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1 ISSN 대한골절학회지제 26 권, 제 1 호, 2013 년 1 월 J Korean Fract Soc 2013;26(1): 원 저 골다공증성척추압박골절과비타민 D 결핍의정도 김홍식ㆍ최연호ㆍ박기철ㆍ박예수 한양대학교의과대학구리병원정형외과학교실 목적 : 골다공증성척추압박골절환자에있어비타민 D 부족정도를알아보고, 비타민 D와여러변수간의상관관계에대해알아보고자한다. 대상및방법 : 2008년 10월부터 2011년 6월까지골다공증성척추압박골절로진단받은총 134 명의환자를대상으로하였다. 25(OH)vitamin D 3 를측정하여환자의비타민 D 상태를평가하였고, 성별, 골절된추체수, 거주환경, 계절에따른비타민 D 수치를비교분석하였으며, 비타민 D와나이, 골밀도, 골대사지표와의상관관계를조사하였다. 결과 : 골다공증성척추압박골절환자의 87명 (65%) 에서비타민 D 부족이관찰되었다. 비타민 D는겨울철에가장낮은수치를여름철에가장높은수치를보였고, 일반가정에거주하는경우가요양시설에거주하는경우보다통계학적으로유의하게높은수치를보였으며 (p=0.032), 나이와는유의한음의상관관계를 (r=-0.201, p=0.02), 골밀도와는유의한양의상관관계를보였다 (r=0.217, p=0.012). 결론 : 골다공증성척추압박골절환자에있어비타민 D 수준을평가하는것이치료를계획하는데도움이될것으로생각되며, 부족시적절한일광노출과비타민 D의보충을고려해보는것이좋을것으로생각된다. 색인단어 : 골다공증, 압박골절, 비타민 D Osteoporotic Spinal Compression Fracture and Degree of Vitamin D Deficiency Hong-Sik Kim, M.D., Youn-Ho Choi, M.D., Ki-Chul Park, M.D., Ye-Soo Park, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the degree of serum vitamin D deficiency in patients with osteoporotic spinal compression fracture and correlation of serum vitamin D level with several variables. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 134 patients with osteoporotic spinal compression fracture, diagnosed at our hospital between October 2008 and June 2011, were reviewed. Serum 25(OH)vitamin D 3 was used to evaluate the status of vitamin D level. Serum 25(OH)vitamin D 3 level was compared and analyzed according to sex, the number of fractured vertebral body, living environment, and the season of injury. The correlation between vitamin D level and age, bone mineral density, and bone turnover marker were evaluated. Results: In the serum 25(OH)vitamin D 3, 87 patients (65%) associated with osteoporotic spinal compression fracture had an insufficient level. Vitamin D level was the lowest in winter, the highest in summer, and significantly higher in the living home than nursing home. Vitamin D level was negatively correlated with age (r= 0.201, p=0.02) and positively correlated with bone mineral density (r=0.217, p=0.012). Conclusion: Evaluation of vitamin D level in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture patients may be helpful in planning the treatment of the patients. For insufficient vitamin D level, the adequate sun exposure and supplement of vitamin D may be used. Key Words: Osteoporosis, Compression fracture, Vitamin D 통신저자 : 박예수경기도구리시경춘로 153, 한양대학교의과대학구리병원정형외과학교실 Tel: ㆍ Fax: hyparkys@hanyang.ac.kr 접수 : 심사 ( 수정 ): 게재확정 : Address reprint requests to:ye-soo Park, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri , Korea Tel: ㆍ Fax: hyparkys@hanyang.ac.kr 27
