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1 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 9 호 pp September 2017 / 603 J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 34, No. 9, pp ISSN (Print) / (Online) 특집 방산제품설계및시험 II 유무인기감속기어소재의피로특성향상을위한마이크로피닝효과 The Effect of Micro-Peening to Improve the Fatigue Characteristic of Reduction Gear of Manned and Unmanned Aircraft 김태형 1,#, 설진운 2, 허석행 2, 백주현 2 Taehyung Kim 1,#, Jin Woon Seol 2, Seok Haeng Huh 2, and Joo Hyun Baek 2 1 청주대학교항공기계공학과 (Department of Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering, Cheongju University) 2 LIG 넥스원기계연구소 (Mechanical Engineering R&D Lab, LIG Nex1 Co., Ltd.) # Corresponding Author / kthmax@cju.ac.kr, TEL: , FAX: KEYWORDS: Micro-peening ( 마이크로피닝 ), Optimum-peening ( 최적피닝 ), Over-peening ( 오버피닝 ), Fatigue life ( 피로수명 ), Almen intensity ( 알멘강도 ) In this paper, a study on the effectiveness of micro-peening was accomplished for improvement of fatigue characteristics for reduction gear of manned and unmanned aircraft. The Almen saturation curve was obtained by various peening injection pressure supplied from a commercial air jet peening machine. The effective micro-peening process condition was adopted as five bar. The four points rotary bending fatigue test was conducted by using test specimen made of AISI alloy that was carburized based on AMS standard in this work. From the fatigue test result, the fracture life of specimen peened by nozzle pressure with five bar and six bar was higher than the un-peened specimen by approximately 323 percent and 146 percent respectively. However, the fracture life of specimen peened by the nozzle pressure with six bar was lower by approximately 221 percent than the peened specimen by five bar. For this reason, the peening nozzle pressure with five bar was decided as the optimum micro-peening condition. Effectiveness of micro-peening was validated and this micropeening technique will be used for real manned and unmanned aircraft gear parts or other durability mechanical parts. Manuscript received: June 20, 2017 / Revised: August 8, 2017 / Accepted: August 9, 서론지능적이고혁신적인항공기설계기술의발달로지금까지기체및다양한항공부품들을경량화하는데적지않은도움이되어왔다. 그러나수많은부품들중항공기의잦은이착륙과운항중불규칙적이고반복적인기류등의영향으로핵심적인부품들의내구수명향상을위한노력은지금도꾸준히지속되어오고있다. 특히최근에전세계적으로무인항공기시장이나날이확대되어감에따라기존유인항공부품은물론새로운소형의부품들이새롭게연구개발되어 1 순식간생산및공급이확대되고있는실정이다. 