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1 Anesth Pain Med 2014; 9: 증례보고 급속히전신상태가악화되는다발성척추압박골절환자에서시행한다구간척추성형술 - 증례보고 - 이화여자대학교의학전문대학원마취통증의학과 변종민ㆍ박학수ㆍ김진 One-stage multi-level vertebroplasty for a patient with a rapidly deteriorating condition due to multiple vertebral compression fractures A case report Jong Min Byun, Hahck Soo Park, and Jin Kim Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Vertebral compression fractures are the most prevalent complications of osteoporosis, with symptoms of low back pains. Basically, the vertebral compression fractures are regarded as a self-limiting disease, and thus, conservative treatment is enough for most cases, but nevertheless, they have the potential to cause significant rates of disability and morbidity. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a widely used minimally invasive procedure, where the outcome is largely affected according to appropriate selections of patients and the time of the procedures. We hereby report a multi-level percutaneous vertebroplasty for a patient with multiple compression fractures which accompanies the Kummell`s disease with rapidly deteriorating general condition despite his conservative treatments. (Anesth Pain Med 2014; 9: ) Key Words: Kummell s disease, Multilevel vertebroplasty, Vertebral compression fractures. Received: December 13, Revised: December 26, Accepted: January 14, Corresponding author: Hahck Soo Park, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul , Korea. Tel: , Fax: , ingoo97@lycos.co.kr It was presented the 57th Scientific Meeting of the Korean Pain Society, November 2013, Grandhiltonseoul Hotel Convention Center, Seoul, Korea. 척추압박골절 (vertebral compression fracture) 은자가회복질환 (self-limiting disease) 으로알려져있지만, 일부의환자에서는척추후만증의진행, 식욕감소와영양부족, 폐기능저하, 심부정맥혈전증, 욕창등으로이환될수있다 [1,2]. 이러한합병증은때로는치명적일수있으며사회적인고비용을소모하게되므로환자의상태를주도면밀하게관찰하여, 필요한경우즉각적인중재적시술이요구된다. 본저자들은적극적인보존적인치료에도불구하고새로운압박골절과 Kummell s disease가발생하고전신상태가급격히악화되는다발성척추압박골절환자에서다구간경피적척추성형술 (multi-level percutaneous vertebroplasty) 을시행하였기에이를문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 증례 66세여자환자가 3개월전부터시작된요통을주소로통증클리닉으로내원하였다. 요통은 3개월전흉추부통증과함께나타났으며흉추-요추이행부를중심으로뻐근하고시큰거리는양상이었고, 가만히누워있으면완화되고몸을일으키거나돌아누울때악화되었다. 당시단순방사선상요추 1번의압박골절과흉추부의대상포진으로각각진단받고보존적치료후호전되는양상을보였으나, 내원 2주전부터아파서걷지못하고가만히앉아있기힘들정도로허리통증이악화되었다 (VAS 8). 환자는 9개월전피부과에서수포성유사천포창 (bullous pemphigoid) 으로진단받고면역억제치료를위해메틸프레드니솔론 mg과사이클로스포린 75 g을매일복용하고있었다. 그외다른병력은부인하였다. 이학적검진상환자는월상안 (moon face) 소견을보였으며, 흉추하부에서요추에걸쳐심한압통을호소하였다. 척추의압박골절을의심하여시행한골밀도검사상 T-Score -4.0의중증골다공증소견을보였고, 자기공명영상에서흉추하부에서요추까지 T9, T11, T12, L1, L2, L3, 165