2 28 김홍식, 최연호, 박기철, 박예수 서 노령인구의증가와더불어골다공증의유병률이증가하고있으며이와연관된골다공증성골절또한증가하고있어 5,7) 골다공증의예방및치료를위해비스포스포네이트, 부갑상선호르몬제재, 칼슘및비타민 D 등의다양한치료약제들의사용이늘어나고있다. 이중비타민 D 는골조직내칼슘대사에중요한역할을하고있으며, 신체의균형유지및신경조직등의안정화에많은영향을미치고있는중요한영양소이다. 최근에는비타민 D 가부족해지면골밀도의감소및낙상의위험도가증가해골다공증성골절의위험도가높아진다는연구결과가발표된바있으며 4,13), Lim 등 12) 의연구에의하면한국인은상대적으로비타민 D 섭취가부족하고이에따른비타민 D 결핍이많다고보고된바있다. 이에저자들은골다공증성척추압박골절환자를대상으로비타민 D 부족정도를알아보고, 비타민 D 와골다공증진단기준인 bone mineral density (BMD), 골교체율을반영하는골형성지표및골흡수지표와의상관관계에대해알아보고자한다. 론 대상및방법 2008 년 10 월부터 2011 년 6 월까지본원에서골다공증성척추압박골절로진단받았던 208 명의환자들중골종양, 신장질환및간질환등의기저질환이있는환자들과이전에이미골다공증을진단받아현재약물복용중인환자들을제외한총 134 명의환자를대상으로하였다. 골절의진단을위해단순방사선검사및컴퓨터단층촬영을이용하였으며, 자기공명영상검사또는골주사검사를시행하여골절의급성이확인된경우에만대상자에포함시켰다. 모든환자의나이, 성별, 골절된추체의개수 (3 개이상또는미만 ), 거주환경 ( 일반가정또는요양시설 ), 수상시기 (3-5 월, 6-8 월, 9-11 월, 12-2 월 ) 를조사하였다. 비타민 D 는체내에서생성되거나식이로섭취된비타민 D 의총체적인상태를반영하는 25(OH)vitamin D 3 로측정하였고, 골형성지표인 osteocalcin 과골흡수지표인 c-telopetide, 그리고 BMD 를측정하였다. 골절된추체개수, 거주환경및수상시기에따른 25(OH)- vitamin D 3 수치를비교하였고, 25(OH)vitamin D 3 와나이, BMD, osteocalcin 및 c-telopeptide 와의상관관계를조사하였다. 또한, 혈중 25(OH)vitamin D 3 의농도를 30 ng/ml 를기준으로 2) 부족군과정상군으로나누어두군간의나이, BMD, 혈중 osteocalcin 및 c-telopeptide 를비교분석하였다. BMD (T-score) 는이중에너지방사선흡수계측기 (dual energy x-ray absortiometry; Hologic, Waltham, MA, USA) 를 이용하여요추와대퇴부에서측정하였다. 요추는제 1 요추에서제 4 요추까지측정하였고골절이있는요추는포함하지않았으며, 대퇴부는경부 (neck), 전자부 (trochanter) 와전자부사이 (intertrochanter) 를측정하여이중가장낮은 T- score 를사용하였다. 혈중 25(OH)vitamin D 3 와골대사지표농도는입원다음날아침공복상태에서채혈한혈액을이용하여 25(OH)vitamin D 3 는방사선면역측정법 (radioimmunoassay) (Bisource; Europe SA, Brussels, Belgium) 을, osteocalcin 도방사선면역측정법 (Brahms, Berlin, Germany) 을, 그리고 c-telopeptide 는효소면역측정법 (ELISA; Osteometer Biotech A/S, Herlev, Denmark) 을이용하여측정하였다. 모든측정결과는평균 ± 표준편차로표시하였으며, 성별, 골절된추체개수, 거주환경및계절에따른 25(OH)vitamin D 3 의비교와 25(OH)vitamin D 3 부족군과정상군에서의나이, 골대사지표및 BMD 의비교는 Student t-test 를사용하였다. 상관관계분석을위해서는 Pearson correlation analysis 를사용하였으며, 통계학적분석은 SPSS window version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하였다. 본연구는한양대학교의과대학구리병원연구윤리심의위원회 (institutional review board, IRB) 의승인을받아시행되었다. 결 대상환자 134 명의평균연령은 72.3±8.6 세였으며, 남자가 32 명, 여자가 102 명이었다. 평균 BMD (T-score) 값은 3.1±0.7 이었으며, 25(OH)vitamin D 3, osteocalcin, c-telopeptide 의평균값은각각 29.2±17.9 ng/ml, 16.8±12.4 ng/ml, 0.7±0.4 ng/ml 였다. 골절된추체의개수가 3 개이상인환자는 19 명이었으며, 일반가정에거주하는환자는 102 명, 요양시설에거주하는환자는 32 명이었다 (Table 1). Table 1. Demographic Information and Clinical Data of the Patients (n=134) Characteristic 과 Ages (yr) Male:Female BMD (T-score) Serum 25(OH)vitamin D 3 (ng/ml) The number of fractured vertebral body (1 or 2 vs. more than 3) Value 72.3±8.6 32: ± ± ± ± :19 Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number.