이와같은유무인항공기들은필수적으로구동장치를포함하고있는데보통에일러론, 러더, 엘레베이터등의조종면에배치되어기계적인구동원리로기체를운항할때방향을 전환하거나선회, 상승, 하강등과같은자세를제어하는역할을한다. 지금까지는대부분전기-유압식구동장치를주로사용했었으나최근무인항공기시장의급격한확대로소형항공기를겨냥한전기식구동장치를개발하는연구들이진행되고있다. 2 이와같은소형화된전기식구동장치는그만큼항공안전관리의핵심적인품목으로지정됨에따라고성능은물론구조적관점에서도더더욱진보된소형화및경량화설계가요구되고있다. 유무인항공기용구동장치에는감속기조립체가포함되어있는데이감속기조립체에는항공기종류에따라다양한기어트레인및하우징이사용된다. 이때기어트레인을구성하는기어부품역시소형경량설계로인해기존중형기어부품에적용되던숏피닝공정 3,4 이적용되지않을수있는문제가있다. 숏피닝공정은피로강도및피로수명을향상시키기위한매우효과적인기계적가공방법 Copyright The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 604 / September 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 9 호 Fig. 1 Comparison of shot peening and micro-peening Fig. 2 Almen intensity measurement system 중하나로기존항공기및자동차용내피로부품의반복된인장하중을받는취약부위에다양하게적용되고있으며, 상당히폭넓게활용되어오고있다. 5,6 이와같은숏피닝가공방법은금속재료보다항복강도가상대적으로높은무수히많은강구들을고속으로부품표면에충돌시킴으로써유익한압축잔류응력을생성시키게되는데이압축잔류응력이피로강도및피로수명을개선또는향상시켜주는주요인자가된다. 이에유무인항공기용기어부품들도축의토크에의해기어치차의이뿌리부분에서는반복된굽힘응력을받으므로숏피닝처리가효과적인방법이될수있다. 하지만소형화된기어부품에는기존의숏볼입자를사용하는것은그효과를더이상보장할수없기때문에마이크로단위의크기를갖는구형숏볼을사용한마이크로피닝기술을적용해야한다. Fig. 1은소형기어부품에기존숏피닝기술을적용하는경우와새로운마이크로피닝기술을적용하는경우를구분하여도시하고있다. 즉, 기어치의모듈이작아지면기어치이뿌리간격이좁아지기때문에기존 mm 직경의숏볼들을사용하면이뿌리부분에효과적인충돌이되지않으므로충분한압축잔류응력이부여되지않는다. 이와달리높은경도를갖는마이크로단위의세라믹볼을사용할경우반복된인장굽힘응력에충분히저항하는유익한압축잔류응력생성이가능해진다. 이와같은이유로본연구에서는평균 100 mm 직경의세라믹볼을사용하여마이크로피닝에의한유무인항공기용기어소재의피로특성을살펴보고자한다. 이때최적피닝 (Optimum-Peening) 7 개념을마이크로피닝에적용하고피닝전소재의피로수명과오히려수명저하를주는오버피닝 (Over-Peening) 7 조건의피로수명과비교한다. 이로부터마이크로피닝의효과및유효성을확인한다. 2. 피닝의개념 2.1 알멘강도 (Almen Intensity) 의측정알멘강도 (Almen Intensity) 는피닝의가공정도를가늠하는측량기준의하나로써보통알멘선도 (Almen Saturation Curve) 에서알멘스트립 (Almen Strip) 의굽은높이, 즉아크하이트 (Arc Height) Fig. 3 The experimental almen saturation curves Fig. 4 The air peening system 데이터로표현된다. 이와같은알멘선도는 SAE J442 규격 8 및 SAE J443 규격 9 을따르며, 피닝장비의성능및피닝정도를파악하는데있어매우중요한기준표로활용된다. 이알멘선도를사용하면알멘강도에대응되는피닝변수들을쉽게선택하거나조절하여효과적인피닝공정을선택할수있다. Fig. 2는알멘측정시스템을, Fig. 3은알멘선도의예를보여준다. 10 X축은피닝시간 (t) 분 (min) 을, Y축은피닝후 A형알멘스트립의굽은만곡높이 (mma) 를의미한다. 8,9 2.2 마이크로피닝의투사원리 Fig. 4는마이크로피닝의투사원리를보여준다. 피닝건뒷쪽에어노즐로부터압축공기가공급되고에어노즐끝단의확대된
3 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 9 호 September 2017 / 605 Table 1 Chemical composition of AISI alloy steel (wt%) C Ni Cr Mo Mn Si S P Fe Bal Table 2 Mechanical properties of AISI alloy steel σ o (MPa) σ u (MPa) E (GPa) ε f (%) Carburized Fig. 6 Zirconia ceramic balls for micro-peening treatment Fig. 5 Shape and dimensions of rotary bending fatigue test specimen (Unit: mm) 면적에서음압이발생되어그흡입력으로마이크로세라믹볼과공기를흡입하여피닝건까지이송된다. 