online ML Comm CLINICAL ARTICLE J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2011;7:29-34 ISSN 경피적척추체성형술로치료한골다공성척추압박골절에서외상에의한영향 : 외상유무에따른방사선학적양상의비교 서울보훈병원신경외과 남
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1 online ML Comm CLINICAL ARTICLE J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2011;7:29-34 ISSN 경피적척추체성형술로치료한골다공성척추압박골절에서외상에의한영향 : 외상유무에따른방사선학적양상의비교 서울보훈병원신경외과 남동혁. 박관호. 김태완. 지문표. 김재오 The Effect of Trauma in Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures Treated by Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: A Comparison of Radiological Features in Presence or Absence of Trauma Dong Hyuk Nam, MD, Kwan Ho Park, MD, Tae Wan Kim, MD, Moon Pyo Chi, MD and Jae O Kim, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul, Korea Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of trauma in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP). We compare radiographic features of OVCFs with trauma to those without trauma. Methods: The medical records and radiographic findings of 111 consecutive patients treated with PVP between January 2008 and June 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 111 patients with 122 painful vertebral fractures was identified based on clinical and radiological findings. The patients were divided into two groups according to the cause of the OVCFs. Group A contained 81 patients with a history of trauma. They included slip, sprain, and fall. 30 patients with no history of trauma were categorized into group B. Differences in radiographic features and occurrence rates of new compression fractures were examined and compared for both groups. The following factors were analyzed on radiographs, dual bone densitometry, CT, and MRI: pre-existing vertebral compression fracture (VCF), bone mineral density (BMD), anatomical location of the vertebral fracture, type and grading of fracture, intravertebral cleft (IVC), and new VCF. Results: There were 111 patients, with a mean age of 74.6 years (range, years). Group A showed 81 patients with a mean age of 74.8±6.2 and 30 patients with a mean age of 73.8±6.4 in group B. In group A, body mass index (BMI) was 22.4±3.9 and 22.5±6.5 in group B. There were no significance differences in age, gender, and BMI. Mean follow-up period was 12 months (range, 3-24 months). The most common location of fractured vertebrae is thoracolumbar levels (T11-L2) in both groups. Mild deformity and wedged fractures are most common in both groups. Pre-existing VCF, BMD, anatomical location of the vertebral fracture, type and grading of fracture, IVC, and amount of cement injected have no statistically significant difference between group A and group B. In group A, the new VCF occurred in 17 patients (20.0%) and 8 (26.7%) in group B. The radiographic features of OVCF and occurrence rate of new