Original Article pissn / eissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2017;77(4): Windows Setting f

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1 Original Article pissn / eissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2017;77(4): Setting for Low kvp Abdominal CT: Comparison to 120-kVp CT Images 저관전압복부 CT 에서의창설정 : 120-kVp CT 와의비교연구 Jun Sung Kim, MD, Joon-Il Choi, MD*, Moon Hyung Choi, MD, Michael Yong Park, MD, Sung Eun Rha, MD, Soon Nam Oh, MD, Seung Eun Jung, MD, Jae Young Byun, MD Department of Radiology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify the optimal window level (WL) and window width (WW) to maximize visualization of the findings for low kvp abdominal CT images utilizing the automated tube voltage selection (ATVS) (which producesbrightness and contrast very similar to that produced by a 120-kVp CT scanner). Materials and Methods: We enrolled 61 patients who underwent: 1) dynamic abdominal CT scanning using ATVS technique (in 2015) and 2) a second CT scan, on this occasion implementing a 120-kVp protocol (in 2014). With ATVS, all scans were performed using 80-kVp for the arterial phase. For the portal phase, 80-kVp and 100-kVp were applied in 27 and 34 patients, respectively. Two radiologists then over-read and compared the ATVS images to the 120-kVp images, assessing brightness and contrast. After the over-read and comparison, they selected the WL and WW for ATVS because they produced brightness and contrast very similar to that appreciated in the 120-kVp images. Results: The WL and the WW for the arterial phase (mode/mean) were 130 Hounsfield unit (HU)/120.7 HU and 230 HU/259.6 HU, respectively. For the portal phase, the WL and the WW (mode/mean) were 90 HU/109.6 HU and 450 HU/450.0 HU for 80-kVp, and 40 HU/63.5 HU and 400 HU/382.4 HU for 100-kVp, respectively. The mean values of WL and WW for 80-kVp were significantly higher than those for 100-kVp (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Based upon the findings, it was determined that WL and WW with ATVS should be higher than those used for 120-kVp protocol in order to obtain comparable brightness and contrast in the images produced by abdominal CT scanning. Index terms Tomography, X-ray Computed Radiation Dosage Body Image Picture Archiving and Communication Systems Received March 26, 2017 Revised May 13, 2017 Accepted June 2, 2017 *Corresponding author: Joon-Il Choi, MD Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Korea. Tel Fax dumky@catholic.ac.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론 진단을위한의료영상을적절한밝기와대조도로조정하는것은정확한판독을위하여필수적인과정이다. 지나치게밝거나어두운영상, 혹은대조도가지나친영상등은해부학적구조물이나병변을관찰하는데방해가되며, 따라서일반촬영뿐아니라초음파, CT, MRI 등의단면영상에서도밝기와대조도를조정하는것은매우중요하다. 