이송된공기와세라믹볼들은서로혼합된상태로피닝건내부를이동하며, 피닝건내부의벤츄리형상의노즐을통과하여대기중으로투사된다. 3. 실험 3.1 시험편본연구에사용된피로시험편의재료는항공기용기어소재로많이사용되는 AISI 합금강이며, KS D 1801 규정에따라화학적조성을분석하였으며, Table 1에나타내었다. 또한 ASTM E8 규격을준수하여인장시험을수행하였으며, 이때얻어진기계적물성들은 Table 2와같다. Fig. 5는 4절점회전굽힘피로시험을위한피로시편의형상과제원을보여준다. 시편의형상은환봉형이며, 중앙부위최소직경은 8 mm이다. 시편을기계가공한후사포로연마하였으며, 이후 AMS 2759/7 규격으로침탄열처리를실시하였다. 3.2 마이크로세라믹볼본연구에사용된마이크로세라믹볼 (JZB120) 은 SAE J1830 규격 11 에제시된성분과크기를만족하는볼을선택하였다. ZrO 2 가 68%, SiO 2 가 32% 로구성되어있으며, 밀도는 3.86 g/cm 3, 경도는 700 Hv이다. 또한볼의직경범위는 mm이다. Fig. 6은세라믹볼의형상을보여준다. 3.3 마이크로피닝가공본연구에서는 Fig. 7의에어피닝기를사용하여마이크로피닝을실시하였다. 먼저유효한피닝조건을선정하기위해압축공기의 Fig. 7 Micro-Peening machine and injection system 압력 (p i ) 을 2부터 6 bar까지변화시켜가며 A형알멘스트립표면에마이크로피닝처리하였다. 이때분사노즐출구끝에서스트립표면까지의거리는 100 mm이며, 투사시간은각각 30 및 60 sec로하였다. 알멘스트립에마이크로피닝후아크하이트가완만하게증가하는압력범위를유효한피닝압력 (p i ) 들로선정하여이들압력들로피로시험편에피닝가공하였다. 시편들은회전장치에고정되어회전되면서균질하게피닝되었다. 3.4 회전굽힘피로시험본연구에서는 Ono형 4절점회전굽힘피로시험기를사용하여침탄열처리하지않은 AISI 합금강으로제작된시편들의피로시험을수행하였다. 이후 AMS 2759/7 규정으로침탄열처리된시편을시험하였다. 이때응력비 (R) 는 -1이고적용응력증감은추의무게로조절하였다. 또한장비의시험속도 ( 회전수 ) 는 rpm을유지해가며시험시진동이최소화되도록하였다. Fig. 8은회전굽힘피로시험기로시험하는모습을보여준다. 3.5 표면조도측정 Fig. 9는피닝처리하지않은시편과마이크로피닝처리한
4 606 / September 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 9 호 Fig. 8 Four points rotary bending fatigue test machine Fig. 10 Almen intensity variation with nozzle pressure Fig. 11 The micro-peened Almen strips with nozzle pressure Fig. 9 Surface roughness measurement system 시편들의표면조도를측정하기위해사용된조도측정기를보여준다. 기준측정거리는 10 mm이며, 각시편들의최대높이거칠기 (R max ), 평균거칠기 (R a ), 10점평균거칠기 (R z ) 를측정하였다. 4. 실험결과및고찰 Fig. 10은마이크로피닝압력증가에따른알멘스트립의굽은만곡의높이, 즉아크하이트의변화를보여주며 Fig. 11은마이크로피닝처리된알멘스트립들을보여준다. 30 및 60 sec 모두피닝압력이 4 bar가될때까지는급격한증가를보이다 4 bar 이후부터증가하는기울기가현저히낮아진다. 이로부터본연구에서는마이크로피닝을위한에어피닝장비의유효피닝분사압력을 5 bar로정하였다. Fig. 12는유효피닝압력 5 bar를기준으로낮은압력 3 및 4 bar와높은압력 6 bar로침탄열처리하지않은 AISI 합금강에마이크로피닝처리한후피로시험을실시하여얻은피로수명들을보여준다. 이때응력진폭 (s a ) 은 440 MPa 이다. 마이크로피닝처리를하지않은시편의피로수명은 95,000 Cycles이며, 유효피닝압력 5 bar로마이크로피닝처리한시편의피로수명은 223,800 Cycles로서, 약 236% 수명이증가됨을알수있다. 또한유효피닝압력 5 bar보다낮은 3 및 4 bar로피닝처리한시편들은각각 168,000 및 170,400 Cycles로써수명이각각 176 및 179% 증가하였다. 이와달리피닝압력이 6 bar인경우는피로수명이 69,200 Cycles로서오히려 28% 감소함을확인했다. 이로부터유효피닝압력 5 bar를최적마이크로피닝가공조건으로선정하고, 6 bar를오버피닝조건으로선정하여최적피닝의효과를살펴보았다. 선정된가공조건들로실제항공기감속기기어부품에사용되는침탄열처리된 AISI 합금강시편에각각마이크로피닝처리후피로파단수명변화를관찰하였다. Fig. 13은침탄열처리된회전굽힘피로시편의표면에최적피닝조건 5 bar 및오버피닝조건 6 bar로각각마이크로피닝처리후피로시험하여얻은피로수명들을보여준다. 이때응력진폭은 976 MPa이다. 피닝처리를하지않은침탄열처리시편의피로수명은 63,000 Cycles이며, 최적의마이크로피닝된침탄열처리시편의피로수명은 4,200,000 Cycles로써약 323% 의피로수명증가를보였다. 한편오버피닝조건의 6 bar로피닝한시편의피로수명은 1,900,000 Cycles로써피닝처리하지않은시편보다약 146% 수명이증가되었다. 그러나최적피닝조건보다는오히려수명이 221% 감소되는경향을보였다. 이는 Fig. 14의표면조도측정결과및 Fig. 15의