VCF have no significant difference in both groups. Conclusion: The etiology of OVCF is multifactorial. This condition may be caused by mainly osteoporosis and trauma. There is no great difference between the two groups in radiographic features of OVCF. The history of trauma is not aggravating the situation and progress of OVCF. (J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2011;7:29-34) KEY WORDS: Osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture ㆍ Trauma ㆍ Percutaneous vertebroplasty ㆍ New compression KEY WORDS: fracture. Received: March 15, 2011 / Revised: March 17, 2011 / Accepted: April 20, 2011 Address for correspondence: Kwan Ho Park, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul Veterans Hospital, 27 Iljasan-gil, Gangdong-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , spineho@naver.com Copyright 2011 Journal of Korean Neurotraumatology Society 29
2 The Effect of Trauma in Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures Treated by Percutaneous Vertebroplasty 서론 골다공증은낮은골량과골조직의구조적노화로뼈가쉽게부서지는전신적인골격계질환으로폐경, 노화등여러가지원인에의하여발생하며만성요통, 척추변형뿐만아니라척추에골절을유발하는뼈질환이다. 노인인구가증가되면서골다공증과골다공성척추골절이점차증가하고있다. 척추골절로척추체의부피가감소되고변형이일어나면척추체의생체역학과기능에변화가오고심한동통이나신경계의장애를일으키기도한다. 골다공성척추골절이발생하는데는여러가지요인이있지만척추체의강도와부피가감소되면뚜렷한원인이없거나가벼운외상에도척추체가파괴되어척추골절이발생될수있다. 골다공증에의한뼈의약화와외상이골다공성척추압박골절의주된원인이다. 본연구에서는골다공성척추압박골절로진단되어척추체성형술을시행받은환자에서외상후에척추골절이발생한경우와외상력없이척추골절이발생한경우의환자분포와골절의영상학적소견을비교하여외상이골다공성척추압박골절에미치는영향을보고하고자한다. 대상및방법 2008년 1월부터 2009년 6월까지골다공성척추압박골절로진단되어척추체성형술을시행받은 65세이상환자 111명을대상으로후향적으로분석하였다. 급성기통증이 6주미만, MR 촬영상골절된척추체가 T1강조영상에서저신호강도, T2강조및 short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) 영상에서고신호강도, 척추체높이가 20% 이상감소된경우를대상으로하였다. 중증척추외상으로감압및고정수술이필요한경우, 심한압박골절 ( 50% 이상 ), 척추관내신경압박, 척추불안정성, 병적골절 ( 종양, 감염 ), 흉요추부수술을받았던경우, 심폐질환동반, 응고병증환자는연구대상에서제외하였다. 외상후에골다공성척추압박골절이발생되어경피적척추체성형술을시행받은환자는 A군으로분류하고, 외상력없이골다공성척추압박골절이발생되어경피적척추체성형술을시행받은환자는 B군으로분류하였다. A군의외상력은넘어짐, 염좌, 떨어짐과같이일상생활중에발생할수있는경도의외상이었다. 모든환자에서단순방사선검사, 전산화단층촬영 (CT), 자기공명영상촬영 (MRI) 을시행하여척추압박골절부위, 척추관내골편합입및신경압박유무를확인하였다. 골밀도 (BMD) 검사로골다공증의정도를측정하였으며동 위원소골주사 (bone scan) 로다발성골절여부도확인하였다. 두군에서나이, 성별, 체질량지수 (body mass index, BMI), 골밀도검사, 기존의척추골절, 골절의위치, 골절의모양과정도, 척추체내틈 (intravertebral cleft: IVC), 뼈시멘트 (polymethylmetacrylate: PMMA) 주입량, 새로운골절의발생빈도를비교하였다. 기존의척추골절과골절된척추체의위치는 T4-T10, T11-L2, L3-L5로분류하였고, Genant method에따라척추골절의모양과정도를분류하였다. 6) 골절의모양은 wedge형, concave 형, crush 형으로나누고, 감소된척추체높이에따라경도 (mild), 중등도 (moderate), 중증 (severe) 으로분류하였다. 모든환자에게 C-arm 방사선투시기를이용하여경피적척추체성형술을시행하였다. Jamshidi 바늘을일측또는양측척추경을경유하여골절된척추체내에삽입하여바늘의끝이척추체의전방 1/3에위치하도록하였다. 주사기를통하여뼈시멘트를주입하였고뼈시멘트가척추체의후방 1/3을지나주입되거나추간판내또는척추체주변으로유출되면뼈시멘트주입을중지하였다. 새로운척추골절은최초의척추체성형술후에통증이발생하고척추체높이가 20% 이상감소되면서 MRI 촬영에서뼈부종소견이관찰되고, 다른영상학적검사상새로운골절이발견된경우로하였다. 골다공성척추압박골절로척추체성형술을시행받은환자를척추골절당시의외상유무에따라각각 A군과 B 군으로나누고, 외상이골다공성척추압박골절에미치는영향을알아보기위하여두군의환자분포와영상학적소견을비교하였다. 모든통계자료는 SPSS를이용하여 Chi-square test와 t-test를시행하여분석하였고 p 0.05 인경우를통계학적으로유의성있는것으로하였다. 결과 환자의분포골다공성척추압박골절로진단되어척추체성형술을시행받은환자는 111명이었고총 122개의척추체에척추체성형술을시행하였다. 평균연령은 74.6 세 (65 86 세 ), 남녀비는 54:57 이고추적관찰기간은평균 12개월 (3 24 개월 ) 이었다. A군은 81명으로척추골절당시에외상이있었으며총 85개의척추체에척추체성형술을시행받았다. 평균연령은 74.8±6.2 세이고남녀비는 40:41 이었다. 외상의원인은넘어짐 (60명 ), 염좌 (19명 ), 떨어짐 (2명) 으로나타나일상생활중에발생할수있는경도의외상이었다. 골 30 J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2011;7:29-34