밝기와대조도는판독용모니터에서기계적으로조정할수도있으나, CT나 MRI 와같은단면영상의경우창설정 (windows setting) 이매우중요한역할을한다. 창설정은창수준 (windows level) 과창폭 (windows width) 으로이루어지며, 보고자하는장기에따라각각다른창설정값을정할수있다. 복부 CT의경우, 연부조직, 간, 뼈, 폐등의창설정에서판독을함으로써 CT 영상에포함된다양한장기를자세히관찰할수있으며, 다양한창설정을이용하여판독하는경우가연부조직창설정만을이용해서판독하는경우보다진단적정확도가높은것으로알려져있다 (1). 일반적으로 CT에서의연부조직창설정 (soft tissue window setting) 은창폭 350~400 Hounsfield unit ( 이하 HU) 와창수준 35~50 HU 로알려져있고, 대부분의복강내장기를관찰하는데가장적절한창설정이다. 또한고혈관성종양인간세포암을진단하기위한간창설정 (liver window setting) 은창폭을줄여야정상간과간 Copyrights 2017 The Korean Society of Radiology 211

2 저관전압복부 CT 에서의창설정 세포암의대조도를높일수있으며, 문헌에따라다양하지만일반적으로창폭 150 HU, 창수준 50~100 HU 로보는것을권고하고있다 (2-4). 하지만이들수치는 120-kVp 의관전압으로촬영한경우의권고치이다. 최근보고에의하면요오드조영제를사용하여조영증강된해부학적구조물을볼때기존의 120-kVp 가아닌 100- 혹은 80-kVp 로촬영하여도충분한대조도를확보할수있다는사실이밝혀졌다. 특히비만이아닌비교적작은체구의환자에서더낮은 kvp 로 CT를촬영하면 120-kVp 로촬영한것과유사한화질을얻을수있다 (5-8). 최근에도입된자동관전압선택 (automated tube voltage selection; 이하 ATVS) 기법을사용하는경우, scout 영상에서환자의조직감쇄를계산하여 CT 장비가자동으로적절한관전압을선택하여검사를진행하게되고, 이경우대부분 120-kVp 보다낮은 80-, 100-kVp 를사용하게된다 (9, 10). 하지만이렇게낮은관전압으로 CT를촬영한다면각종복부내장기의감쇠정도가기존의 120-kVp 로촬영된이미지와달라지게되며, 120-kVp 와동일한창설정을적용할경우지나치게밝고대조도가강조되는영상을얻게된다 (Fig. 1). 따라서기존에알려진창설정값역시달라져야만한다. 이연구에서저자들은 ATVS 기법을사용하여낮은관전압으로촬영된 CT 에서연부조직과간의창설정값이기존의 CT와는다를것이라고가정하였고, 낮은관전압으로촬영한복부 CT에서 120- kvp CT 영상과유사한밝기와대조도를보이는창설정값을알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 환자선택본연구는후향적연구로기관임상시험심사위원회의심의를통과 (KC16RISI0966) 하였으며피험자동의는면제받았다. 간세포암으로진단받은후간부분절제술, 고주파열치료술또는경동맥화학색전술을시행한환자중 2015 년 1월에서 2월까지간의역동적조영증강 CT (liver dynamic CT) 를 ATVS 기법을이용하여촬영하였고, 전년도인 2014 년간의역동적조영증강 CT를 ATVS 기법을사용하지않고촬영한피험자들을 picture archiving and communication system ( 이하 PACS) 을이용하여검색하였다 년과 2015 년검사사이에새롭게간세포암재발이발견된환자는대상에서제외하였다 년과 2015 년에모두 ATVS 기능을갖고있는 Somatom Definition (Siemens Healthcare, Munich, Germany) 과 Somatom Definition AS+ (Siemens Healthcare) 에서촬영한환자들만이연구대상에포함되었다. 총 61 명이연구에포함되었으며남자 40 명, 여자 21 명이었고평균연령은 61.6 ± 10.5세 (41~82 세 ) 였다. CT 검사모든환자들은 2014 년도에 120-kVp 를이용한기존의프로토콜로역동적조영증강복부 CT를촬영하였고, 2015 년도에 ATVS 기법을이용해서더낮은 kvp 로촬영한역동적조영증강복부 CT로추적검사하였다. CT 스캔지표는 Pitch 1, display field of view 300 mm, 회전시간 0.5초, collimation mm, 절편두께 5 mm였다. A B Fig. 1. An 81-year-old male with hepatocellular carcinoma, treated by right hemi-hepatectomy. A, B. The arterial phase images acquired using (A) 120-kVp and (B) 80-kVp at the same window width of 180 HU and window level of 80 HU. The 80-kVp image is too bright compared to the 120-kVp image. HU = Hounsfield unit 212 대한영상의학회지 2017;77(4): jksronline.org

