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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 81 권제 1 호 2011 스트레스유발성심근증환자들의원내사망과좌심실기능회복의예측인자 1 영남대학교의과대학영남대학교의료원, 2 계명대학교의과대학동산의료원, 3 대구가톨릭대학교의과대학대구가톨릭대학교병원, 4 동국대학교의과대학동국대학교경주병원, 5 부산대학교의학전문대학원양산부산대학교병원, 6 메리놀병원, 7 연세대학교원주의과대학원주기독병원, 8 한림대학교의과대학춘천성심병원내과 조현수 1 홍그루 1 손창우 1 손장원 1 윤준철 1 이상희 1 박종선 1 신동구 1 김영조 1 김형섭 2 김기식 3 김소연 4 박용현 5 조경임 6 김장영 7 홍경순 8 Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality and Left Ventricular Functional Recovery in Korean Patients with Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy Registry Data Hyun Su Jo 1, Gue Ru Hong 1, Chang Woo Sohn 1, Jang Won Sohn 1, Joon Chul Yoon 1, Sang Hee Lee 1, Jong Sun Park 1, Dong Gu Shin 1, Young Jo Kim 1, Hyung Seop Kim 2, Kee Sik Kim 3, So Yeon Kim 4, Yong Hyun Park 5, Kyoung Im Cho 6, Jang Young Kim 7, and Kyung Soon Hong 8 Department of Internal Medicine, 1 Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu; 2 Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu; 3 Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu; 4 Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju; 5 Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan; 6 Maryknoll Medical Center, Busan; 7 Wonju Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju; 8 Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea Background/Aims: The reported frequency of stress-induced cardiomyopathy (SCMP, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy) is increasing; however, there are no data regarding predictors of in-hospital mortality and the recovery of left ventricular (LV) systolic function in patients with SCMP. Therefore, in this study, we sought to identify clinical predictors of in-hospital mortality and of the recovery of LV dysfunction in Korean patients with SCMP. Methods: From November 2004 to November 2010, 155 patients who fulfilled the clinical diagnostic criteria of the Mayo clinic for SCMP were enrolled retrospectively from eight medical centers in Korea. We checked in-hospital deaths and compared the LV Received: Revised: Accepted: Correspondence to Gue Ru Hong, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daemyeong 5-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu , Korea Tel: , Fax: , grhong@med.yu.ac.kr