5 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 9 호 September 2017 / 607 Fig. 12 Fatigue fracture lives with peening nozzle pressure Fig. 14 Roughness profiles in unpeened and micro-peened specimens Fig. 13 Fracture life in optimum and over-peening specimens 파단면이미지를통해설명이가능하다. Fig. 14의표면조도측정결과를살펴보면피닝하지않은시편의경우시편을바이트로가공하면서생성된기계가공줄무늬가규칙적으로연속적임을알수있다. 중심선평균거칠기 R a 가 1.72 mm이다. 한편최적마이크로피닝조건 5 bar로처리된시편의경우중심선평균거칠기 R a 가 0.87 mm로써표면조도가상당히개선되었음을알수있다. 또한 5 bar보다투사에너지가큰 6 bar로마이크로피닝처리된시편은중심선평균거칠기 R a 가 0.96 mm로써피닝처리하지않은시편보다는표면조도가양호하나최적피닝조건보다는거칠다. Fig. 15(a) 는피닝하지않은침탄열처리시편과 Fig. 15(b) 는최적마이크로피닝조건 (5 bar), 그리고 Fig. 15(c) 오버피닝조건 (6 bar) 으로가공하여피로시험후시편중앙부위의최소단면적부위에서파단된피로시험편의파단이미지들을보여준다. 세시험편모두에서전형적인피로파단양상이나타남을알수있다. 다만, 초기균열의발생위치는각각차이를보인다. 마이크로피닝처리하지않은시편은일반적인재료에서볼수있듯이표면에서균열이시작되나마이크로피닝처리한시편들은모두표면으로부터어느정도떨어진깊이에서시작됨을확인할수있다. 이것은마이크로피닝시생성되는압축잔류응력으로인한균열진전에대한저항특성과피닝후표면경화로인한내부균열의생성때문으로판단된다. 12,13 또한피닝압력이 5 bar인경우보다 6 bar인경우가초기 Fig. 15 Fatigue fracture cross sections in (a) Unpeend, (b) Optimum peened, (3) Over peened specimens 균열의발생위치가더깊은데이는피닝에너지가클수록표면부에생성된압축잔류응력층의크기도증가되므로상대적으로더깊은위치에서초기균열이발생되기때문으로판단된다. 한편 6 bar 시험편은표면에서내부로진행하는균열위치도보인다. 궁극 적으로 Fig. 13에서, 피닝압력이 6 bar인시편은피닝에의한압축잔류응력의영향으로피닝하지않은시편보다는수명이뚜렷하게증가하지만표면조도가최적마이크로피닝처리된시편보다거칠어미세균열이표면에발생할수있어이로인하여수명이감소된것으로보인다. 12,13 이와같은이유로본연구에서는피닝분사압력이 5bar일때 AISI 합금강의피로특성을효과적으로향상시킬수있음을확인하였으며, 소형및경량유무인항공기용
6 608 / September 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 9 호 감속기어부품은물론다양한소형화된내피로부품들에도최적의마이크로피닝조건을적용하여유효하게활용될수있을것으로판단된다. 5. 결론본논문에서는유무인항공기용감속기기어부품의굽힘피로수명향상을위한마이크로피닝의효과성에대한연구가수행되었으며다음과같은결론을얻었다. (1) 상용에어피닝장비를이용하여피닝투사압력에따른알멘강도를측정하여유효한마이크로피닝조건 5 bar를선정하였다. 이후실제감속기어용소재인 AISI 합금강을 AMS2759/7 규정에기초하여침탄열처리한후마이크로피닝을실시하였다. (2) 유효피닝조건인 5 bar로마이크로피닝처리한시편이가장높은파단수명을주었으며, 이를최적마이크로피닝조건으로선정하였다. 최적조건으로가공된시편은피닝처리하지않은시편보다피로수명이약 323% 증가했다. 이와달리 6 bar로오버피닝처리한시편은피닝처리하지않은시편보다피로수명이약 146% 증가하였으나, 최적피닝된시편보다는오히려수명이 221% 감소되었다. (3) 궁극적으로본연구에서는마이크로피닝의효과를확인하였으며, 유무인항공기용감속기기어부품의굽힘피로특성을효과적으로향상시킬수있음은물론다양한산업용내구부품들에도충분히적용이가능하다고판단된다. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 본논문은 2016년도산업통상자원부산업기술혁신사업항공우주부품기술개발사업 (No ) 의연구비지원으로수행되었습니다. Automobile by Shot Peening, Transaction of Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp , Rhee, H. W. and Park, Y. S., Distribution Characteristics of Residual Stresses Induced by Shot-Peening in the Aircraft Structural Material, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 21, No. 5, pp , Lyu, S. K., Jeon, H. J., and Moon, B. H., A Study on the Effect of Shot Peening Treatments on the Strength of Carburized Gears, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 14, No. 9, pp , Jeong, S.-G. and Kim, T.-H., A Study on the Optimum Shot Peening Condition for Al7075-T6, Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp , SAE J442, Test Strip, Holder, and Gage for Shot Peening, (Accessed 19 JUN 2017) 9. SAE J443, Procedures for Using Standard Shot Peening Almen Strip, (Accessed 19 JUN 2017) 10. Kim, T., The Solution of Peening Residual Stress by Angled Impact of Multi Elliptical Shot Ball Based on Finite Element Analysis, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 34, No. 2, pp , SAE J1830, Size Classification and Characteristics of Ceramic Shot for Peening, (Accessed 19 JUN 2017) 12. Lee, D. S., Lee, K. J., Kim, T.-H., and Cheong, S. K., A Study on the Investigation of Optimal Peening Intensity for Shot Peened Spur Gear, Proc. of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers Spring Conference, pp , Nam, J. H., Kim, T., Lee, K. J., Lee, D. S., and Cheong, S. K., A Study on the Fatigue Characteristics of Automotive Gear Steel by Investigating of the Optimal Peening Intensity, Proc. of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers Autumn Conference, pp , REFERENCES 1. Kim, K. T. and Kim, J. M., Development of the SUAV Drive System-Design and Analysis, Aerospace Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp , Huh, S. H., Lee, B. H., Seol, J. W., Baek, J. H., Yang, M. S., et al., Accelerated Life Analysis and Endurance Verification of Electro-Mechanical Actuator, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 10, pp , Townsend, D. P. and Bamberger, E. N., Surface Fatigue Life of M50NiL and AISI 9310 Spur Gears and RC Bars, International Conference on Motion and Power Transmissions, pp. 1-6, Lee, D. S. and Cheong, S. K., Fatigue Design of Bevel Gear for
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