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2 Table 1. Comparison of Medial Audit Data of Additional Whole Breast US with Previously Published Data of Screening Mammography in Korea and the Ideal Goal ACR in America Audit Data This study Shin HJ et al Kim MH et al Choi HK et al Kim JY et al Goal Total examinations 3, ,308 43,329 32,289 Total patients 3, ,889 36,802 25,541 PPV2 0.7% 18% 27.7% 20% 25 40% Tumor found-stage 0 or 1 50% 100% 47% 73.2% 90.2% > 50% Tumor found-minimal cancer 100% 100% 47% 48.8% 72.5% > 30% Node positivity 50% 0% 64% 22% 27% < 25% Cancers found/1,000 cases Sensitivity 50% % 91.5% 78.5% > 85% Specificity 92.6% 94.5 > 99% 95% 99% > 90% 452
3 대한영상의학회지 2005;53: Fig. 1. A 58-year-old woman with the presence of scattered fibroglandular densities. A, B. Mediolateral oblique and craniocaudal screening mammograms reveal no abnormality. C. Additional bilateral sonograms show a 0.6 cm-sized taller, solid, hypoechoic nodule in the left breast. Sonography-guided core needle biopsy revealed infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Left breast conserving operation revealed a 0.5 cm-sized invasive ductal carcinoma and no axillary lymph node metastasis from other hospital. A B C 다. 국소적인 병변을 가진 예는 1526예였고, 이 중 범주 2는 313예, 범주 3은 915예, 범주 4는 298예였다. 범주 5와 6에 해당되는 예는 없었다. 3998예의 검사 중 범주 1이었던 2472예 중, 1예에서 9개월 후에 유방암이 발생하였다. 범주 2였던 313예 중 12예(3.8 %) 에서 조직검사를 시행하였고 모두 양성이었다. 범주 3이었던 915예 중 229예(24.9%)에서 조직검사를 시행하였고 이 중 1 예에서 병기 0인 암을 발견하였다. 범주 4였던 298예 중, 208 예(69.8 %)에서 조직검사를 하였고, 이 중 1예(Fig. 1)에서 암을 발견하였고, 병기는 1이었다. 35예는 영상추적검사(336개월, 평균 22개월)를 하였고 크기나 모양의 변화를 보인 예 는 없었다. 나머지 55예 중 1예 (Fig. 2)가 외부병원에서 암으 로 진단되었고, 병기는 2A였다. 유방초음파 판독의 범주에 따 른 암의 발생율을 보면, 범주 1에서 1예(1/2472, 0.04 %), 범 주 2에서는 0예(0/313, 0%), 범주 3에서 1예(1/915, 0.1%), 범주 4에서 2예(2/298, 0.7%)였다. 유방 초음파검사의 의학적 감사는 Table 1에 정리하였고 국 내 타 병원 데이터(1, 10-12)와 1994년 미국의 Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research(AHCPR)에 의해 발표된 Quality Determinants of Mammography Guidelines에 제시된 목표치를 같이 비교하였다. 국내 병원 데이터 중, 세 데이터는 선별 유방촬영술에 관한 것이고(1, 11, 12), 나머지 데이터는 선별 유방촬영술이 정상일 때 시행한 선별 유방 초음파의 결 과이다(10). 이 연구가 추가적인 유방초음파 검사를 대상으로 하여, 선별 유방촬영술에서 가능한 양성 예측도1은 구할 수 없 었다. 그 이유는 양성 예측도1은 유방촬영술에서 이상 소견이 있는 것 중 실제로 암이었던 것의 비율인데, 추가적인 유방 초 음파에서는 category 0를 포함하지 않기 때문이다. 그리고 김 등이 발표한(12) 데이터에서는 민감도를 중앙암등록사업소에 확인 작업을 한 데이터와 아닌 것을 나누어서 구했는데, 이전 의 다른 두 연구(1, 11)에서는 중앙암등록사업소에 문의한 적 이 없는 데이터여서, 민감도를 그대로 비교하였고, 김 등의(12) 데이터는 중앙암등록사업소에서 문의하여 나온 데이터와 비교 하였다. 고 찰 우리나라 여성의 나이에 따른 유방 밀도 변화는 미국 여성 과는 다르다(7). 그리고 유방암의 발생율은 한국의 경우 40대 에 가장 많은 것으로 보고되는 반면(13, 14), 서구 여성에서 는 나이에 따라 점차 증가 한다(15). 따라서 한국의 여성들은 유방암이 많은 나이에 유방 밀도가 치밀하지만, 서구 여성의 경우 유방암이 많은 나이에 유방 밀도가 치밀하지 않다. 이런 점을 고려해 본다면 서구에서 나온 선별 유방촬영술에 대한 훌 륭한 보고들을(4, 5, 16, 17), 우리나라 여성에게 그대로 적용 시키기 어려울 수 있다. 치밀 유방 조직은 유방촬영술에서 가장 큰 걸림돌이고, 이에 이차적인 방법으로 유방 초음파 검사가 우수하다는 여러 보고 들이 있다(6, 9, 18, 19). 우리나라에서도 김 등은 고밀도 유 453
4 Fig. 2. A 50-year-old woman with heterogeneously dense breasts. A, B. Mediolateral oblique and craniocaudal screening mammograms reveal no abnormality. C. Additional bilateral sonograms show a 0.7 cm-sized solid, hypoechoic nodule with microlobulated margin in the left breast. Modified radical mastectomy revealed multifocal medullary carcinoma and axillary lymph node metastasis (1/15) from other hospital. A B C 454
5 1.,,,. 5 :. 2000;42: ( )., ( ) Wald N, Chamverlain J, Hackshaw A. European society of mastology; consensus conference on breast cancer-screening, Paris, 1993, The effect of screening on breast cancer mortality. Oncology 1994; 51: Hendrick RE, Smith RA, Rutledge III JH, Smart CR. Benefit of screening mammography in women ages 40-49: a meta-analysis of new randomized controlled trial results. American cancer society workshop on guidelines for breast cancer detection, Chicago, March 7-9, Kolb TM, Lichy J, Newhouse JH. Occult cancer in women with dense breasts: detection with screening US-diagnostic yield and tumor characteristics. Radiology 1998;207: ,, ;42: American College of Radiology. Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS), 4th ed. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; Kolb TM, Lichy J, Newhouse JH. Comparison of the performance of screening mammography, physical examination, and breast US and evaluation of factors that influence them: an analysis of 27,825 patient evaluations. Radiology 2002;225: ,,,,, ;2: ,,,,. : ;42: ,,,. : ;49: ( )., ( )., Kosany CL, Ries LAG, Miller BA, Harras A, Edward BK (eds), SEER Cancer Statistics Review, : Tables and Graphs, National Cancer Institute, NIH pub. NO Bethesda, MD Nystrom L, Andersson I, Bjurstam N, Frisell J, Nordenskjold B, Rutqvist LE. Long-term effects of mammography screening: updated overview of the Swedish randomised trials. Lancet 2002;359: Tabar L, Vitak B, Chen HH, Yen MF, Duffy SW, Smith RA. Beyond randomized controlled trials: organized mammographic screening substantially reduces breast carcinoma mortality. Cancer 2001;91: Crystal P, Strano SD, Shcharynski S, Koretz MJ. Using sonography to screen women with mammographically dense breasts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;181: Kaplan SS. Clinical utility of bilateral whole-breast US in the evalu- of women with dense breast tissue. Radiology ation 2001;221:
6 Teh W, Wilson AR. The role of ultrasound in breast cancer screening. A consensus statement by the European Group for Breast Cancer Screening. Eur J Cancer 1998;34: Kopans DB. Sonography should not be used for breast cancer screening until its efficacy has been proven scientifically. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182: Graf O, Helbich TH, Fuchsjaeger MH, Hopf G, Morgun M, Graf C, et al. Follow-up of palpable circumscribed noncalcified solid breast masses at mammography and US: can biopsy be averted? Radiology 2004;233: Kim EK, Oh KK, Ko KH. Clinical application of BI-RADS assessment to breast ultrasound RSNA abstract 24. Berg WA. Rationale for a trial of screening breast ultrasound: american college of radiology imaging network (ACRIN) AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;180: The Usefulness of Additional Bilateral Whole Breast US with Negative Mammographic Results in Asymptomatic Women 1 Jin Young Kwak, M.D., Eun-Kyung Kim, M.D. 2, Hae-Kyoung Jung, M.D., Hai-Lin Park, M.D. 3, Tae Hee Kwon, M.D. 1 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, 3 General Surgery, CHA General Hospital, Pochon CHA University 2 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the clinical utility of performing bilateral whole breast US as a subsequent diagnostic method along with mammography in asymptomatic women. Materials and Methods: From May 2002 to Dec 2004, we conducted 3998 examinations on 3638 patients with negative findings on the clinical examination and negative mammographic results, and those breast tissues having a BI-RADS category 2, 3, or 4 density were further evaluated by performing bilateral whole breast US. The patients age distribution ranged from 24 to 66 years (mean age: 43.6 yrs). The abnormalities were compared with core or vacuum assisted core biopsy, operations, and follow up US. For the normal cases, we used the clinical notes and the statistical data from the Korean Central Cancer Registry. Results: For 3998 examinations of 3638 women who were examined with bilateral whole breast US, pathologic confirmations were available for 433 patients and follow-up data were available for 35 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, the positive predictive value and the cancer detection rate of using additional whole breast US were 50, 92.6, 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. The two cancers that were detected only on US were minimal breast cancer. Conclusion: Although all the breast cancers that were detected only on US were minimal breast cancers, performing bilateral whole breast US revealed a low cancer detection rate and a high false positive. Therefore, further studies will be needed to investigate the role of US as a screening tool. Index words : Breast US, breast radiography, cancer screening Address reprint requests to : Jin Young Kwak, M.D., Department of Diagnostic Radiology, CHA General Hospital, Pochon CHA University Yeoksam-1 dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea. Tel Fax docjin@medimail.co.kr 456
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