2 - Hyun Su Jo, et al. Predictors of prognosis in patients with stress-induced cardiomyopathy - ejection fraction (LVEF) and wall-motion score index (WMSI) upon enrollment for each patient with that after 1 week using echocardiograms. A total of 55 continuous variables and 52 nominal variables were analyzed to find variables associated with in-hospital mortality and the recovery of LV dysfunction. All significant variables were entered into a logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 64 ± 15 years; 118 (76.1%) patients were female. The in-hospital mortality rate was 5.2% (n = 8). An elevated initial platelet count was identified as a predictor of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.99 [ ]). There were no predictors of the recovery of LVEF. Predictors of the recovery of WMSI were an absence of arrhythmic events (odds ratio [95% CI]: [ ]) and an elevated initial LV end-systolic diameter (odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.86 [ ]). Conclusions: An initial absence of arrhythmic events and elevated LV end-diastolic pressure in patients with SCMP may be predictors of the timely recovery of LV dysfunction. (Korean J Med 2011;81:64-72) Keywords: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy; In-hospital mortality; Left ventricular dysfunction 서 론 대상및방법 스트레스유발성심근병증은 Takotsubo 심근병증, apical ballooning syndrome, broken heart syndrome 등의여러이름으로불리며일본에서처음으로동시다발적인여러관상동맥연축으로인한심근의 stunning으로서 5예의증례보고형식으로보고되었으며 [1]. 최근이질환의빈도는갈수록증가하고있는추세이다 [2-4]. 비록많은증례보고와임상연구보고가있었지만스트레스유발성심근병증의기전은아직완전하게밝혀지지않았다. 알려진스트레스유발성심근증의병태생리학적기전에는관상동맥의수축, 미세순환의장애, 좌심실유출로의폐색, cathecholamine 을매개로한심근의 stunning. 호르몬의상호작용, 그리고염증등이다 [5-7]. 이러한다양한기전과함께스트레스유발성심근병증의병인과예후등에대한연구가다양하게시행되고있으나, 지금까지보고된국내외연구들은소규모연구였고, 대부분단일기관에서만진행되었기때문에그임상양상과유병률, 치사율등이연구마다차이를보일수밖에없었고, 어떠한한연구가대표성을가질수가없었다 [4,8-10]. 또한현재까지전세계적으로스트레스유발성심근병증에대한대규모의다기관연구는없었다. 따라서우리는국내 8개병원에서최근까지스트레스유발성심근병증환자로확진등록된환자들을후향적으로조사및분석하여, 입원중사망률과향후심근수축력의회복과관련된예측인자들을분석하여스트레스유발성심근병증환자의치료에도움이되고자이연구를시행하였다. 2004년 11월부터 2010년 11월까지국내 8개병원에내원한환자중스트레스유발성심근병증의진단명이의심되는환자들의진료기록을분석하여, Mayo Clinic의네가지포함기준을모두만족하는환자들만을선별하여등록된총 155 명의환자들을대상으로하였다. Mayo Clinic의 4개의진단기준 [11] 은 1) ST 분절상승혹은 T 파역전같은새로운심전도이상소견 2) 좌심실첨부와중간부위심실분절의일시적인 akinesis 혹은 dyskinesis가있지만국소벽운동장애가한개의관상동맥의혈관영역을넘어서는경우 3) 폐쇄성관상동맥질환이나관상동맥촬영상 plaque의파열소견이없는경우 4) 배제기준 : 최근의두부손상, 뇌출혈, 갈색세포종, 폐쇄성관상동맥질환, 심근염, 비후성심근병증등이다. 대상환자들의과거병력, 사회력, 현병력을상세히검토하였고, 입원당시, 질환발생당시, 그리고퇴원당시의생체징후, 심전도소견, 그리고입원당시의각종생화학적검사수치들, 그리고질환발생당시와퇴원시의투약종류등을분석하였다. 또한흉부엑스선소견, 관상동맥조영술및관상동맥단층촬영술소견등을분석하였고, 심초음파는질환발생당시와일주일후에시행하였고, 좌심실수축기능이나국소벽운동장애가완전히혹은부분적으로회복되지않았을경우외래에서추가로한번더시행하였다. 유발인자의원인을심리적원인과육체적원인및기타원인으로구분하였고, 육체적원인으로심혈관계, 호흡기계, 암, 내분비계, 신장계, 시술, 외상, 약물혹은음식, 기타감염

