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1 윤리문제의근본주제 * 백종현 ** 1),,,,, () (). (goodness) (moral goodness),,,,., (),. (moral). (to agaton) (bonum) (good, Gute), * 2004 ( : KRF AL0036). **

2 32,,.,,..,.,,. I. 윤리문제의주제는 선 ( 善 ) 의가치 ( ), () [ ] ( ),, [ ] [],, : [ ] [].,. [], [ ], [], [], ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ).. (, ) ()

3 33. () ( ). [] [ ]...,. () (), (). [ ]..,,. (, ), ( ) ( ). ( :, ), (:, ), ( :, ). [ ],. () ( ) (), 1) (), () 2) 1) (, ), (, ). 2), :,,

4 34,.,, () (). [goodness] [moral goodness], 3),,,. (),,. 4), (),. II. 선 과 좋음 의혼용과혼동 (moral). (Cicero) (ethikos) (moralis), (ethike) 2003, 25. 3) W.D. Ross, The Right and the Good, Oxford 1930, p ),, 171.

5 35 (philosophia moralis),(de fato, 1, 1 ) (Augustinus) (De civitate Dei, VIII, 8 ). (ethicus),. (G.W.F. Hegel). (Aristoteles) (ethike) (ethos) (Ethica Nicomachea, 1103a 17-18), (moralis) (ethe) (mores),..,.,,.,, (). (agathos) (to agathon), (bonus) (bonum). (Platon),.

6 36,. (, genesis). [ ] (to agathon), (einai) (ousia), [ ] (ousia),. (Platon, Politeia, 509b). [ ] ( ),.,.,..?? (Platon, Politeia, 505a~b)., (agathon).. (Aristoteles, Ethica Nicomachea, 1094a 1-3)

7 37 (eudaimonia). (Ethica Nicomachea, 1095a 19).,,.. 5) ( ), ( ). (Ethica Nicomachea, 1097b 6), (Ethica Nicomachea, 1097a 33),,, (Ethica Nicomachea, 1097b 20-21).,. (arete). (fortitudo moralis). (Ethica Nicomachea, 1098a 22),. (Epicuros) (hedone),, (to agathon), (Diogenes Laertius, X, 128-9), 5), < >,, 2004, 59.

8 38.,, [], (Diogenes Laertius, X, 137). (Stoa) (virtus: ) (officium),, (apatheia). (Seneca) [] (vir bonus),, (Ad Lucilium Epistulae morales, 34, 3).,,,.,. (Epistulae, 34, 4),, (Epistulae, 81, 20 )., (De trinitate, 8, 3, 4) (bonum). (De civitate Dei, 12, 1 ).,, (De vera religione, 18, 35 ). (Th. Hobbes), (De cive c. 3, )., (Liviathan, 29, 6).

9 39 (B. Spinoza) (bonum) (utile) (Ethica, IV, Def. 1), (malum) (Ethica, IV, Def. 2). (virtus) (potentia) (potestas) (Ethica, IV, Def. 8). (summum bonum), (summa virtus) (Ethica, IV, Prop. 28).. (good) (bad), (right) (wrong), (ought)? [ ] (good) (bad), (better) (worse)?.,. ( ),,. A B, A B.. A B.,.,.

10 40. [ ].,,..,.,,. () ( ). (C.D. Broad, Five Types of Ethical Theory[1930],,,, 2000, ) ( ),,,.. (Hume, Treatise, III, 1, 2: p. 470) (D. Hume) (moral good or evil) (Treatise, p. 471)., (utility) 6),. (utility) 6) D. Hume, An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, Sect. V, Part 1.

11 41.. (pain) (pleasure).,. (right) (wrong),.,,.,.,. (principle of utility) (J. Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation, Ch. I, I). (interest),,,, (Bentham, Principles, I, II).,.,,, (J.S. Mill, Utilitarianism, ch. 2, p. 7 7) ).,, (benefit), (advantage),, (good) 7) J.S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1861), : Utilitarianism, On Liberty, Considerations on Representative Government, ed. by G. Williams, J.M. Dent, London 1993, p. 7.

12 42, (mischief),, (evil)., (Bentham, Principles, I, III).. (), [, good],, [, bad]..,...,, (Bentham, Principles, IV, V, 5-6).,,. [] (profit) (convenience),, [, emolument],, (inconvenience) [, loss] (unhappiness) (Bentham, Principles, IV, VII). (to agaton) (bonum) (good, Gute),

13 43,,.,,..,. III. 도덕이론은행복론이아님,,.,, ( ), (Kant, Kritik der praktischen Vernunft[KpV]: AAV, 21f.)....

