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1 대흉외지 2008;41: 임상연구 이차성자연기흉환자의재발양상에관한분석 류경민 * ㆍ김삼현 * ㆍ서필원 * ㆍ박성식 * ㆍ류재욱 * ㆍ김현정 * Clinical Analysis of Disease Recurrence for the Patients with Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax Kyoung Min Ryu, M.D.*, Sam-Hyun Kim, M.D.*, Pil Won Seo, M.D.*, Seong-Sik Park, M.D.*, Jae-Wook Ryu, M.D.*, Hyun-Jung Kim, R.N.* Background: Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is caused by various underlying lung diseases, and this is despite that primary spontaneous pneumothorax is caused by rupture of subpleural blebs. The treatment algorithm for secondary pneumothorax is different from that for primary pneumothorax. We studied the recurrence rate, the characteristics of recurrence and the treatment outcomes of the patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Material and Method: Between March 2005 to March 2007, 85 patients were treated for their first episodes of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. We analyzed the characteristics and factors for recurrence of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax by conducting a retrospective review of the medical records. Result: The most common underlying lung disease was pulmonary tuberculosis (49.4%), and the second was chronic obstructive lung disease (27.6%). The recurrence rate was 47.1% (40/85). The second and third recurrence rates were 10.9% and 3.5%, respectively. The mean follow up period was 21.1±6.7 months (range: 0 36 month). For the recurrence cases, 70.5% of them occurred within a year after the first episode. The success rates according to the treatment modalities were thoracostomy 47.6%, chemical pleurodesis 74.4%, bleb resection 71% and Heimlich valve application 50%. Chemical pleurodesis through the chest tube was the most effective method of treatment. The factor that was most predictive of recurrence was an air-leak of 7 days or more at the first episode. (p=0.002) Conclusion: The patients who have a prolonged air-leak at the first episode of pneumothorax tend to have a higher incidence of recurrence. Further studies with more patients are necessary to determine the standard treatment protocol for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Key words: 1. Pneumothorax 2. Lung disease 3. Recurrence (Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;41: ) 서론기흉은폐조직의파열에의해흉막강에공기가축적되면서흉막강내압력이증가되고이로인해폐허탈이초래되는상태를말하며, 선행하는외부적원인유무에따라 외상성기흉과자연기흉으로분류된다. 자연기흉은폐의기저질환이없는원발성자연기흉 (primary spontaneous pneumothorax) 과기저질환의합병증으로발생하는이차성자연기흉 (secondary spontaneous pneumothorax) 으로분류된다 [1]. 이차성자연기흉의기저질환은미국의경우만성 * 단국대학교의과대학흉부외과학교실 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University 논문접수일 :2008 년 4 월 11 일, 심사통과일 :2008 년 6 월 21 일책임저자 : 류경민 ( ) 충남천안시안서동산 16-5, 단국대학교의과대학흉부외과학교실 (Tel) , (Fax) , cskmin@naver.com 본논문의저작권및전자매체의지적소유권은대한흉부외과학회에있다. 619