3 Dong Hyuk Nam, et al. 다공성척추압박골절로신경학적결손이동반된경우나중증의외상으로척추골절이발생되어감압및고정술이필요한경우는연구대상에서제외되었다. BMI는 22.4±3.9 이었다. B군은 30명으로골다공성척추골절발생시명확한외상력이없었으며총 37개의척추체에척추체성형술을시행하였다. 평균연령은 73.8±6.4 세이고남녀비는 14: 16이었다. BMI는 22.5±6.5 이었다. A군과 B군을비교하면골다공성척추압박골절발생당시의평균연령, 성별, BMI는통계학적으로유의성이없었다 (Table 1). 방사선학적평가 A군 81명중기존의척추체골절은 31명 (38.3%) 에게서총 58개의척추체골절이있었다. A군의평균골밀도수치는 -3.7±1.2 이었다. 기존의척추체골절의위치는 T11-L2 부위에 33개, L3-L5 부위에 16개, T4-T10 부위에 9개로나타났으며 T11-L2 부위에가장많았다. A 군에서척추체성형술을시행받은척추체골절은총 85개 였고, 치료받은평균척추체수는 1.21±0.5 이었다. 척추체골절이 1부위에서발생한경우는 60명, 2부위에서발생한경우는 11명, 3부위에서발생한경우는 1명이었다. 척추체골절은 T11-L2 부위에 53개, L3-L5 부위에 17 개, T4-T10 부위에 15개순으로나타나 T11-L2 부위에서가장많이발생하였다. 척추체골절의모양은 wedge형이 57개, biconcave 형 22개, crush형은 6명으로관찰되어 wedge형이가장많았다. 척추체골절의정도는경도 61 개, 중등도 20개, 중증은 4개척추체로나타났다. 외상력은넘어짐, 염좌, 떨어짐순으로나타났으며외상의원인에관계없이골절의위치는 T11-L2, 골절의모양은 wedge 형, 골절의정도는경도가가장많은것으로관찰되었다. 척추체내틈이나타난경우는 10명이었다. 골다공성척추체골절로진단되어척추체성형술시주입한뼈시멘트평균량은 3.0±1.1 cc이었다. A군환자 81명중 17명 (20.0%) 에서새로운척추체골절이발생하였다 (Table 1). B군 30명중기존의척추체골절은 12명 (40.0%) 에서 TABLE 1. Demographics of the both study groups Characteristics Group A (n=81) Group B (n=30) p value Mean of age 74.8± ± Sex ratio (male:female) 40:41 14: Male (%) 40 (49.4%) 14 (46.7%) Female (%) 41 (50.6%) 16 (53.3%) Body mass index 22.4± ± Previous fractures T4-T T11-L L3-L BMD -3.7± ± No. of fractured vertebra Treated vertebrae 1.21± ±0.52 Location 0.95 T4-T T11-L L3-L Fracture type 0.48 Wedge Biconcave Crush Deformity 0.09 Mild Moderate Severe Intravertebral cleft PMMA volume (cc) 03.0± ± New VCF (%) 17 (21.0%) 8 (26.7%) 0.53 T: thoracic, L: lumbar, No: number, BMD: bone mineral density, PMMA: polymethylmetacrylate, VCF: vertebral compression fracture 31
4 The Effect of Trauma in Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures Treated by Percutaneous Vertebroplasty 나타났고척추체골절은총 21개였다. B군의평균 BMD 는 -4.1±1.3 이었다. 기존의척추체골절의위치는 T11- L2 부위에 13개, T4-T10 부위에 5개, L3-L5 부위에 3 개로나타나 T11-L2 부위에서가장많았다. B군에서척추체성형술을시행받은척추체골절은총 37개였고, 치료받은평균척추체수는 1.23±0.5 이었다. 척추체골절이 1 부위에서발생한경우는 28명, 2부위는 3명, 3부위에서발생한경우는 1명이었다. 척추체골절의위치는 T11-L2 부위에 24개, T4-T10 부위에 7개, L3-L5 부위에 6개로나타났으며 T11-L2 부위에서가장많았다. 척추체골절의모양은 wedge형이 29개, biconcave형 6개, crush형은 2명으로관찰되었으며 wedge형이가장많았다. 척추체골절의정도는경도 31개, 중등도 5개, 중증은 1개척추체로나타났다. 척추체내틈이발견된경우는 6명이었다. 척추체골절로진단되어척추체성형술시주입한뼈시멘트평균량은 3.3±1.4 cc이었다. B군환자 30명중 8명 (26.7%) 에서새로운척추체골절이발생하였다 (Table 1). 골다공성척추압박골절발생시외상의유무와골밀도수치, 척추골절의위치, 척추골절의모양과정도, 척추체내틈, 뼈시멘트의양, 새로운척추골절의발생률은통계학적으로유의성을보이지않았다 (Table 1). 