3 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 81 권제 1 호통권제 611 호 또는그이외의원인으로구분하여기록하였다. 초기증상은흉통, 호흡곤란, 실신, 의식이상, 기타등으로구분하였다. 흉부 X선은정상과심비대, 폐부종등으로분류하였고, 심전도소견에따라정상심전도, ST 분절상승, ST 분절하강, T 파역전등으로구분하였으며, ST 분절상승이나하강, T 파역전등의심근허혈을의심할만한심전도소견은각각연관된심근영역을전벽, 전외측벽, 외측벽그리고하벽으로각각구분하여기록하였다. 심전도상리듬은정상동율동, 심방세동등으로분류하였다. 이면상심초음파를이용하여좌심실구혈률은부피를이용한 Simpson 방법으로측정하였고, 심방, 심실의크기및부피, 심실벽의두께를측정하였고, 좌심실이완기말압력을나타내는 E/E 을측정하였다. 그리고 apical cap을포함한 17 개분절의국소벽운동장애를측정하여좌심실벽운동장애지수 (wall motion score index, WMSI) 를구하였으며 [12], 벽운동장애의종류, 승모판역류의정도, 좌심실유출로의폐쇄여부, 좌심실내혈전유무, 우심실침범여부등을기록하였다. 좌심실구혈률이조금이라도증가하거나 WMSI가조금이라도감소된환자들을회복된군으로정의를하였고, WMSI가정상화된경우완전히회복된군으로정의를하였다. 반대로좌심실구혈률이조금이라도감소하거나 WMSI 가조금이라도증가된환자들을악화된군으로정의를하였다. 또한, 입원중쇼크, 혈관합병증, 심실부정맥, 사망등의사건들과퇴원후재발여부등을기록하였다. 재발은임상증상및심전도, 그리고심초음파소견등이완전히정상으로회복된후에다시증상이발생하여 Mayo Clinic의네가지포함기준을다만족하는경우로정의하였다. 이렇게얻어진자료들로입원중사망률을알아보았고, 질환발생당시와일주일후에시행한심초음파의좌심실구혈률과 WMSI를이용하여좌심실의수축기능및벽운동장애의회복여부를알아보았으며, 중환자실환자의사망률과연관된 Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACH II) score의인자들인나이, 체온, 분당심박수및호흡수, 혈중나트륨, 칼륨, cretinine, 혈색소, 백혈구등 [13,14] 의값을포함한 55개의연속변수와 52개의명목변수들로입원중사망률과좌심실구혈률및 WMSI의회복과관련된예후인자들을분석하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 18.0 을이용하였으며, 측정값을연속변수는평균 ± 표준편차로명목변수는값과퍼센트로표시하 였다. 단변량분석에서연속형변수의평균간차이분석에는독립표본 t 검정이사용되었으며, 환자의기본적인특성과연관성평가에는카이제곱검정및 Fisher s exact test가사용되었다. 단변량분석에서의미있게나온인자들을대상으로시행한다변량분석은로지스틱회귀분석 (enter 방식 ) 을사용하였다. p 값은단변량분석및다변량분석모두에서 0.05 미만의경우에의미있는것으로간주하였다. 결과대상환자의일반적인특성대상환자들의평균연령은 64 ± 15세였으며여자가 76.1% 로많았다. 고혈압환자의빈도가 41.3% 로높았고, 당뇨환자의빈도는 1.5% 였고, 관상동맥질환의빈도는 5.2% 였다. 질환발생당시 New York Heart Association (NYHA) 분류 3, 4단계에해당하는환자들의빈도는 38.9% 였다. 유발인자로는육체적인원인 (76.7%) 이심리적인원인 (13.5%) 보다훨씬많았으며그중에도호흡기질환 (16.1%), 감염 (14.8%) 및시술 (7.7%), 외상관련원인 (7.1%) 의빈도가높았고, 복합적인원인이작용한경우가 5.8% 였다. 초기임상양상은호흡곤란 (37.4%) 과흉통 (32.3%) 이가장높았으며, 흉부 X-선소견은정상인경우 (43.3%) 가가장많았다 (Table 1). 심전도소견심전도소견은 T 파역전 (33.5%) 과 ST 분절상승 (29.7%) 이가장많았고, 정상인경우는 18.7% 로관찰되었다. 심전도상리듬은정상동율동이대부분을차지하였고 (78%), 심전도상관련심근영역은전벽 (36.1%), 전외측벽 (23.2%), 외측벽 (12.3%), 하벽 (11%) 순으로많았다 (Table 2). 심초음파소견입원중 7일전후로 71% 의환자가추적심초음파검사를시행하였고, 퇴원후 31% 에서추적검사가실시되었다. 진단당시평균좌심실구혈률은 42.6 ± 12.5% 였고, 입원중추적심초음파검사에서평균좌심실구혈률은 57.9 ± 12% 였고, 좌심실구혈률이회복된군은 101명 (91.8%) 이었고, 오히려악화된군도 5명 (4.5%) 이있었다. WMSI 가회복된군은 94명 (85.5%) 이었고, 그중부분적으로회복된군은 72명 (65.5%) 이었고, 완전히회복된군은 20명 (20%) 이었으며, 오히려악화