3 김준성외 2015 년에촬영한 ATVS 의설정값은 reference mas 180 mas, reference KV 120-kVp 였으며 noise index 는동맥기는 9, 문맥기와지연기는 7이었다. 조영증강을위해서는 20G 바늘을이용하여정주와의표재정맥을천자한뒤비이온성요오드조영제인 Ioversol (Optiray 320, Reyon Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea) 을 3~4 ml/sec 의흐름속도로 120 ml 를투여하였다. Bolus tracking 방법을이용하였으며횡격막하부복부대동맥의감쇠가 100 HU 일때를기점으로하여동맥기영상 19 초, 문맥기영상 55초, 지연영상은 100 초에촬영하였다. 창폭과창수준의결정 2014 년도에촬영한기존의간역동적조영증강 CT에서동맥 기영상을창폭 150 HU, 창수준 80 HU 로설정하고, 문맥기영상을창폭 350 HU, 창고 40 HU 로설정하여이를기준값으로삼았다. 이영상과나란히 2015 년에 ATVS 기법을이용해서저관전압으로촬영한 CT 영상을 PACS 에올려놓은뒤, 2015 년영상의창폭과창수준을 PACS 시스템에서변경하면서 2014 년 CT와가장대조도및밝기가유사한창폭과창수준을결정하였다. 유사한창폭과창수준은두명의영상의학과의사 ( 경력 18 년, 경력 2년 ) 가동의하에결정하였으며, 특히문맥기에서는간실질및간혈관의밝기및대조도뿐아니라신장피질과수질이잘구분되는지의여부도기준으로정하였다. 동맥기영상의창폭은 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 HU로, 창수준은 80, 130, 180, 230, 280, 330 HU 로, 문맥기영상의창폭은 350, 400, 450, 500, 550 HU 로, 창수준은 40, 90, 140, 190, 240 A B C Fig. 2. A 47-year-old male with hepato-cellular carcinoma, treated by transarterial chemoembolization. A. The arterial phase image acquired using 120-kVp in 2014 with a window width of 180 HU and a window level of 80 HU shows multiple lipiodolized lesions in the left hemi-liver. B. The arterial phase image acquired using 80-kVp in 2015 with the same window setting as (A) shows too much contrast and brightness. Lipiodol uptake is not clearly visible. C. The same image of (B) with a window width of 350 HU and a window level of 130 HU shows similar brightness and contrast as (A). HU = Hounsfield unit A B C Fig. 3. A 52-year-old female with hepato-cellular carcinoma treated by transarterial chemoembolization. A. The portal venous phase image, acquired using 120-kVp in 2014 with a window width of 350 HU and a window level of 40 HU shows, appropriate brightness and contrast. B. The portal venous phase image, acquired using 80-kVp in 2015 with the same window setting as (A), is considered too bright for optimal visualization. C. The same image of (B), with a window width of 450 HU and a window level of 90 HU, demonstrates brightness and contrast similar to (A). HU = Hounsfield unit jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2017;77(4):

4 저관전압복부 CT 에서의창설정 HU 를단계적으로선택하며유사한밝기와대조도의영상을찾았다 (Figs. 2, 3) 년에 ATVS 기법을사용한경우, 동맥기는모두 80-kVp 로촬영되었으나문맥기는환자체형에따라 80-kVp 와 100-kVp 가사용되었고, 두군을분리하여분석하였다. 통계분석 ATVS 를사용한영상에서두명의영상의학과의사가결정한창설정값의최빈값과평균을구하였다. 동맥기는 61 명의피험자전체에서구하였으며, 문맥기의경우, 100-kVp 를사용한피험자들과 80-kVp 를사용한피험자들의평균및최빈값을따로구하였으며, 80-kVp 와 100-kVp 를사용한군의평균을 Mann-Whitney U test 를사용하여비교하였다. 상업적통계프로그램 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 24; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) 을사용하였으며 p-value 가 0.05 미만인경우통계학적으로의미있는것으로간주하였다. 결과 2015 년에 ATVS 기법을사용한 CT에서는동맥기는 61 명의피험자에서모두 80-kVp 를사용하였으며, 문맥기는환자의체형에따라자동으로 100-kVp 혹은 80-kVp 가선택되었고, 80- kvp 가 27명, 100-kVp 가 34명에서사용되었다. 간의창설정에서 ATVS 를사용한 80-kVp 영상에서기존의 120-kVp 와유사한밝기및대조도를보인창폭과창수준의최빈값및평균값은모두기존에 120-kVp 에서알려진창설정인창폭 180 HU, 창수준 80 HU 보다창폭은넓고창수준은높았다. 