2 166 Anesth Pain Med Vol. 9, No. 3, 2014 Fig. 1. Lumbar MRI. (A) Acute benign compression fracture, T9, T12, L4, Subacute benign compression fracture, T11, L1, L2, L3, L5 in first MRI. (B) Newly developed acute benign compression fracture of T10 (gray arrow) in second MRI. (C) Suggestive of Kummell's disease at T12 (white arrow) in second MRI. L4, L5 레벨에서다발성골절소견이발견되었다 (Fig. 1A). 환자는심한통증을호소하여입원후급성골절에대하여척추성형술을시행받기로하였으나시술전시행한혈액검사상 WBC / l, C-reactive protein 2.95 mg/dl ( 정상치 < 0.06 mg/dl) 으로급성감염이의심되는소견이관찰되어시술을 2주후로연기하고경구용항생제와경피용진통제를처방받고퇴원하였다. 그러나환자는지속적으로악화되는통증으로퇴원 10일후응급실을통해신경외과로재입원하였다. 환자는화장실가기도어려울정도로일상생활이불가능하였고침상생활이길어지면서경구영양섭취가불량하며전신쇠약감을호소하였다. C-reactive protein은 0.84 mg/dl로감소하였으나열과오한이반복되면서심한기침과가래가동반된체위성무기폐소견을보였고, 등부위에기존의피부질환과는별개로초기압박궤양 (decubitus ulcer) 으로추정되는피부병변들이추가로관찰되었다. 발열의원인과향후계획에대해감염내과와신경외과에서는부신기능부전에의한발열과척추추간판염 (spondylodiscitis) 을배제할수없다는판단을하였다. 신경외과에서는호르몬치료를포함한보존적치료를우선적으로고려하였으나통증과전신상태가계속악화되어환자와보호자의요청에의해통증클리닉으로전과되었다. 척추추간판염을배제하기위해이전자기공명영상과 3주후촬영한조영증강자기공명영상에서 T10의새로운급성압박골절소견과 T12의 Kummell s disease 소견이관찰되었고, 척추추간판염을시사하는소견은관찰되지않았다 (Figs. 1B and 1C). 이당시저자들은적극적인보존적치료에도불구하고증상과방사선학적소견이지속적으로악화되고, 폐기능저 하, 욕창, 영양불량등이동반이환되어급속도로전신상태가악화되며, 척추성형술의금기인척추추간판염을배제할수있으므로, 즉각적인중재적시술이필요한상태로판단하였다. 심한압통점을호소하고자기공명영상에서급성골절소견을보이는 T9, T10, T12, L4의척추성형술을시행하면서치유가지연되고있는 T11 레벨의아급성골절도척추성형술로보강하기로계획하였다. 환자는복와위를취하고흉추중간부분에서요추부까지넓은부위를베타딘으로소독하고무균드래핑하였다. 시술중에는심전도, 비침습적혈압계, 맥박산소포화도계측기를부착하고비강캐뉼라 (nasal prong) 를통해 100% 산소 2 L/min를투여하였다. 실시간영상투시장치를이용하여 T9, T10, T11, T12 척추체를목표점으로잡고피부국소마취후, 11G Jamshidi 바늘 (vertebroplasy needle, HyunMedics, Korea) 을지그재그순서로조심스럽게삽입하고단측척추경을경유하여전진시켰다. 전후상과측면상을반복적으로확인하여바늘끝이측면상에서척추체전방 1/3 지점, 전후상에서척추체의중앙까지전진시키고 1.0 ml 주사기를이용하여 polymethylmethacrylate 성분의골시멘트 (Exolent Spine, Elmdown LTD, England) 를주입하였다 (Fig. 2). 골시멘트가척추체의경계를넘거나경막외, 정맥내누출을시사하는소견은관찰되지않았으며, 시술중환자의활력징후에서도이상소견은관찰되지않았다. 같은방법으로 L4 척추성형술을시행한후시술을종료하였다. 총시술시간은 35 분이었고, 각레벨별로주입된골시멘트의양은 T9 : 1.5 ml, T10 : 1.5 ml, T11 : 1.0 ml, T12 : 1.5 ml, L4 : 2.5 ml 였다. 시술후환자는 4시간동안절대적침상안정을유지
3 변종민외 2 인 :One-stage multi-level vertebroplasty 167 Fig. 2. Multi-level vertebroplasty. Lateral and anteroposterior image of multi-level vertebroplasty (T9 T12) in zig-zag order for better scar and stability of spinal body. 하였다. 시술다음날환자의요통은 VAS 3 정도로감소하였고, 보조기를이용한보행이가능하였다. 환자에게골다공증치료의필요성에대해설명하고비스포스포네이트제제를처방하고추가골절예방을위해 1개월동안코르셋을착용하도록교육하고퇴원하였다. 시술 1개월과 3개월후추적관찰에서환자는지팡이를짚고자가보행이가능하였으며, 경한요통은지속되었으나일상생활에지장을주지는않았다. 입원시관찰되던호흡기증상과등쪽의피부병변도회복되었다. 고 골다공증성압박골절환자의치료는보존적치료와수술적치료로나누어진다. 보존적인치료는충분한침상안정, 보조기의착용, 경구진통제의복용, 물리치료및재활치료로이루어지며, 기저질환인골다공증에대한예방및치료도병행되어야한다 [1,2]. 이전의연구들에서보존적인치료를시행한대부분의환자에서 3개월내에충분한통증호전을보이며, 60 70% 의환자에서그효과가 1년이상지속됨을보고한바있다 [3,4]. 보존적인치료에도불구하고지속적인통증을보이는환자에서는수술적치료를고려하게된다. 경피적척추성형술은가장널리이용되는최소침습적시술로, 이환된척추체에 polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 성분의골시멘트를주입하여척추체의강도를보강해주는시술이다. 척추성형술은압박골절환자의통증을감소시키고삶의질을높여주며, 치료효과는즉각적으로나타나며장기간지속되는것으로보고되고있다 [1,2,5]. 많은데이터의축적에도불구하고척추성형술이보존적인치료보다우수한성과를보이는지에대해서는아직논란이있다 [6-9]. 