4 - 조현수외 15 인. 스트레스유발성심근증의예측인자 - Table 1. Baseline clinical characteristics Mean age 64 ± 15 Females 118 (76.1%) Past medical history Diabetes mellitus 2 (1.3%) Hypertension 64 (41.3%) Chronic renal disease 5 (3.2%) Chronic obstructive lung disease 15 (9.7%) Cerebrovascular accidents 10 (6.5%) Coronary arterial disease 8 (5.2%) Hyperlipidemia 10 (6.5%) Smoking 30 (19.4%) Body mass index, kg/m ± 3.5 NYHA class III, IV 58/149 (38.9%) Trigger factors Emotional stress 21 (13.5%) Physical stress 119 (76.6%) Cardiopulmonary 10 (6.5%) Pulmonary 25 (16.1%) Cancer related 7 (4.5%) Endocrinologic 6 (3.9%) Nephrologic 5 (3.2%) Procedure related 12 (7.7%) Operation related 5 (3.2%) Trauma 11 (7.1%) Drug or food 6 (3.9%) Other infection 23 (14.8%) Others 22 (14.2%) Mixed 9 (5.8%) Unknown 6 (3.9%) Initial symptom Chest pain 50 (32.3%) Dyspnea 58 (37.4%) Chest pain and dyspnea 10 (35.5%) Syncope 2 (1.3%) Mental change 18 (11.6%) Other 19 (12.3%) NYHA, New York Heart Association. 된군은 2명 (1.8%) 이었다. 좌심실구혈률이회복되지않았던 8명중에서 6명이퇴원후 1개월에서 6개월사이에외래에 서추적심초음파검사를시행하였는데 5명이정상으로회 복되었고, 1명은변화가없었다. 또한 WMSI가회복이되지 Table 2. Baseline laboratory characteristics Systolic blood pressure, mmhg ± 33.6 Pulse rate, beats/min 92.5 ± 26.9 Initial chest X-ray Normal 67 (43.2%) Cardiomegaly 23 (14.8%) Pulmonary edema 34 (21.9%) Cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema 25 (16.1%) Other 7 (4.5%) EKG morphology Normal 29 (18.7%) ST elevation 46 (29.7%) ST depression 7 (4.5%) T wave inversion 52 (33.5%) EKG rhythm Sinus rhythm 117 (75.5%) Atrial fibrillation 15 (9.7%) Other 4 (2.6%) EKG territory Anterior 56 (36.1%) Anterolateral 36 (23.2%) Lateral 19 (12.3%) Inferior 17 (11%) Mixed 14 (9%) Peak troponin-i, ng/ml 4.8 ± 8.6 Peak creatinine, mg/dl 1.6 ± 0.9 않았던 5명중에서 4명이정상으로회복되었고, 1명은크게호전되는양상을보였다. Inverted type은 1명있었고, 좌심실유출로의폐쇄소견을보이는환자와우심실침범을보였던환자는각각 5명 (3.2%) 이었다 (Table 3). 생화학적검사및관상동맥조영술소견 Troponin-I의최고수치는 4.8 ± 8.6 ng/ml 이었고, creatinine 의최고수치는 1.6 ± 1.9 mg/dl 이었다. 관상동맥조영술을시행한환자는전체의 80.6% 이었고, 그중에는정상인경우가 60% 로가장많았고, 경미한관상동맥질환 (24%), 단일혈관질환 (12.8%), 두혈관질환 (0.8%) 순으로많았다 (Tables 2 and 3)

5 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 81, No. 1, 합병증 평균입원기간은 14 ± 18.2일이었고, 이기간중합병증은쇼크의빈도가 25.2% 로가장많았고, 혈관합병증은 3명에서있었는데그중 2명이뇌경색이었고, 1명이좌심실내혈전이었다. 부정맥은 14명 (9%) 에서있었는데 8명이심방세동이었고, 심실빈맥이 8명, 고도방실차단이 3명이었고, 기타다른부정맥은발견되지않았다. 모든원인에의한병원내사망은 8명 (5.2%) 이었고, 이중심장사는한명도없었고, 모두다기저질환의진행에의한사망이었다. 각각의사망원인은폐렴에의한사망이 5명, 속립성결핵에의한사망, 지혈이안되는출혈, 암말기에의한사망이각각 1명씩이었다. 