고찰 골생성에비하여골흡수가증가하거나골흡수에비해골생성이감소되면골다공증이발생하게된다. 일차성골다공증은제1형 ( 폐경후골다공증 ) 과 2형 ( 노인성골다공증 ) 으로분류되며, 이차성골다공증은주로원인이확인되는경우이다. 골밀도는유전적인원인인자와환경적인원인인자와관련이있으며, 환경적인원인인자는운동, 폐경, 칼슘, 비타민 D 등이해당된다. 단순방사선촬영과골밀도검사로골다공증정도를측정한다. CT와 MRI를시행하여방출성골절, 척추후주및신경조직손상유무를관찰한다. 3D (dimension)-ct 를촬영하여골절양상과골조직의변화를관찰한다. 골주사검사로압박골절의진구성여부, 다발성골절여부를확인한다. 골밀도검사는해면골이많은대퇴골, 척추, 요골의원위부가적절하며, 골밀도수치는퇴행성변화또는뼈관절증에의하여영향을받을수있다. Shiraki 등 18) 에의하면여자노인에서 BMI가높을수록새로운척추체골절의빈도는감소한다고보고하였고, Ahn 등 1) 은골밀도수치보다는 BMI가새로운척추체골절발생과관련된중요한인자라고하였다. A군과 B군의평균연령, 남녀비, BMI는비슷하게나타났고, 골밀도수치는각각 -3.7±1.2 와 -4.1±1.3 로관찰되었지만통계학적으로유의성있는차이는없었다. Briggs 등 5) 은골다공성척추체골절이발생되면이후에척추골절이발생할위험이상당히증가하며이현상을 척추골절연속단계 (vertebral fracture cascade) 라고하였다. 과거에척추체골절이있었던경우는척추체골절이없었던경우보다새로운척추체골절이발생할위험성이약 4~7배높고, 기존에발생한척추체골절의갯수와연관이있다고알려져있다. 14,16,17) 기존의척추체골절은 A 군과 B군에서각각 31명 (38.3%) 과 12명 (40.0%) 으로비슷한빈도로관찰되었으며통계학적으로유의한차이는없었다. 척추체골절의발생과연관이있는위험인자는기존에발생한척추체골절의갯수이며이것은골다공증의중증도와관련이있다고알려져있다. 골조직의부피와강도가감소되면가벼운외상이나뚜렷한원인이없이도척추골절이발생하기도한다. 본연구에서도척추체골절발생시외상력이있는경우도있지만, 명확한외상력이없었던경우도있으므로척추체골절에는외상외에도여러가지요인이관여할것으로사료된다. 본연구에서의외상력은넘어짐, 염좌, 떨어짐순으로나타났으며일상활동중에도흔히발생할수있는외상이었다. 저자들은골다공성척추압박골절발생당시환자의외상력에따라외상의유무만을분류하고외상이골다공성척추압박골절에미치는영향을연구하였으므로외상의정도와골다공성척추골절과의연관성을규명하는데는제한이있을것으로사료된다. 명확한외상력이없이발생한골다공성척추압박골절은환자가무시할정도로미약한정도의외상력이원인이거나자연경과중에발생한골절로추정할수있다. 두군모두 T11-L2 부위에서척추체골절에가장많이발생하였다. 외상여부에상관없이척추체골절의모양은 wedge형이가장많고, biconcave형, crush형순으로관찰되었으며, 골절의정도는경도가가장흔히발생하고중등도, 중증의순으로나타났다. 두군의영상학적소견을비교할때골절의위치는두군모두 T11-L2 부위에서가장많았다. 두군모두 wedge형골절이가장많았으나 B군에서는 A군에비하여 wedge골절의빈도가상대적으로높았다. 두군모두경증골절이가장많았으나 A군에서는 B군에비하여중등도, 중증골절의빈도가상대적으로높았다. 본연구에의하면외상에의한골다공성척추압박골절은비외상성척추압박골절에비하여골절의정도가심한것으로관찰되었다. 외상후에발생한골다공성척추압박골절을비외상성골다공성척추압박 32 J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2011;7:29-34
5 Dong Hyuk Nam, et al. 골절과비교하면척추골절의양상과결과는통계학적으로유의한차이는없는것으로나타났다. 척추체내틈을 Kummell병의징후로볼수있지만척추체내틈은급성척추골절후에도발생할수있다. 15) Lane 등 10) 은골다공성척추압박골절후에척추체내틈을흔히볼수있다고보고하였다. 본연구에서는 A군에비하여 B군에서척추체내틈의발생빈도가높았으나두군에서통계학적으로유의한차이는없었다. 척추체성형술로뼈시멘트가척추체에주입되면열또는화학적효과로통증이호전된다고가정되었으나, 생역학적실험에의하면척추체성형술로척추체가골절되기전에비하여골절된척추체의강도 (strength) 와강직 (stiffness) 을회복시키고내부목 (internal splint) 역할을하는기전도제시되었다. 뼈시멘트양은새로운척추체골절의발생이나결과와연관이없다고보고되었고 1,7,8) 저자들의연구에서도 A군과 B군에주입한뼈시멘트양은각각 3.0±1.1 cc, 3.3±1.4 cc이었으며두군간의통계학적유의한차이는없었다. 척추체성형술과새로운골절과의연관성은명확하지않으며척추체성형술자체가새로운골절을유발한다는주장과내재성질환의자연경과로새로운골절이발생한다는주장이있다. 2,12,13) 가장중요한인자는내재하는골다공증이라고알려져있으며, Wang 등 20) 은새로운골절이발생한환자의 62.5% 는골밀도수치가 -2.5 미만이었고이러한환자들은더욱집중적인추적관찰이필요하다고주장하였다. 척추체성형술후육체적인활동의증가로새로운골절이증가한다는주장도있으며 3,9,11,18,19) 척추체움직임이많으면척추체골절부위에인접하지않는척추체에망치효과를유발하여새로운골절이발생하게된다. 척추분절의운동성외에가능한다른기하학적인자는국소적인척주후만증이다. 1) 새로운척추체골절은주로인접부위에서더빨리발생한다. 이러한결과는고령, 낮은골다공증수치, 기존의척추체골절이많은경우가다발성척추체골절이발생할수있는위험인자임을제시한다. 본연구에서척추체성형술을시행한척추체에새로운골절이발생한경우골절된척추체에주입된뼈시멘트가부족한경우가관찰되어척추체성형술시골절된척추체에충분한양의뼈시멘트를주입할필요가있었다. 4) 결론 골다공성척추압박골절은여러가지원인에의하여발생하는데골다공증과외상이척추압박골절의주된원인이다. 외상후에골다공성척추압박골절이발생한경우 와외상력이없이발생한경우를영상학적으로비교하였을 때골다공성척추압박골절의양상이나진행과정에서 유사한소견을보였다. 골다공성척추압박골절발생당 시의외상은골다공성척추압박골절의상황과경과를 악화시키는효과는미미할것으로판단된다. 