2 대흉외지 2008;41: 폐쇄성폐질환과 Pneumocystis carinii 감염이가장많으나 [2,3], 우리나라에서는폐결핵이가장많은것으로보고되고있다 [4,5]. 기흉은비교적흔한질환으로원발성자연기흉의경우, 장측흉막하폐기포이외의전신질환이없는젊은나이에호발하므로수술의적응이나치료방향에대한표준화가이루어져병원별로치료방법의차이가크지않고, 치료성적도향상되고있다. 하지만이차성자연기흉의경우는원인질환의중증도에따라환자의전신상태가불량한경우가많아보존적치료나수술치료에대하여환자별, 병원별로차이가크다. 또한이차성기흉은위험인자, 재발율, 임상양상, 및치료에대한반응과예후와의관계를조사한연구가드문실정이다. 저자들은이차성자연기흉환자들의임상적특성을비교하고, 재발의위험인자및치료결과에대하여조사하였다. 대상및방법 1) 대상 2005년 3월부터 2007년 3월까지초발한이차성자연기흉의진단으로입원치료를시행한환자 85명을대상으로의무기록분석을통한후향적인방법으로조사하였다. 2) 치료과정초발한이차성기흉환자의기흉의양에따라 20% 미만이며, 폐첨부에만국한되어있는경우는산소흡입치료만을시행하였고, 기흉의양이 20% 이상이거나, 20% 미만이어도유착으로인한국소적인기흉이면서증상이있는경우는 24 Fr. 흉관을이용한흉강삽관술을시행하였다. 흉관삽입후지속적인낮은압력으로음압배액을시행하였다. 기흉의크기에대해서는단순흉부촬영을통한 Collins Index[6] 를이용하여계산하였다. 흉강삽관술후공기유출이심하여피하기종이증가하거나, 폐허탈의호전이없는경우추가적인흉관을삽입하였다. 흉관삽입후공기누출이없고, 단순흉부촬영에서폐가모두확장되어있는경우자연배액 12시간후재평가하여흉관을발관하였고, 7 일이상의지속적인공기유출및폐허탈이지속되어있는경우는고해상도흉부전산화촬영을시행하여폐상태의점검후흉막유착술이나수술치료를추가하였다. 흉막유착술은 Talc 4 g을이용하여흉관을통해시행하였다. 수술의적응은환자의전신상태가양호하여전신마취에합당하며, 흉부전산화촬영소견에서절제가가능한국소적 Table 1. Underlying diseases in secondary pneumothorax Disease N % COPD Inactive tuberculosis Active tuberculosis Pneumonia Malignancy Asthma Total COPD=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 인폐기포를가지고있으면서심한유착이없는경우에시행하였고, 이중 2예에서는 Talc분무만을시행하였다. 치료종결후지속적인외래추적관찰을시행하였고, 재발한경우같은지침으로치료를시작하되, 입원시에고해상도흉부전산화촬영자료를검토하여수술의적응이아닌경우바로흉막유착술을시행하였다. 3) 조사방법 이차성기흉에서기흉의원인질환, 기흉의크기, 폐허탈의분포, 공기유출의기간, 흉막유착술의빈도, 수술적치료가필요하였던예를조사하였다. 평균 21.1±6.7개월 (0 36개월 ) 의추적기간동안재발율과재발의위험인자를분석하였다. 4) 통계분석 통계처리는 SPSS Windows version 14.0을이용하였다. 재발위험인자의분석은 Kaplan-Meier 방법을이용하여각변수의재발자유기간 (Recurrence free survival) 의분석을통하여시행하였고, p값이 0.05 미만인경우유의한것으로판정하였다. 결 환자들의평균나이는 61.7±10.7세 (39 88세) 였고, 남성이 71명 (83.5%), 여성이 14명 (16.5%) 였다. 흡연력이있는환자는 48명 (56.5%) 였고, 체질량지수는평균 22.3±2.3 ( ) 이었다. Collins Index에의해계산한기흉의크기는 20% 이하가 5예, 20 50% 가 30예, 50% 이상인경우가 45예, 전폐허탈을보인경우가 5예였고, 폐허탈의분포는미만형이 51예, 국소형이 34예였다. 기저폐질환은비활동성결핵이 30 예 (34.5%) 로가장많 과 620
3 Table 2. Differences of recurrence rates in secondary pneumothorax in each episode according to the treatment modalities 1 st episode 2 nd episode 3 rd episode 4 th episode Oxygen supply Tube thoracostomy Chemical pleurodesis Surgery Heimlich Total (47.1%) 10 (10.9%) 3 (3.5%) 류경민외이차성자연기흉 Table 3. Treatment outcomes of secondary pneumothorax according to the therapeutic modalities N Success rate Recurrence rate Tube thoracostomy only (47.6%) 33 (52.4%) Chemical pleurodesis (74.4%) 11 (25.6%) Surgery 9 7 (71%) 2 (29%) Heimlich 4 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 았고, 활동성결핵 13예, 만성폐쇄성폐질환이 24예, 천식 7예, 폐렴 8예, 악성질환 3예였다 (Table 1). 