155명의환자들중에서 138명이추적관찰되었는데, 평균 Table 3. Baseline echocardiographic and angiographic characteristics Patients with follow-up echocardiogram 110 (71%) Initial LVEF, % 42.6 ± 12.5 Follow-up LVEF, % 57.9 ± 12 Left ventricular end-systolic diameter, mm 8.8 ± 2.2 Septal E/E 13.2 ± 5.5 Inverted type 1 (0.6%) Left ventricular outflow obstruction 5 (3.2%) Right ventricular involvement 5 (3.2%) Patients who performed CAG 125 (80.6%) CAG morphology Near normal 75 (60%) Minimal 30 (24%) 1 vessel disease 16 (12.8%) 2 vessel disease 1 (0.8%) CAG, coronary angiography; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; WMSI, wall-motion score index. 추적관찰기간은 462 ± 95.5 일이었다. 그중재발은 4명 (2.6%) 이었다 (Table 4). 원내사망률에대한예측인자단변량분석에서좌심실전벽두께가얇은경우와초기혈소판수치가높은경우가원내사망률의유의한예측인자였으나, 다변량분석에서는초기혈소판수치가높은경우만의미있는예측인자였다 (Table 5). 좌심실수축기능및벽운동이상의회복에대한예측인자좌심실구혈률의회복과관련된단변량분석에서는통계적으로유의한어떠한예측인자도발견할수없었다. WMSI 의회복과관련된단변량분석에서흉통이존재하고, 입원중부정맥의합병증이없고, 초기좌심실수축기말직경이크고, 초기 WMSI가클수록 WMSI의회복이더잘되는것으로결과가나왔으나, 다변량분석에서는유일하게입원중부정맥발생이없는경우와초기에좌심실수축기말직경이큰경우가 WMSI 회복의의미있는예측인자였다 (Tables 6 and 7). Table 4. Complications during hospitalization and follow-up Shock 39 (25.2%) Vascular complications 3 (1.9%) Cerebrovascular accidents 2 (1.3%) Left ventricular thrombus 1 (0.6%) Arrhythmic events 14 (9%) Atrial fibrillation 8 (5.2%) Ventricular tachycardia 3 (1.9%) High-degree atrioventricular block 3 (1.9%) In-hospital deaths 8 (5.2%) Recurrence 4 (2.6%) Table 5. Predictors of in-hospital mortality Predictors Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis p value Odds ratio (95% CI) p value Lower LV anterior wall thickness ( ) 0.21 Elevated initial platelet count ( ) 0.02 LV, left ventricular; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide

6 - Hyun Su Jo, et al. Predictors of prognosis in patients with stress-induced cardiomyopathy - Table 6. Comparison of variables between the recovered and unrecovered wall-motion score index groups Unrecovered group (n = 16) Recovered group (n = 94) p value Age 64.1 ± ± Males 0 30 (31.9%) Diabetes mellitus 2 (12.5%) 13 (13.8%) 1.00 Hypertension 7 (43.8%) 34 (36.2%) 0.59 NYHA class III, IV 10 (62.5%) 38 (41.3%) 0.17 Trigger factor Emotional stress 1 (6.3%) 10 (11%) Physical stress 12 (75%) 71 (78%) 0.61 Unknown 3 (18.8%) 10 (11%) Initial symptom Chest pain 1 (6.3%) 31 (33%) 0.04 Dyspnea 9 (56.3%) 37 (39.4%) 0.27 Chest pain and dyspnea 1 (6.3%) 4 (4.3%) 0.55 Systolic blood pressure, mmhg ± ± Pulse rate, beats/min 94.1 ± ± LV anterior wall thickness 10.9 ± ± 1.9 <0.01 LV end systolic diameter 34.1 ± ± 7.5 <0.01 Wall motion score index 1.4 ± ± LV ejection fraction 44.4 ± ± Arrhythmic events 4 (25%) 6 (6.4%) 0.04 In-hospital mortality 0 4 (4.3%) Shock 6 (37.5%) 25 (26.6%) 0.38 Vascular complications 0 3 (3.2%) NYHA, New York Heart Association; LV, left ventricular. 