중심단어 : 골다공성척추압박골절 외상 경피적척추체 성형술 새로운압박골절. The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. REFERENCES 1) Ahn Y, Lee JH, Lee HY, Lee SH, Keem SH. Predictive factors for subsequent vertebral fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty. J Neurosurg Spine 9: , ) Ananthakrishnan D, Berven S, Deviren V, Cheng K, Lotz JC, Xu Z, et al. The effect on anterior column loading due to different vertebral augmentation techniques. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 20:25-31, ) Barr JD, Barr MS, Lemley TJ, McCann RM. Percutaneous vertebroplasty for pain relief and spinal stabilization. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25: , ) Berlemann U, Ferguson SJ, Nolte LP, Heini PF. Adjacent vertebral failure after vertebroplasty. A biomechanical investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84: , ) Briggs AM, Greig AM, Wark JD. The vertebral fracture cascade in osteoporosis: a review of aetiopathogenesis. Osteoporos Int 18: , ) Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt MC. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res 8: , ) Hodler J, Peck D, Gilula LA. Midterm outcome after vertebroplasty: predictive value of technical and patient-related factors. Radiology 227: , ) Kaufmann TJ, Trout AT, Kallmes DF. The effects of cement volume on clinical outcomes of percutaneous vertebroplasty. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27: , ) Kim SH, Kang HS, Choi JA, Ahn JM. Risk factors of new compression fractures in adjacent vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty. Acta Radiol 45: , ) Lane JI, Maus TP, Wald JT, Thielen KR, Bobra S, Luetmer PH. Intravertebral clefts opacified during vertebroplasty: pathogenesis, technical implications, and prognostic significance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23: , ) Lin EP, Ekholm S, Hiwatashi A, Westesson PL. Vertebroplasty: cement leakage into the disc increases the risk of new fracture of adjacent vertebral body. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25: , ) Lindsay R, Burge RT, Strauss DM. One year outcomes and costs following a vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 16:78-85, ) Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, Hanley DA, Barton I, Broy SB, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA 285: , ) Lunt M, O'Neill TW, Felsenberg D, Reeve J, Kanis JA, Cooper C, et al. Characteristics of a prevalent vertebral deformity predict subsequent vertebral fracture: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Bone 33: , ) Maldague BE, Noel HM, Malghem JJ. The intravertebral vacuum cleft: a sign of ischemic vertebral collapse. Radiology 129:23-29, ) Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD. Pre-existing frac- 33
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