초발시의선행치료로산소요법만을시행한경우는 3예, 흉강삽관술을시행한경우는 82예 (96.5%) 로대부분흉강삽관술을시행하였다. 흉강삽관술후흉관만으로치료된경우가 63예, 흉막유착술을시행한경우가 14예, 수술을시행한경우가 3예, Heimlich도관을가지고퇴원한경우가 2예였다. 이환자들의평균공기유출기간은 10.7±8.4일 (0 51일 ), 흉관거치기간은 13.1±10.9일 (0 78일) 이었다. 초발치료후 40명의환자가재발하여재발율은 47.1% 였으며, 재발시의치료로는흉막유착술을 31명에서시행하였고, 수술 6명, 산소흡입, 흉강삽관술, Heimlich도관거치를각각 1명씩에게시행하였다. 3회재발율은 10.9%, 4회재발율은 3.5% 였다 (Table 2). 기흉의재발은 6개월이내가 23명 (57.5%), 6 12개월 11 명 (13%), 12 24개월 5명 (5.9%), 그리고 24개월이상은 1 명 (1.2%) 으로 1년이내에재발한경우가 34명 (70.5%) 였다. 각각의시술별로의치료성공율은단순흉강삽관술만으로의성공율은 47.6%, 흉막유착술의성공율은 74.4%, 수술성공율은 71%, Heimlich도관거치의성공율은 50% 로흉막유착술의성공율이가장높았으나각치료방법에대하여통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (Table 3). 재발에영향을미치는인자에대한분석으로나이, 성별, 체질량지수, 원인질환, 기흉의양, 기흉의분포, 초발시공기유출기간에대해시행하였으나초발시 7일이상의 Table 4. Analysis of risk factors related with recurrence in secondary spontaneous pneumothorax Factor Univariate Multivariate Sex Smoking Body mass index Underlying disease Pneumothorax amount Pneumothorax distribution Air-leak more than 7 days Re-expansion of lung 공기유출기간만이통계적으로재발율이높았다 (Table 4). 입원기간중 1예 (1.1%) 에서사망하였는데, 이환자는만성폐쇄성폐질환을가진환자로흉강삽관술후기관흉막루가발생하였고, 이로인한농흉및흡인성폐렴이조절되지않아사망하였다. 추적관찰기간중 3명이사망하였으나이들은모두기흉과는관계없는사망이었다. 고 이차성자연기흉은만성폐쇄성폐질환, 폐결핵, 천식, 폐렴등거의모든폐질환에서발생할수있다. 서구에서는만성폐쇄성폐질환이가장흔한기저질환이지만최근에는후천성면역결핍증환자의증가로 Pnumocystis carinii 감염이주요원인으로대두되고있다 [2,3]. 우리나라는서구와는달리폐결핵이최근까지도이차성자연기흉의가장흔한기저질환으로보고되고있으며폐결핵에의한기흉은전체자연기흉의 23 35%, 그리고이차성자연기흉의 63 86% 를차지한다 [4,5]. 본연구에서도이차성자연기흉의 49.4% 가폐결핵에연관된기흉으로기저질환중가장많았다. 결핵성병변에서기흉은활동성결핵인경우표재성의건락성병소가장측흉막으로천공되어발생 찰 621
4 대흉외지 2008;41: 하고, 비활동성결핵에서는결핵으로인한세기관지의협착과 check valve작용으로기포가형성되고이렇게생성된기포가파열됨에따라발생한다 [7]. 기흉의치료중가장까다로운점은재발이다. 일반적으로원발성자연기흉의재발은 18 52% 이고평균약 30% 정도로보고되고있다 [8,9]. 이차성자연기흉은이보다높은것으로알려져있으나원발성에비하여자료가많지않다. 연구자들에따라서는원발성자연기흉의재발율은 32 39%, 이차성자연기흉은 44 47% 정도로이차성자연기흉의재발율이높다고하였다 [10,11]. 본연구의이차성자연기흉의재발율은 47.1% 로다른연구들과비슷한결과를보였고, 같은기간동안의원발성자연기흉의재발율 39.8% 보다높았다. 국내에서발표된이차성자연기흉의재발에관한논문이없어다른병원과의비교는할수없었다. 2003년 British Thoracic Society에서제시한이차성자연기흉치료의지침에의하면, 초발치료로서기흉의크기가단순흉부사진에서측면 2 cm 이하이거나증상이없는경우는산소흡입이나단순천자를하고, 2 cm보다크거나증상이있는경우는흉강삽관술로치료한다 [12]. 초발치료는대부분의병원에서비슷한방법으로시행되고있으나, 수술의적응이비교적명확한원발성자연기흉과는달리이차성자연기흉의경우는환자의전신상태나폐상태가수술에적합하지않은경우가많고, 재발이나지속적인공기누출이있는경우에대한치료지침이병원마다차이가있어표준화된치료는아직제시되지않았다. American College of Chest Physicians 회원 3,000명을대상으로한 Baumann과 Strange[13] 의조사에서이차성기흉의재발치료로산소흡인후관찰 4%, 흉강삽관술 17%, 흉막유착술 16%, 흉강경수술 48%, 개흉술 12% 에서시행한다고대답하여 60% 의응답자가수술치료를선호한다고하였는데본연구에서는재발시치료로산소흡인 2.5%, 흉강삽관술 2.5%, 흉막유착술 77.5%, 수술 15% 에서시행하였다. 수술치료가상대적으로적은데이는기본적으로원인질환의차이때문인것으로판단된다. 