다. 5 급성악화는특발성폐섬유증환자의예후에중대한인자 로특발성폐섬유화환자의전체사망의 40% 정도를차지한다. 3,5 특발성폐섬유증의급성화의 CT 소견은양쪽폐의미만성간 유리음영이며, 폐경결이동반될수있다. 6,7 병리학적으로는 UIP 에동반된미만성폐포손상 (diffuse alveolar damage, DAD) 소견을보인다. 5 병리적진단이치료방침을결정하는데필수적이 지는않고시술에따른위험도가높아경기관지폐생검을일반적 으로시행하지는않는다. 특발성폐섬유증의급성악화환자에서예후에영향을미치는 다양한인자들이연구되어왔다 CT 소견과의관계에대한 적은수의연구가있었다. 6,7,9 본연구에서는특발성폐섬유증의급성악화환자의고해상 CT를 UIP 에의한폐섬유화의정도와형태, 급성악화를일으킨 DAD 에의한간질성음영이나폐경결의정도와형태를환자의 예후와연결하여예후인자로서의 CT 소견을알아보고자한다. 1. 대상 대상및방법 2012 년 1월 1일부터 2017 년 12월 31일까지 6년간우리병원 에서특발성폐섬유증의급성악화로치료받은 57명의환자를대 상으로하여후향적으로분석하였다. 국민건강보험일산병원기 관생명윤리위원회의승인을얻었다. 57명중여자가 19 명, 남자 가 38 명이었다. 나이는 47세에서 92세였으면평균 63.1 세였다. 견을 특발성폐섬유증의진단은 CT에서미만성간질성폐렴의소 UIP, probable UIP, inconsistent with UIP 로나누고, 이중 UIP와 probable UIP 소견을보이고, 간질성폐렴을유발 할수있는교원병, 독성물질흡입, 약물독성, 환경적접촉이없는 경우로하였다. 급성악화의진단기준은 1) 특발성폐섬유증이 있고, 2) 30 일이내에발생한호흡곤란의악화, 3) 고해상 CT에 서새로생긴양측간유리음영이나폐경결이있고, 4) 폐렴등의 다른원인이없는경우로하였다. flash(siemens medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany) scanner 를이용하여촬영하였으며, 촬영조건은 detector collimation 0.75mm, image increment 1.0mm, pitch 1.0, tube voltage 120KVp, tube current 60mA, matrix 였 고, reconstruction 은 medium sharp algorithm 을이용하여 2mm 두께로 axial 영상을얻었고, window level 700, width 1350 으로영상을분석하였다. 2) CT 폐섬유화점수 폐섬유화에의한소견을소엽간망상음영, 견인성기관지확 장증, 벌집모양섬유화로나누었다. 폐섬유화의반정량화를위해 소엽간망상음영 1 점, 견인성기관지확장증 2 점, 벌집모양에 3 점을부여하고폐의상부, 중부, 하부의 3군데서각각의소견을 보이는영역의퍼센트를곱하여세군데의점수를더했다. 3) CT 간유리음영점수와유형 새롭게생긴간유리음영이나경화의유형을병변의분포에 따라균일성, 주변부, 불균일등세가지유형으로나누었다. 양 측폐에비교적균일한미만성간유리음영이나폐경결이있는 경우는균일성유형으로분류하였다. 양측폐에비교적중심부를 침범하지않고주변부에대칭적간유리음영이나폐경결이있는 경우는주변부유형으로분류하였다. 양측폐에비대칭적으로군 데군데간유리음영이나폐경결이있는경우는불균일유형으로 분류하였다. 폐의상부, 중부, 하부의세부위에서간유리음영이나폐경결 의퍼센트를더하여 CT 간유리음영점수를구했다. 3. 통계분석 생존한군과사망한군사이의 CT 섬유화점수와 CT 간유리 음영점수를각각 t 검증을통하여차이를검증하였으며 p<0.05 를의미있는차이로하였다. 미만성폐포손상의 CT 유형별사 망률의차이를카이제곱검정을통하여검증하였으며 의미있는차이로하였다. 결과 p<0.05 를 2. CT 분석 1) CT 영상 CT는 Somatom sensation 64 또는 Somatom definition 57명의환자중사망한환자는 23명으로사망률은 40.4% 였 다. 사망한환자들의응급실내원에서사망까지의기간은 1일에 서 90일로평균 18.4 일이었다. 생존한환자는 34명이었으며입 원기간은 2일에서 42일로평균 19.5 일이었다. 40 Korean Journal of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital
3 김도중외. 특발성폐섬유증의급성악화에서 CT 예후인자 사망한환자군의 CT 섬유화점수는 90에서 540사이였으며 평균 293 점이었다. 생존한환자군의 CT 섬유화점수는 30에서 530사이였으며평균 153 점이었다. 두군간의 CT 섬유화점수는 통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (t 검정, <0.001) (Table 1). 사망한환자군의 CT 간유리음영점수는 140점에서 280점으 로평균 210점이었고생존한환자군은 20에서 260점으로평균 117 점이었다. 두군간에 CT 간유리음영점수도유의한차이가 있었다 (t 검정, 0.001) (Table 1). 미만성폐포손상에의한간유리음영의 CT 유형으로는균일 성이 26 명(45.6%) 로가장많았으며이중 16명이사망하여사망 률이 61.5% 가장높은사망률을보였다 (Fig. 1, Table 2). 불균 일성의유형을보인환자는 22 명(38.6%) 이었고, 이중 5명이사 망하여 22.7% 의사망률을보였다 (Fig. 2, Table 2). 주변부유형 을보인환자는 9 명 (15.8%) 으로가장적었고이중 2명이사망 하여사망률 22.2% 를보였다 (Fig 3, Table 2). 