고찰본연구의의의는국내최초의스트레스유발성심근병증환자의다기관등록연구라는점과, 대상환자가 155명으로국내에서발표된두논문 [4,8] ( 각각 39명, 18명 ) 보다월등히대상환자가많았다는점에있다. 비록외국에서발표된자료중 Gianni 등 [4] 이논문에서발표한 268명의대상환자보다적긴하지만, 그연구는문화와인종이다르고시점이다른 14개의연구들을종합하여얻은자료인반면, 본연구는한시점에서국내다기관에서동시에연구가이루어졌다는데더큰의의가있을것이다. 대상환자들의평균연령은 64 ± 15세로, 다른국내연구 들과비슷하였고 [8,9,13], Gianni 등 [4] 의연구보다는조금높았다. 여성환자들의비율은 76.1% 로 Gianni 등 [4] 과 Lee 등 [8], Lee 등 [13] 의연구에비해서낮은경향을보였으나, Lee 등 [9] 의연구보다는조금높은경향을보였다. 고혈압환자들의비율은 Lee 등 [9] 의연구에서만 26% 정도로낮은편이었고, 본연구 (41%) 와기타다른연구 [4,8] 에서는전체적으로비슷하였다. 스트레스유발성심근병증의증상으로는주로흉통이나호흡곤란이많은것으로되어있으며, 기존의해외연구에서는흉통이호흡곤란증상보다더많다고보고하고있다 [15-17]. 특히, Gianni 등 [4] 의연구에서는흉통의비율이압도적으로높았으나, 본연구를포함한국내연구에서는오히려호흡곤

7 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 81 권제 1 호통권제 611 호 Table 7. Predictors of recovery of wall motion score index Predictors Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis p value Odds ratio (95% CI) p value Presence of chest pain ( ) 0.06 Absence of arrhythmic events ( ) 0.01 Elevated initial LVESD < ( ) 0.05 Elevated initial WMSI ( ) 0.51 Lower LV anterior wall thickness < ( ) 0.19 LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LV, left ventricular; WMSI, wall-motion score index. 란의비율이높거나비슷한경향을보였다 [8,9,13]. 그리고유발인자에서 Gianni 등 [4] 의연구에서는심리적인원인과신체적인원인에서는차이가아주크지는않았으나, 본연구를포함한 Lee 등 [9] 과 Lee 등 [13] 의국내연구들에서는신체적인원인이압도적으로많았다. 이는최근이질환에대한관심이높아지고진단율이증가하고있으며, 특히입원환자중에서중한질환을가진환자들에서진단율이증가하고있기때문이라추정된다. 심전도소견은 Gianni 등 [4] 의논문에서는 ST 분절상승의비율이가장높았으나, 본연구를포함한국내연구들에서는 T 파역전의비율이더높은경향을보였다. 평균좌심실구혈률은전체적으로 40% 전후였고, 추적검사에서도 60% 전후로연구마다큰차이를보이지는않았다. 일반적으로이질환의예후는나쁘지않아, 급성기동안적절한치료가이루어진다면대부분의경우에서임상적으로거의회복되었다고보고하고있다 [18-20]. Gianni 등 [4] 의연구에 286명의환자중에 2명은다발성장기부전으로, 나머지한명은난소암으로사망하여사망률은 1.1% 로낮다고보고하였으나, 본연구를포함한 Lee 등 [9] 과 Lee 등 [13] 의연구에서는각각 5.2%, 7.7%, 16% 로비교적높은경향을보였다. 이러한사망률의변화는본연구를포함한국내연구들이질환에대한관심과빈도및진단율이증가하고있는비교적최근에이루어졌고, 특히중환자실등비교적기존질환이중한경우에도적극적인진단을통해많이포함되었을가능성등이이유가될수있을것이다. 그런데특징적인것은모든연구에서공통적으로심혈관계사망이단한건도없었고, 모두폐렴이나감염등의스트레스유발성심근병증을유발한기저질환에의한사망이었다는것이다. 이러한소견은이질환의예후가발견당시심혈관계침범의중 등도보다기저질환의중등도에의해서더큰영향을받을가능성을시사한다. Lee 등 [13] 의연구에서는원내사망률과관련된독립적인인자가 APACH II score 와좌심실수축기능의회복의실패라고보고하고있지만, 본연구에서는초기혈소판수치가높은경우에서사망률이높다고나왔지만아직까지근거를발견하기힘든부분이라고보았을때, 발견하고자했던원내사망률에영향을미치는의미있는인자들이발견되지않은이유중에하나도, 본연구에서포함시킨여러인자들이기저질환의중등도를제대로반영하지못하였기때문일수도있을것으로생각한다. 아직까지전세계적으로스트레스유발성심근병증환자에있어서좌심실구혈률과 WMSI의회복에관여하는인자에대한연구는없었다. 본연구에서는좌심실구혈률이회복된군과오히려악화된군으로, 그리고 WMSI가완전히회복된군, 부분적으로회복된군, 그리고오히려악화된군으로나누어그비율을알아보았고, 이러한변화의예측인자를알아보았다. WMSI 와좌심실구혈률은좋은선형상관관계를보이며, 급성심근경색환자에서는오히려 WMSI 가좌심실구혈률보다더강력한사망률의예측인자라는연구도있어 [21], 본연구에서는좌심실수축기능의지표로좌심실구혈률과함께 WMSI를사용하게되었다. 연구결과좌심실구혈률의회복과관련된의미있는예측인자는없었고, 입원중부정맥발생이없는경우와초기좌심실수축기말직경이큰경우가 WMSI의회복의의미있는예측인자였다. 이예측인자가보편적으로가장많이사용되는좌심실수축기능의지표인좌심실구혈률의회복과는관련이없이 WMSI 회복과의관계만있다는것은예측인자로서의임상적인의미를크게두기는힘든부분일것이다. 기저질환의회복이없이 WMSI의회복이적을것같지만, WMSI 가완전히혹은