14 44, (KpV: AAV, 22f.).,., [ ], [],...,,.,..,,,.,.,,. ( ).,, (KpV: AAV, 25)., (KpV: V, 63)..

15 45.,,,.,,, [ ], [ ],.,,,.., -.,,,,,,,,, (KpV: AAV, 58).,,, (KpV: AAV, 92)..,..

16 46, (, )., (KpV: AAV, 93). IV. 윤리학은자연학이아님 (ordo vivendi), (he peri ta anthropeia philosophia) 8)., [ ]..,, [ ]. 9),.,. 10),, ().,. 8) Aristotels, Ethica Nicomachea, 1181b 15. 9) R. Descartes, Principes de la philosophie, Oeuvres[Adam & Tannery] IX-2, ) I. Kant, Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, AAIV, 387.

17 47. [Sein] [Sollen]..,, [], (Broad,, 340 ).

18 48 참고문헌, < >,, 2004., ( ),, 1968., :,, Aristoteles, Ethica Nicomachea. Augustinus, De civitate Dei., De trinitate., De vera religione. Bentham, J., An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789/1823), Prometheus Books, New York Broad, C.D., Five Types of Ethical Theory (1930),,,, 2000 Cicero, De officiis., De fato. Descartes, R., Principes de la philosophie, in: Ouvres de Descartes, IX-2, ed. P. Tannery/Ch. Adam, Paris Diogenes Laertius, X: Epikouros. Hobbes, Th, De cive/on the Citizen, ed. by R. Tuck/M. Silverthrone, Cambridge 1998., Liviathan, ed. by E. Curley, Indianapolis/Cambridge Hume, D., A Treatise of Human Nature (1739/40), ed. by L. A.

19 49 Selby-Bigge, Oxford 1978., An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, in: Enquiries concerning Human Understanding and concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. by L. A. Selby-Bigge, Oxford Kant, I., Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1788),,,, Mill, J. S., Utilitarianism (1861), On Liberty, Considerations on Representative Government, ed. by G. Williams, J. M. Dent, London Price, R., A Review of the Principal Questions in Morals, London Ross, W. D., The Right and the Good, ed. by Ph. Stratton-Lake, Oxford Seneca, Ad Lucilium Epistulae morales. Spinoza, B. de, Ethica & Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione, Lateinisch-deutsche Parallelausg. hrsg. v. K. Blumenstock, in : Werke Bd. II, Darmstadt Platon, Politeia.

20 50 ABSTRACT Main Themes in Ethical Discourses 11) Paek, Chong-Hyon These days many moral philosophers occasionally transform the matter of moral goodness and badness into a matter of advantages and disadvantages or into a matter of likes and dislikes. Yet, while their goodness is based on goodness in general and not on moral goodness relating to the theme of their ethical discourses. However, moral goodness is substantially different from goodness in general. In the Korean language, the two are conceptually distinguished. Seon ( ) or chakham () means moral goodness and joeum () means goodness in general. The topic and subject of ethics is in regards to only the meaning of the morally good or bad. Greek to agaton, Latin bonum, German das Gute, English goodness, has a wider realm of meaning than that of moral goodness. This notwithstanding, many western philosophers deal frequently with goodness in general in ethical studies. In such habitual practice some regard utilitarianism as one of ethical theories, because utility is without any further judgements on goodness. Consequently, utilitarianism can fundamentally be a theory of social science or economics, but not at all an ethical theory. Keywords: Ethics, Moral Goodness, Goodness in General : / :

278 철학논집(제38집) 같다. 인간 존재가 가지고 있는 고통과 불행에 대해 많은 사람들의 지속적 인 관심이 있어 왔으며 인간을 불행에서 해방시키고자 하는 여러 가지 차 원의 노력이 있음을 우리는 익히 알고 있다. 어떤 이는 의사의 길에서, 어 떤 이는 교육자, 정치

278 철학논집(제38집) 같다. 인간 존재가 가지고 있는 고통과 불행에 대해 많은 사람들의 지속적 인 관심이 있어 왔으며 인간을 불행에서 해방시키고자 하는 여러 가지 차 원의 노력이 있음을 우리는 익히 알고 있다. 어떤 이는 의사의 길에서, 어 떤 이는 교육자, 정치 철학논집 제38집 2014년 8월 Sogang Journal of Philosophy Vol.38, Aug. 2014, pp. 277-306 277 스피노자철학에서의 구원과 불교의 해탈의 비교* 1) 홍영미(서강대) 주제분류 윤리학, 불교철학 주제어 예속, 고(둣까), 욕망, 무지, 지혜, 구원 요약문 현대 사회는 고도로 발달한 과학 기술 사회이며 사람들은