불균일유형과주 변부유형사이에는사망률의차이가없었으나, 균일성유형과 Table 1. CT scores of survivors and nonsurvivors in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n=57) Survivors(n=34) Non survivors(n=23) p-value CT fibrosis score 153± ±133 <0.01 CT GGA* score 117±58 210±53 <0.01 *ground glass attenuation (A) Fig. 1. CT images of acute exacerbation of IPF with diffuse ground glass pattern. CT axial image demonstrates traction bronchiectasis and honey combing in both lower lung zones (A). Follow-up chest CT with acute respiratory deterioration shows newly developed diffuse ground glass attenuation in both lungs (B). (B) Table 2. Mortality rates according to the CT patterns of acute axacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n=57) Number of survivals (n=34) Number of nonsuvivals (n=23) Mortality rate CT fibrosis score % CT GGA* score % CT GGA* score % Volume 17 Number 2 December
4 DJ Kim et al. Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Interstitial Fibrosis: CT Prognostic Factors (A) Fig. 2. CT images of acute exacerbation of IPF with patch ground glass pattern. Axial CT images show patch distributed ground glass attenuation in the mid-level of both lungs in the back ground of severe interstitial fibrosis dominantly in both lower lung zones (B). (B) (A) Fig. 3. CT images of acute exacerbation of IPF with peripheral ground glass pattern. Axial CT image of mid-level lung shows newly developed peripheral ground glass attenuation in both lungs (A), and underlying lower lung dominant interstitial fibrosis and newly developed diffuse ground glass attenuation in both lower lung zones (B). (B) 나머지두유형을합한군사이에는사망률의유의한차이가있 었다 ( 피어슨카이제곱, p=0.003). 고찰 특발성폐섬유증은폐기능장애가주로수개월에서수년에걸 쳐서서히진행한다. 이과정에서급속히악화되는시기가있을 수있다. 급성폐기능장애를초래할수있는원인으로는폐렴, 폐색전증, 기흉, 심부전등의다양한원인이있을수있다. 그러 나특발성폐섬유화증환자에서확인되는이유없이급성적으로 호흡기상태가악화될때를급성악화라부른다. 4-7,9,11-13 급성악 화는병리적으로미만성폐포손상 (diffuse alveolar damage, DAD) 이거나기질화폐렴또는광범위한섬유아세포병소를보 인다. 14 김등의연구에의하면특발성폐섬유화증환자에서급성 42 Korean Journal of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital
5 김도중외. 특발성폐섬유증의급성악화에서 CT 예후인자 악화의 1년내발생빈도는 8.5% 이고 2년내발생확률은 9.6% 였 다. 5 급성악화가발생하면수주에서수개월내에사망에이를수 있고사망률은 43-80% 정도이다. 7,9 특발성폐섬유증의급성악화환자에서예후에영향을미치는 다양한인자들이연구되어왔다. 혈청 lactate dehydrogenase, 8 KL- 6,9 pro-calcitonin, 10 저산소증의정도, 9 폐기능검사소견 5 등과예후와의관계가보고되었다. CT 소견과의관계에대한적 은수의연구가있었다. Akira 등은 UIP 형태의섬유화에동반 된간유리음영의유형에따라전반적인간유리음영을보이는경 우가폐의주변부에주로보이거나군데군데균일하지않게보이 는경우에비해예후가좋지않다고했다. 7 Fujimoto 등은 UIP 형태의섬유화소견에동반된간유리음영의정도가예후와관련 이있다고하였다. 9 그러나 CT 예후인자에대한연구가적고 Akira 등의연구에서간유리음영의유형은 DAD(diffuse al- veolar damage) 에의한음영으로 CT를촬영한시기에따라달 라질수있다. Fujimoto 등의연구에서의 CT 점수는폐섬유화 에의한봉와상섬유화 (honeycombing) 와견인성기관지확장증 (traction bronchiectasis) 을 DAD나기질화폐염에의한급성 간유리음영이나폐경결소견과섞음으로써정확한예측인자로써 적합하지않은점이있다고생각된다. 이연구에서급성악화의사망률은약 40% 였다. 소엽내망상음 영만있는경우보다견인성기관지확장증이나벌집모양등섬유 화의진행정도가심하고광범위한섬유화가진행된환자일수록 사망률이높았다. 급성악화에의한간유리음영이나폐경결의경 우에는침범된정도가심할수록사망률이높았을뿐만아니라침 범된 CT 유형에따라서도사망률의차이를보였다. 비교적균일 하고전반적인간유리음영이있는경우가가장많았고가장사망 률이높았는데이는급성악화의정도가심할뿐만아니라병리적 으로 DAD 에의한것으로생각된다. 주변부나불균일하게침범한 경우는급성악화의정도가상대적으로적고이럴경우예후가좋 은것으로추정된다. 또한주변부나불균일하게침범된경우는 DAD 의초기단계일수있고이시기에고용량코르티코스테로이 드치료를시작하면예후가좋은것으로생각된다. 다른가능성으 로는주변부또는군데군데나타나는간유리음영이나폐경결은 병리적으로기질화폐렴에의한소견일수있고, 기질화폐렴에 의한급성폐손상이 DAD에의한급성악화에비해예후가좋은 것으로추정된다. DAD의전형적인 CT소견은비교적균일하고 전반적인간유리음영이고, 기질화폐렴의전형적 CT소견은주 변부나군데군데침범하는불균일한폐경결이다. 따라서주변부 나군데군데불균일하게침범하는폐경결이있는경우기질화폐 렴에의한급성악화일가능성이높고이경우비교적균일한간 유리음영으로나타난 DAD에비해예후가좋을것으로추정할 수있을것이다. 다만불균일한폐경결로나타난경우에서감염성 폐렴과의감별이어려움으로고용량의코르티코스테로이드치료 를할경우객담배양등의검사나임상양상과의연계가더욱중요 할것이다. 