8 - 조현수외 15 인. 스트레스유발성심근증의예측인자 - 불완전하게라도회복되지않은환자중에서사망한환자는한명도없었다는것은 WMSI의회복은기저질환의중등도에는영향을적게받을가능성을암시한다. Gianni 등 [4] 의연구에서는 169명중 3명 (3.5%) 이재발하였지만추적관찰이모든환자에서이루어지지못해서한계가있었고, 추적평가시기가 8일에서 4년으로다양하여실제재발의평가에는제한이있었다 [4]. 국내연구들중에는 Lee 등 [13] 의연구에서만 56명중에서 2건 (3.6%) 의재발을보고하고있는데, 이는본연구에서의 4건 (2.6%) 과비슷하였다. 그러나본연구에서는추적관찰이많은환자들에서제대로이루어지지못하여실제재발의평가에는한계가있었다. 이연구의가장큰제한점은전체적인자료가아직까지양적으로많이부족하여사망환자가 8명밖에되지않으며, 그조차도다심장사가아닌기저질환에의한사망이었기때문에원내사망의예측인자를구하는것에많은제한이있었다. 또한, 입원중추적심초음파검사를시행한환자의비율이 70% 밖에되지않는점, 심초음파추적검사가 7일전후로너무일찍시행되었다는점과외래에서제대로추적관찰이되지않았다는점에서좌심실구혈률및 WMSI의추가회복여부와재발여부에대한추가자료가있었다면이연구결과가달라졌을수도있었을것이다. 따라서우리의연구가국내스트레스유발성심근병증환자들에대한대표성을가지려면전향적인다기관등록사업을통해서임상적인특징과결과에대한자료수집이있어야할것이고, 이것이우리한국내스트레스유발성심근병증환자등록사업을앞으로계속해야하는의미이기도하다. 요약목적 : 스트레스유발성심근병증은최근까지그빈도가증가하고있다. 그러나아직까지다기관등록자료를통한연구가없었고, 또한원내사망률과좌심실수축기능의회복과관련된예후인자에대한연구는없었다. 본연구는한국내다기관등록자료를통하여스트레스유발성심근병증환자에있어서원내사망률과좌심실수축기능의회복과관련된예측인자에는어떠한것이있는지알아보고자하였다. 방법 : 2004년 11월부터 2010년 11월까지한국내 8개병원에서후향적으로수집하여, Mayo Clinic에서제안하는네가지임상적인진단요건을만족하는총 155명의환자들을 대상으로하였다. 기본적인임상자료들과검사실결과들을분석하였고, 발병당시와일주일후추적심초음파검사를시행하여좌심실구혈률및 WMSI 등을비교하였으며, 원내사망및재발등을측정하였다. 통계분석은 t-검정 ( 독립표본 ), 교차분석, 로지스틱회귀분석등을사용하였다. 결과 : 총 8명 (5.2%) 의원내사망이있었고, 원내사망과관련된의미있는예측인자는초기의높은혈소판수치였다. 좌심실구혈률의회복과관련된의미있는예측인자는없었고, WMSI 의회복과관련된의미있는예측인자는발병당시부정맥의부재와초기좌심실수축기말직경이큰경우였다. 결론 : 발병당시부정맥이발생하지않고좌심실수축기말직경이큰경우에시기적절한좌심실수축기능의회복을좀더기대해볼수있었다. 중심단어 : 스트레스유발성심근증 ; 병원내사망률 ; 수축기심실기능부전 REFERENCES 1. Dote K, Sato H, Tateishi H, Uchida T, Ishihara M. Myocardial stunning due to simultaneous multivessel coronary spasms: a review of 5 cases. J Cardiol 1991;21: Bybee KA, Prasad A, Barsness GW, et al. Clinical characteristics and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame counts in women with transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2004;94: Pillière R, Mansencal N, Digne F, Lacombe P, Joseph T, Dubourg O. Prevalence of tako-tsubo syndrome in a large urban agglomeration. Am J Cardiol 2006;98: Gianni M, Dentali F, Grandi AM, Sumner G, Hiralal R, Lonn E. Apical ballooning syndrome or takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A systematic review. Eur Heart J 2006;27: Nef HM, Möllmann H, Akashi YJ, Hamm CW. Mechanisms of stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010;7: Wittstein IS, Thiemann DR, Lima JA, et al. Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress. N Engl J Med 2005;352: Morel O, Sauer F, Imperiale A, et al. Importance of inflammation and neurohumoral activation in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail 2009;15: Lee HH, Gwon HC, Kim BJ, et al. Clinical manifestation of novel stress-induced cardiomyopathy mimicking acute myocardial infarction: single center prospective registry. Korean Circ J 2002;32:

9 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 81, No. 1, Lee JW, Kim JY, Youn YJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Korean Circ J 2010;40: Song BG, Park SJ, Noh HJ, et al. Clinical characteristics, and laboratory and echocardiographic findings in takotsubo cardiomyopathy presenting as cardiogenic shock. J Crit Care 2010;25: Berman M, Saute M, Porat E, et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: expanding the differential diagnosis in cardiothoracic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83: Manuel DC, Neil JW, Vasken D, et al. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2002;105: Lee PH, Song JK, Sun BJ, et al. Outcomes of patients with stress-induced cardiomyopathy diagnosed by echocardiography in a tertiary referral hospital. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23: Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985;13: Bybee KA, Kara T, Prasad A, et al. Systematic review: transient left ventricular apical ballooning: a syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 2004;141: Grawe H, Katoh M, Kühl HP. Stress cardiomyopathy mimicking acute coronary syndrome: case presentation and review of the literature. Clin Res Cardiol 2006;95: Hahn JY, Gwon HC, Park SW, et al. The clinical features of transient left ventricular nonapical ballooning syndrome: comparison with apical ballooning syndrome. Am Heart J 2007;154: Wittstein IS, Thiemann DR, Lima JA, et al. Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress. N Engl J Med 2005;352: Abe Y, Kondo M, Matsuoka R, Araki M, Dohyama K, Tanio H. Assessment of clinical features in transient left ventricular apical ballooning. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41: Sharkey SW, Lesser JR, Zenovich AG, et al. Acute and reversible cardiomyopathy provoked by stress in women from the United States. Circulation 2005;111: Møller JE, Hillis GS, Oh JK, Reeder GS, Gersh BJ, Pellikka PA. Wall motion score index and ejection fraction for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2006;151:

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