즉, 서구의경우만성폐쇄성폐질환이가장많고, 본연구의경우는폐결핵이가장많은데만성폐쇄성폐질환의경우폐기포의파열로인해발생하고, 폐기포이외의폐실질은보존되는경우가많기에수술을선호한것으로파악되나, 폐결핵의경우흉막유착이심한경우가많고, 기흉의발생원인이단순한폐기포의파열보다는폐실질의파괴에의한경우가많기에수술치료보다는흉관을통한흉막유착술을주로시행하 였다. 본연구에서수술을시행한 9예중 5예는만성폐쇄성폐질환환자, 2예는천식환자였다. 결핵환자에게는 2 예에서수술을시행하였는데, 폐기포절제술이아닌유착박리술과 Talc 분무술을시행하였다. 수술후재발한 2예중 1예는폐기포절제술을시행한환자에서, 1예는유착박리술과 Talc 분무술을시행한환자에서발생하여, 폐기포절제술만을시행한환자들의성공율은 85.7% 이나수술한증례의수가매우적으므로이로인한오차를감안해야할것이다. 최근에는전신상태가불량한이차성자연기흉환자들에게국소마취하에흉강경을이용한 Talc분무술이안전하고, 기흉의재발방지에효과가좋다고하여많이시도되고있다. 외국의경우만성폐쇄성폐질환의기흉환자 41명에게국소마취하 Talc 분무술을시행하여중앙관찰기간 35개월동안 95% 의성공율을보였다고하였으며 [14], 국내에서도 15명의이차성자연기흉환자들에게경막외마취를통한흉강경을이용한수술을시도하여평균 10.9개월동안재발없이성공적이었다고보고한바있다 [15]. 하지만국소마취나경막외마취를통한적극적인흉강경수술이아직까지보편화되지못하였고, 이중삽관을통한전신마취로수술하는것이일반적이기에고령의심폐기능이좋지않은환자들에게적용하기에는한계가있다. 또한아직까지이차성자연기흉환자에대한흉관을통한흉막유착술과흉강경수술에의한흉막유착술의성적에대한정확한비교결과가없으므로전신상태가불량한환자들에게수술치료를적용하는것은신중하게결정되어야할것으로생각된다. 다만악성흉수에대한 Talc 유착술의성공율을비교한연구에서 [16] 흉관을통한시술이 73%, 흉강경수술이 87.5% 로의미있게흉강경의성공율이높으므로적극적으로흉강경을이용한수술을시도하자고제안한점은이차성기흉환자의치료에도참고할만한것으로생각된다. 자연기흉의재발에영향을주는요인에대한연구는있으나 [8,17,18], 이차성자연기흉의재발에영향을주는요인에대한연구는거의없다. 자연기흉의재발에영향을주는인자에대한분석에서큰키, 적은몸무게, 이차성기흉에서재발이유의하게높았다고한경우는있으나 [9], 이차성기흉환자들에대한재발에대한분석논문은찾을수없었고, 다만본연구에서는초발시 7일이상공기누출이있었던경우통계적으로유의하게재발율이높았다. 원발성자연기흉이라면이러한경우수술치료의적응이되겠으나, 이차성자연기흉의경우는환자의전신상태가수술에부적합경우가많아수술이외의흉막유착술을시 622
5 류경민외이차성자연기흉 행한다던지, Heimlich도관교체후오랜기간흉관을유지하는경우가많아재발에영향을주는것이라생각된다. 결 이차성자연기흉은비교적재발율이높으며, 기저폐질환및전신상태가나쁜경우가많아보존적인치료를시행하는경우가많다. 초발한속발성기흉환자에서 7일이상공기누출이되는경우는재발의가능성이높으므로재발을예상한환자관리가필요할것이다. 아직까지이차성자연기흉의치료에관한연구가부족하여치료지침이명확하지않아앞으로표준화된치료지침의개발에대한연구가필요하리라생각한다. 론 참고문헌 1. Light RW. Pneumothorax. In: Light RW. Pleural disease. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, Inc. 1995; O'Rourke JP, Yee ES. Civilian spontaneous pneumothorax. Treatment options and long-term results. Chest 1989;95: Wait MA, Estrera A. Changing clinical spectrum of spontaneous pneumothorax. Am J Surg 1992;164: Kim BR, Lee MG, Suh CH, Chang WH. Clinical evaluation of spontaneous pneumothorax. -A review of 244 cases-. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;27: Son JW, Park JY, Kim KY, et al. Clinical analysis of spontaneous pneumothorax. Tubercul Respir Dis 1999;47: Collins CD, Lopez A, Mathie A, Wood V, Jackson JE, Roddie ME. Quantification of pneumothorax size on chest radiographs using interpleural distances: regression analysis based on volume measurements from helical CT. AJR 1995; Bernhard WF, Malcom JA, Berry RW, Wylie RH. A study of pathogenesis and management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Dis Chest 1962;42: Wither JN, Fishback ME, Kiehl PV, Hannon JL. Spontaneous pneumothorax. Suggested etiology and comparison of treatment methods. Am J Surg 1964;108: Guo Y, Xie C, Rodriguez M, Light RW. Factors related to recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax. Respirology 2005: Videm V, Pillgram-Larsen J, Ellingsen O, Andersen G, Ovrum E. Spontaneous pneumothorax in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: complications, treatment and recurrences. Eur J Respir Dis 1987;71: Light RW, O'Hara VS, Moritz TE, et al. Intrapleural tetracycline for the prevention of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Results of a department of veterans affairs cooperative study. JAMA 1990;264: Henry M, Arnold T, Harvey J. BTS guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax 2003;58: Baumann MH, Strange C. The clinician's perspective on pneumothorax management. Chest 1997;112: Lee P, Yap WS, Pek WY, Ng AWK. An audit of medical thoracoscopy and Talc poudrage for pneumothorax prevention in adcanced COPD. Chest 2004;125: Kim YD, Park JH, Yang SI. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under epidural anesthesia in the high-risk patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;36: Stefani A, Natali P, Casali C, Morandi U. Talc poudrage versus talc slurry in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. A prospective comparative study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006;30: Tanaka F, Itoh M, Esaki H, Isobe J, Ueno Y, Inoue R. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;55: Lippert HL, Lund O, Blegvad S, Larsen HV. Independent risk factors for cumulative recurrence rate after first spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J 1991;4:
6 대흉외지 2008;41: = 국문초록 = 배경 : 기저폐질환이없이늑막하폐기포의파열에의해발생되는원발성자연기흉환자들과는달리, 이차성자연기흉환자들은다양한기저폐질환을가지고있으며, 재발의빈도나그에따른치료방침이다르다. 본연구는이차성자연기흉으로입원치료를시행한환자들에대하여재발의빈도및양상, 그리고치료방법에대한결과에대하여알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 2005 년 3 월부터 2007 년 3 월까지초발한이차성자연기흉환자 85 명을대상으로치료방법, 재발양상, 재발에영향을미치는인자들에대하여후향적으로의무기록을분석하였다. 결과 : 이차성자연기흉의기저질환으로는폐결핵이 49.4% 로가장많았으며, 만성폐쇄성폐질환이 27.6% 였다. 평균 21.1±6.7 개월 (0 36 개월 ) 의추적기간동안 40 명의환자가재발하여재발율은 47.1% 였으며, 3 회재발율은 10.9%, 4 회재발율은 3.5% 였다. 재발기간은 1 년이내재발한경우가 70.5% 였다. 치료성공율은흉강삽관술만으로 47.6%, 흉관을통한흉막유착술 74.4%, 기낭절제수술 71%, Heimlich 도관거치 50% 로흉막유착술의성공율이가장높았다. 재발에영향을미치는인자는 7 일이상의공기누출이었다 (p=0.002). 결론 : 초발한이차성자연기흉환자에서 7 일이상공기뉴출이되는경우는재발의위험성이높았다. 흉막유착술은이차성기흉환자의재발방지에유용한치료방법이나, 앞으로보다많은환자들을대상으로표준화된치료지침의개발이필요하겠다. 중심단어 :1. 기흉 2. 폐질환 3. 재발 624
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대흉외지 2008;41:724-728 임상연구 원발기흉수술후재발의위험인자 유재근 * ㆍ이석기 * ㆍ서홍주 * ㆍ서민범 * Risk Factors for Recurrent Pneumothorax after Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax Jai Kun Yu, M.D.*, Seog-Ki Lee, M.D.*, Hong Joo Seo, M.D.*,
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