3 골다공증성척추골절과비타민 D 29 성별에따른 25(OH)vitamin D 3 농도의비교에서는남자가 27.9±15.0 ng/ml, 여자가 29.5±15.7 ng/ml 로남녀간에유의한차이는보이지않았다. 골절된추체의개수에따른 25(OH)vitamin D 3 및 BMD 값의비교에서는골절된추체가 3 개이상인경우 22.9±10.7 ng/ml 및 3.7±0.5 였고, 골절된추체가 3 개미만인경우 29.9±18.7 ng/ml Table 2. BMD and 25(OH)vitamin D 3 According to the Number of Fractured Vertebral Body BMD (T-score) 25(OH)vitamin D 3 (ng/ml) The number of fractured vertebra body 1 or 2 More than 3 2.9± ± ± ± 및 2.9±0.6 을보여골절된추체가 3 개이상인경우가통계적으로유의하게낮은 25(OH)vitamin D 3 값 (p=0.04) 과 BMD 를보였다 (p=0.001) (Table 2). 골절발생시기에따른빈도는 3-5 월이 26 명, 6-8 월이 23 명, 9-11 월이 37 명, 11-1 월이 48 명으로겨울철이가장높았으며, 각시기의 25(OH)vitamin D 3 수치는각각 23.8±5.4 ng/ml, 35.9±9.2 ng/ml, 28.5±7.2 ng/ml, 21.2±6.4 ng/ml 로여름철에가장높은수치를겨울철에가장낮은수치를보였으며, 통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p<0.001). 거주환경에따른 25(OH)vitamin D 3 비교에서는일반가정에거주하는경우 32.4±12.7 ng/ml, 요양시설에거주하는경우 19.9±12.1 ng/ml 로일반가정에거주하는경우가요양시설에거주하는경우보다통계학적으로유의하게높은값을보였다 (p=0.032). 25(OH)vitamin D 3 와나이, BMD, osteocalcin, c-telopeptide 와의상관관계분석에서 25(OH)vitamin D 3 는 osteo- Table 3. Correlations between 25(OH)vitamin D 3 and Other Variables Table 4. Comparison of Variables between Insufficient and Normal Group in 25(OH)vitamin D 3 Level Age (yr) BMD (T-scores) r Age (yr) BMD (T-scores) Insufficient group (n=87) 73.7± ± ± ±0.7 Normal group (n=47) 70.3± ± ± ± (A) Fig. 1. Correlation between serum 25(OH)vitamin D 3, bone mineral density (BMD) and age. (A) Serum 25(OH)vitamin D 3 levels were positively correlated with BMD (r=0.217, p=0.012). (B) Serum 25(OH)vitamin D 3 levels were negatively correlated with age (r= 0.201, p=0.02). (B)
4 30 김홍식, 최연호, 박기철, 박예수 calcin 및 c-telopeptide 와는유의한상관관계를보이지않았으나, 나이와는유의한음의상관관계를 (r= 0.201, p=0.02), BMD 와는유의한양의상관관계를보여 (r=0.217, p=0.012) 나이가많을수록 BMD 가낮을수록낮은 25(OH)vitamin D 3 의농도를보였다 (Table 3, Fig. 1). 25(OH)vitamin D 3 농도를 30 ng/ml 를기준으로정상군과부족군으로나누었을때정상군은 47 명 (35%) 으로평균 44.9±15.7 ng/ml 의 25(OH)vitamin D 3 값을보였으며, 부족군은 87 명 (65%) 으로평균 17.4±7 ng/ml 의 25(OH)vitamin D 3 값을보였다. 또한, 두군간의나이, BMD, osteocalcin 및 c-telopeptide 와의비교에서는정상군이부족군에비해나이는통계학적으로유의하지는않았으나다소적은경향을보였고 BMD 는통계학적으로유의하게높은값을보였으며, osteocalcin 과 c-telopeptide 는양군간에통계학적으로유의한차이가없었다 (Table 4). 고 최근노령인구의증가와더불어골다공증성골절의유병률이증가하면서비타민 D 결핍의중요성이관심의대상이되고있다. 현재까지혈청비타민 D 의적정농도에대한공식적인합의가이루어지지는않았으나, 여러연구에서 30 ng/ml 이상의 25(OH)vitamin D 3 수치를충분한상태로정의한바있다 2,10). Moniz 등 14) 은골다공증성고관절골절환자의 94% 에서비타민 D 부족이있었다고보고하였으며, 국내에서골다공증성고관절골절환자를대상으로비타민 D 수치를분석한연구에서는약 70% 의환자에서비타민 D 의부족을보고한바있다 11). 본연구에서도골다공증성척추압박골절환자를대상으로비타민 D 의수치를분석한결과약 65% 에서비타민 D 부족이관찰되어골다공증성골절환자의많은수에서비타민 D 부족이동반됨을확인할수있었다. 