많은논란을일으킨 2009년 New England Journal of Medicine에발표된두이중맹검무작위대조군 찰 연구에서척추성형술을시행한군이대조군에비해통증조절과기능에있어유의한차이를보이지않았다고보고하였다 [8,9]. 특히 Buchbinder 등의 [8] 연구에서는대조군환자에게실제로국소마취를한후 13G Jamshidi 바늘을삽입하여척추체후궁을접촉하고부드럽게망치질을하고 PMMA 파우더를녹여서특유의냄새가퍼지도록모의척추성형술을시행하였고, 시술후 1주, 1, 3, 6개월후성적에서척추성형술군과차이가없었다고보고하였다. 이연구들에대한여러비판도있어왔는데, 적은환자군수, 저빈도의시술간격, 부적절한시술과정과더불어, 분명하지않고느슨한대상선정에집중되었다 [1,2]. 종합해보면척추성형술을고려함에있어환자군의선택과중재의시점이핵심적인요소가될것이다. 느슨한적응증의적용은보존적치료만으로회복될수있는환자에게침습적인시술을하게되는과잉진료를유발할수있고, 결과적으로치료군 - 대조군의성과차이를희석하게된다. 반대로문헌에따라 2주에서 3개월로제시되는보존적치료의기간을지나치게엄격하게적용하면적절한치료시기를놓치어환자의삶의질을떨어뜨리게되고불필요한사회경제적인비용을소모하게된다. 앞선연구에서보존적치료에반응하지않는환자들에서통계적으로유의미한선행요인 (predisposing factor) 은발견되지않았다 [3,4]. 따라서환자개개인에개별화된검진과검사를통해통증양상의변화를주도면밀하게관찰하고, 임상적인단서를놓치지않는것이중요하다. 본증례에서환자는병력상의인성쿠싱증후군이의심되는상태로, 비교적단기간에급격한골다공증과압박골절이진행되었다. 적절한보존적치료에도불구하고새로운골절이발생하였고, 일부골절이치유되지못하고지연성골괴사 (Kummell s disease) 소견을보였으며지속되는침상생활로인해식욕저하로인한영양부족, 체위성무기폐, 욕창이진행되었다. 또한매우드물지만환자의장기간스테로이드복용력과심한지속적통증을고려해볼때척추추간판염을의심할수도있으나, 방사선학적으로추간판의협착과소실여부를통해서 95% 내외의민감도와특이도로감별할수있으며, 확진이어려울경우 2 4주후조영증강자기공명영상을확인하도록권장하고있다 [10]. 본증례에서 3주후재촬영한조영증강자기공명영상에서감염을의심할만한소견이발견되지않았으므로척추추간판염을배제할수있었다. 이런소견들을종합할때환자의다발성압박골절자체로인한통증과급격한전신상태의악화소견에대해즉각적인중재적시술이필요하다고판단하여다구간척추성형술을계획하였다. 척추성형술이도입된초기의가이드라인에는한번에 3 구간이하의척추성형술을시행하라는권고가있었으나적절한근거를가진것은아니었다. 시술경험이축적되고기
4 168 Anesth Pain Med Vol. 9, No. 3, 2014 기들이발전됨에따라척추성형술의합병증은매우드물게보고되었고, 대부분무증상이거나자연적으로호전되는양상을보였다 [1]. 따라서과거에금기로여겨지던척추성형술의적응증과시행가능한개수를확장하고합병증을줄이려는연구가진행되었다. Singh 등은 [11] 압박골절된척추체의개수와는무관하게척추성형술이통증감소및환자의활동성증가, 경구진통제의복용량감소에동등한유효성을보이며, 한번에시행한구간수에따른합병증의발생률에유의한차이가없음을보고한바있다. Mailli 등도 [12] 한번에 3 구간이하와 4 구간이상에서척추성형술을시행한두군사이에안전성을비교하였으며, 두군간에합병증발생률에통계적으로유의한차이를발견하지못했다. 이전연구에서다구간척추성형술을시행한후인접척추체에서이차적인압박골절이발생한증례가일부보고되었으나, 시술로인한생역학 (biomechanics) 적변화보다는환자가가진기저골다공증에기인한것으로알려져있다 [1,13]. 따라서다발성척추압박골절환자에서한번에다구간의척추체를치료하는것이효과적일뿐만아니라기술적으로도안전하다고판단될수있으므로척추성형술을시행함에있어척추체의개수에제한을둘이유는없어보인다 [11,12]. 단일단계다구간척추성형술 (one-stage multilevel vertebroplasty) 을통해환자는힘든복와위자세를유지해야하는시술을여러번반복하지않아도되며, 조기보행과일상생활로의복귀가여러단계에걸쳐시술한경우보다더빨라질수있다고판단된다. 보다안전하면서효과적인다구간척추성형술을위해서다음과같은사항을고려해야한다. 기본적으로시술의범위가커지고복잡해질수록, 보다정확하고세심한시술법이필수적이다. 또시술시간을줄이고환자의고통을덜기위해서되도록이면단측척추경접근법 (unipedicular approach) 을시행하는것이유리하다. 본증례에서저자들은피부병변과척추경 (pedicle) 의안정성을고려하여지그재그순서로접근하되, 모든레벨에서바늘의끝이전후상에서척추체의중앙에접근하고, 주입된 PMMA도가운데를중심으로퍼지도록하여충분한골의강성과생역학적효율성을확보하였다 [14]. 또한다발성압박골절환자에서 MRI 소견을바탕으로통증을유발하는것으로추정되는일부척추체만을선택하여척추후굴풍선복원술을시술하였을때효과적인치료성과를얻었다는보고도있으므로 [15], 적절한척추체의선택을통해시술의범위를최소화할수있다. 더불어시술중환자의통증을경감하기위하여감각신경을차단할정도의경막외신경블록을미리시행하는것도고려해볼수있겠다. 결론적으로, 저자들은경구용스테로이드를장기복용하고있는요통환자에서심한골다공증이동반된다발성척추압박골절을확인하고다구간척추성형술을시행하였다. 압박골절의고위험군환자에서는적극적인보존적치료를행함과동시에환자의상태를주도면밀하게관찰하여, 필요한경우즉각적인중재적시술을행함으로써치명적인동반이환율을낮추고장애와의료비용을줄일수있다. 