특발성폐섬유화증의급성악화환자의경우기관지폐 포세척이나폐생검을시행하기어려운경우가많다. 따라서미만 성간유리음영을보이는경우는마이코플라즈마폐렴이나바이 러스성폐렴의가능성이있으나혈청학적검사, 임상증상등을고 려하여급성악화가의심되는경우빠른고용량스테로이드치료 를하는것을고려해보는것이필요하다고생각된다. 이연구의한계점으로는첫째연구가후향적으로이루어졌고, 대부분의경우기관지폐포세척검사나생검은이루어지지않아 감염등다른원인에의한급성폐기능악화의원인을정확히배 제하지못했을수있다. 둘째 CT 유형에따른환자수가편중되 어있어균질한유형이다른유형에비해통계적으로유의한사 망률의차이를보이나주변부유형과군데군데불균일한유형사 이의사망률의차이는알수없었다. 결론적으로특발성폐섬유증환자에서급성악화는매우높은 사망률을보이며특히기존의폐섬유화정도가심할수록, 급성악 화에의한 CT 폐침윤의정도가심할수록생존율이낮았다. 급성 악화의 CT 유형이비교적균질한미만성일경우생존율이낮았다. REFERENCES 1. Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, King TE, Lynch DA, Nicholson AG, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: Update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188(6): Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183(6): Ryerson CJ, Cottin V, Brown KK, Collard HR. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: shifting the paradigm. Eur Respir J 2015;46(2): Collard HR, Moore BB, Flaherty KR, Brown KK, Kaner RJ, King TE, et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176(7): Kim DS, Park JH, Park BK, Lee JS, Nicholson AG, Colby T. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: frequency and clinical features. Eur Respir J 2006;27(1): Volume 17 Number 2 December
6 DJ Kim et al. Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Interstitial Fibrosis: CT Prognostic Factors 6. Akira M, Hamada H, Sakatani M, Kobayashi C, Nishioka M, Yamamoto S. CT findings during phase of accelerated deterioration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Roentgenol 1997;168(1): Akira M, Kozuka T, Yamamoto S, Sakatani M. Computed tomography findings in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178(4): Simon-Blancal V, Freynet O, Nunes H, Bouvry D, Naggara N, Brillet P, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: outcome and prognostic factors. Respiration 2012;83(1): Fujimoto K, Taniguchi H, Johkoh T, Kondoh Y, Ichikado K, Sumikawa H, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: high-resolution CT scores predict mortality. Eur Radiol 2012;22(1): Usui Y, Kaga A, Sakai F, Shiono A, Komiyama K, Hagiwara K, et al. A cohort study of mortality predictors in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia. BMJ Open 2013;3(7). 11. Kim DS, Collard HR, King TE. Classification and natural history of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3(4): Parambil JG, Myers JL, Ryu JH. Histopathologic features and outcome of patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis undergoing surgical lung biopsy. Chest 2005;128(5): Tian XL, Xu WB, Shi JH, Feng RE, Xu ZJ, Liu HR, et al. Acute exacerbation of usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: analysis of 6 cases. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2008;31(4): Churg A, Muller NL, Silva CI, Wright JL. Acute exacerbation (acute lung injury of unknown cause) in UIP and other forms of fibrotic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31(2): Korean Journal of National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital
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