비타민 D 부족과연관된질환의예방을위한 25(OH)vitamin D 3 의적정유지농도는 ng/ml 로알려져있다 3). 정상적으로체내비타민 D 의부족으로인해장에서의칼슘흡수와신장에서의칼슘재흡수가감소하여혈청칼슘농도가떨어지게되면이를보상하기위해부갑상선호르몬이분비되어신장에서 1,25(OH)vitamin D 3 생성이증가된다. 그러나비타민 D 결핍이악화되면이차성부갑상선항진증이초래되어파골세포를활성화하여석회화된뼈기질로부터칼슘을유리시킴으로써뼈기질석회화를저해시켜골다공증을유발하게된다. 그리고비타민 D 는근육에서단백질을합성하고근육세포를성장시켜근육기능을최대화하는동시에신경근육기능을향상시켜반사신경보호기전을강화하는데, 이러한작용은근력을증가시키는 찰 동시에균형감각을좋게하고낙상의위험을줄여골절의예방에도움을줄수있다고보고되고있다 4,13,15). 따라서비타민 D 는골다공증의예방및치료와더불어골절의예방에도도움을줄수있는것으로알려져있다. 체내비타민 D 는 80-90% 가피부에서합성되는데연령이증가할수록피부가얇아지면서각질세포나섬유모세포수가감소하기때문에비타민 D 를합성하는능력이저하되게되고이는골밀도의감소를초래할수있는것으로알려져있다 9). 본연구에서도 25(OH)vitamin D 3 가골밀도와는양의상관관계를보였고나이와는음의상관관계를보였으나, 상관계수가각각 및 으로다소약한상관성을나타내었다. 이는골다공증성척추골절환자만을대상자로설정한본연구의특성상대상자의분포가대부분고령및낮은골밀도값을가진환자로한정되어있었기때문일것으로생각된다. 또한, 본연구에서는현재골다공증을진단함에있어기준이될수있는 DEXA 에서의 T-score 값을조사하여이수치와비타민 D 와의상관관계만을분석하였으나, 추후에는환자자체골밀도의순수값인 BMD 값과비타민 D 와의상관성에대한추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 본연구에서골절된추체개수에따른골밀도및비타민 D 와의상관성을분석함에있어본연구의대상자중골절된추체가 1 개인경우가 87 예, 2 개인경우가 28 예, 3 개인경우가 12 예, 4 개인경우가 4 예, 5 개인경우가 2 예, 6 개인경우가 1 예로골절된추체개수와골밀도및 25(OH)vitamin D 3 와의 Pearson correlation analysis 결과유의한상관성을도출할수없어본연구에서는골절된추체개수에따른상관관계의평가대신골절된추체개수가 3 개이상인경우와 3 개미만인경우로나누어골밀도와비타민 D 값을비교분석하였다. 그결과골절된추체가 3 개이상인다발성척추압박골절의경우가골절된추체가 3 개미만인경우보다통계학적으로유의하게낮은 25(OH)vitamin D 3 값 (p=0.04) 과골밀도를보여 (p=0.001), 낮은골밀도및비타민 D 가골절정도에영향을줄수있을것으로추정할수는있었으나, 25(OH)vitamin D 3 값의경우 p=0.04 로유의수준에가까워현저한유의성을도출할수는없었다. 이는골절된추체개수에따른대상자의분류에있어골절된추체가 3 개이상인환자가 19 명, 3 개미만인환자는 115 명으로대상자수의분포가차이를보여통계학적으로영향을주었을것으로생각되며, 추후보다많은환자를대상으로두군간의환자수를보정하여골절추체개수에따른 25(OH)vitamin D 3 값과골밀도의비교연구를추가적으로시행해볼필요가있을것으로생각된다. Bischoff-Ferrari 등 1) 은스위스에서고관절골절로내원한환자 222 명을대상으로 25(OH)vitamin D 3 에대해조사한결과농도는평균 31.5 ng/ml 였으며, 일반가정에거주하는
5 골다공증성척추골절과비타민 D 31 경우가요양시설에거주하는경우보다더높았고계절별로는여름철에가장높은농도를보였다고발표한바있다. 본연구에서도계절에따른비타민 D 농도는여름철에가장높고겨울철에가장낮은결과를보여일광노출이비타민 D 합성에중요한요소임을뒷받침하였다 1,10). 또한, 일반가정에거주하는경우요양시설에거주하는경우보다유의하게높은비타민 D 수치를보였는데, 이는요양시설에거주하는경우거동이불편한환자가많아상대적으로일광노출이부족했기때문일것으로생각된다. 골대사지표인 osteocalcin 과 c-telopeptide 는골교체율을반영하며골교체율이증가할수록골절위험도가증가하는것으로알려져있다 8). 이는비침습적인검사로쉽게이행될수있으나환자간및환자내오차가크며일중및일간변동과음식또는운동등의영향을받아정밀도가떨어지는것이단점이다 16). Osteocalcin 은 1,25(OH)vitamin D 3 가골아세포표면에있는비타민 D 수용체와복합체를만들어골아세포에있는 osteocalcin gene promoter 의비타민 D 반응성유전자에결합함으로써합성과분비가이루어지는것으로알려져있으나 6) 본연구결과에서 25(OH) vitamin D 3 와 osteocalcin 사이에유의한상관관계는보이지않았으며 25(OH)vitamin D 3 의부족군과정상군에서도골대사지표들의유의한차이는보이지않았다. 이는골대사지표에영향을줄수있는연령, 성별등을비롯한다른요인들이고려되지않았기때문으로생각된다. 결 골다공증성척추압박골절환자의 65% 에서 25(OH)vitamin D 3 의부족이있었고, 25(OH)vitamin D 3 의부족군에서유의하게낮은골밀도를보였으며, 25(OH)vitamin D 3 농도는계절및거주환경에따른차이를보이고있어일광노출이 25(OH)vitamin D 3 의농도에중요인자임을예측할수있었다. 