참고문헌 1. Wong CC, McGirt MJ. Vertebral compression fractures: a review of current management and multimodal therapy. J Multidiscip Healthc 2013; 6: Alexandru D, So W. Evaluation and management of vertebral compression fractures. Perm J 2012; 16: Klazen CA, Verhaar HJ, Lohle PN, Lampmann LE, Juttmann JR, Schoemaker MC, et al. Clinical course of pain in acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21: Venmans A, Klazen CA, Lohle PN, Mali WP, van Rooij WJ. Natural history of pain in patients with conservatively treated osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: results from VERTOS II. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33: Cheung G, Chow E, Holden L, Vidmar M, Danjoux C, Yee AJ, et al. Percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with intractable pain from osteoporotic or metastatic fractures: A prospective study using quality-of-life assessment. Can Assoc Radiol J 2006; 57: Klazen CA, Lohle PN, de Vries J, Jansen FH, Tielbeek AV, Blonk MC, et al. Vertebroplasty versus conservative treatment in acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (Vertos II): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 376: Liu J, Li X, Tang D, Cui X, Li X, Yao M, et al. Comparing pain reduction following vertebroplasty and conservative treatment for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Physician 2013; 16: Buchbinder R, Osborne RH, Ebeling PR, Wark JD, Mitchell P, Wriedt C, et al. A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: Kallmes DF, Comstock BA, Heagerty PJ, Turner JA, Wilson DJ, Diamond TH, et al. A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for osteoporotic spinal fractures. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: Jun JH, Kim HK, Chung MH, Choi YR, Kim SH. Acute low back pain revealed as pyogenic spondylitis A report of 2 cases. Anesth Pain Med 2010; 5: Singh AK, Pilgram TK, Gilula LA. Osteoporotic compression fractures: outcomes after single- versus multiple-level percutaneous vertebroplasty. Radiology 2006; 238: Mailli L, Filippiadis DK, Brountzos EN, Alexopoulou E, Kelekis N, Kelekis A. Clinical outcome and safety of multilevel vertebroplasty: clinical experience and results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 36: Zou J, Mei X, Zhu X, Shi Q, Yang H. The long-term incidence of subsequent vertebral body fracture after vertebral augmentation therapy: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Pain Physician 2012; 15: E
5 변종민외 2 인 :One-stage multi-level vertebroplasty Chen B, Li Y, Xie D, Yang X, Zheng Z. Comparison of unipedicular and bipedicular kyphoplasty on the stiffness and biomechanical balance of compression fractured vertebrae. Eur Spine J 2011; 20: Yang HL, Wang GL, Niu GQ, Liu JY, Hiltner E, Meng B, et al. Using MRI to determine painful vertebrae to be treated by kyphoplasty in multiple-level vertebral compression fractures: a prospective study. J Int Med Res 2008; 36:
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