따라서, 골다공증성척추압박골절환자에있어비타민 D 수준을평가하는것이치료를계획하는데도움이될것으로생각되며, 부족시적절한일광노출과비타민 D 의보충을고려해보는것이좋을것으로생각된다. 론 참고문헌 1) Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Can U, Staehelin HB, et al: Severe vitamin D deficiency in Swiss hip fracture patients. Bone, 42: , ) Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B: Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr, 84: 18-28, ) Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shao A, Dawson-Hughes B, Hathcock J, Giovannucci E, Willett WC: Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos Int, 21: , ) Bouillon R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Willett W: Vitamin D and health: perspectives from mice and man. J Bone Miner Res, 23: , ) Chesnut CH 3rd: Osteoporosis, an underdiagnosed disease. JAMA, 286: , ) Eisman JA, Kelly PJ, Morrison NA, et al: Peak bone mass and osteoporosis prevention. Osteoporos Int, 3 Suppl 1: 56-60, ) Fujiwara S: Epidemiology of osteoporosis and fracture. Clin Calcium, 14: 13-18, ) Garnero P, Gineyts E, Riou JP, Delmas PD: Assessment of bone resorption with a new marker of collagen degradation in patients with metabolic bone disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79: , ) Holick MF: Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr, 80: 1678S-1688S, ) Holick MF: Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med, 357: , ) Lee WS, Lee SH, Han SB, Jeong WK, Park SY: Vitamin D inadequacy in patients with osteoporotic hip fractures. Korean J Bone Metab, 18: 9-14, ) Lim SK, Kung AW, Sompongse S, Soontrapa S, Tsai KS: Vitamin D inadequacy in postmenopausal women in Eastern Asia. Curr Med Res Opin, 24: , ) Lips P, Bouillon R, van Schoor NM, et al: Reducing fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 73: , ) Moniz C, Dew T, Dixon T: Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in osteoporotic hip fracture patients in London. Curr Med Res Opin, 21: , ) Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P; Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam: Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88: , ) Yamaguchi K, Masuhara K, Yamasaki S, Nakai T, Fuji T: Predictive value of a preoperative biochemical bone marker in relation to bone remodeling after cementless total hip arthroplasty. J Clin Densitom, 6: , 2003.
- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
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