연부조직창설정에서도 ATVS 를사용한 80-kVp 및 100-kVp 에서모두 120-kVp 보다창폭은넓고창수준은높았을때기존의 120-kVp 영상과유사한밝기및대조도를보였다 (Table 1). 문맥기에서 80-kVp 를사용하는경우창폭과창수준값이모두 100-kVp 를사용하는경우보다통계적으로의미있게넓고높았다 (p < 0.001). 고찰 CT를촬영할때낮은관접압을사용하는경우영상잡음은증가하지만방사선노출은감소하며관전압을 120-kVp 에서 100-kVp 로낮출경우 33%, 120-kVp 를 80-kVp 로낮출경우 65% 까지방사선노출량을줄일수있다 (11, 12). 또한 kvp 를낮추면광전효과로인해요오드조영제의감쇄가증가하여잡음대비대조도비 (CNR) 가좋아지게되며따라서이에대한보정을위해창설정을재조정해야한다 (5, 13). 본연구에의하면낮은관전압으로촬영한 CT에서동맥기영상과문맥기영상모두에서 120-kVp 로촬영한 CT와유사한밝기와대조도를보이는창폭은넓고창수준은높았다. 문맥기영상에서는 80-kVp 로촬영한영상의창폭과창수준이 100-kVp 로촬영한영상보다통계적으로유의하게넓고높았다. Nakaura 등 (14) 에의하면낮은관전압으로촬영한문맥기영상의복부 CT에서창폭과창수준이화질과진단적정확도에영향을미칠수있다고보고하였으며 80-kVp 를사용하고창폭을 500 HU 로넓혔을때가기존의 120-kVp, 창폭 350 HU 의 CT와비교해서인공물 (artifact) 이적으면서더나은대조도의영상을확보할수있다고보고하였다. 창폭을넓히면 CT에서표시되는회색조범위가커져서영상의대조도가나빠지고적은흡수차이를나타내는조직의식별능이떨어지지만, 80- kvp 를사용하는경우그만큼조영제의대조도가높아지기때문에이러한영향을상쇄시키는것으로생각된다. 또한창수준의경우낮은관전압을사용하면전반적인 X선의 attenuation 이증가하여영상의밝기가높아지므로, 높은관전압보다창수준을높여야유사한밝기의영상을얻을수있다. 최근간의이중에너지 CT를대상으로한연구에서 Cecco 등 (15) 은 50 kev monoenergy 로재구성된영상의창폭과창수준이 70 kev 로재구성된영상보다넓고높아야간병변의진단율이높아진다고보고하였다. 이러한결과역시관전압을낮출때요오드조영제의대조도가증가되며전반적인영상이밝아지므로창폭을넓 Table 1. Preferred Settings Using ATVS on the Arterial and Portal Venous Phase CT Images Which are Similar to Those of 120-kVp Conventional Protocol (Window Width 180 HU and Level 80 HU for the Arterial Phase, and Window Width 350 HU and Level 40 HU for the Portal Venous Phase) Mode Mean Maximum Minimum Arterial 80-kVp (n = 61) ± ± Portal 80-kVp (n = 27) ± ± Portal 100-kVp (n = 34) ± ± p-values* < < *p-values are for the comparison of portal 80-kVp and portal 100-kVp. p-values are calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test. ATVS = automated tube voltage selection, HU = Hounsfield unit 214 대한영상의학회지 2017;77(4): jksronline.org

5 김준성외 히고창수준을높여야한다는본연구의결과와합치된다. 일반적으로 CT를촬영한뒤필름에인쇄하거나 PACS 로영상을전송할때, 최적의조건으로알려진창설정으로영상을맞추어전환하게된다. 과거필름에영상을인쇄하던시대에는창설정의조절이불가능했기때문에매우중요한과정이었으며, PACS 를사용하게된현재시점에서는창설정을자유롭게변경할수있으므로적절한창설정으로영상을전송하는것은판독하는영상의학과의사가창설정을크게변경하지않고도적절하게조절된영상을확인할수있도록하기위한편의를위한과정이다. 하지만본연구의결과와같이, 사용한관전압에따라유사한밝기와대조를보이는창설정은큰차이를보인다. 따라서 CT 촬영장치에서필름에영상을인쇄하거나 PACS 로영상을전송할때기존의 120-kVp 에서알려진적절한창설정이아닌더넓은창폭, 높은창수준을사용해야한다. 본연구는몇가지한계점이있다. 첫째로, 후향적인연구로표본선정편파 (selection bias) 의가능성이있다. 둘째로, 최적의창폭과창수준을명확하게정할수있는객관적인지표가없었기에 2명의영상의학과의사의주관적인판단하에기존에알려진 120-kVp 의최적의창설정영상과유사한밝기와대조도의영상을선택하였다. Cecco 등 (15) 은 monoenergetic CT 영상을이용한유사연구에서두명의관찰자가독립적으로, 가장 120- kvp CT 영상과유사하다고판단하는창설정을자유롭게결정하였다. 하지만이방법을쓸경우, 각각의관찰자가선호하는영상설정에따라창수준이다르게결정될가능성이컸다. 따라서본연구에서는두명의영상의학과의사가함께영상을리뷰하였고, 선호하는영상이아닌기존에최적이라고알려진 120- kvp 의연부조직창설정, 간창설정과가장유사한영상을결정하였으므로관찰자의선호도에따른차이는최소화시킬수있었다. 하지만두명의합의를거쳤어도유사한영상을선택하는과정에서주관적인요소의개입가능성이크다. 셋째로, 영상을보는시스템이필름에서 PACS 시스템으로전환되면서창설정의중요도가감소하였다. 과거에는 CT 영상을필름에인쇄해야했고, 따라서다양한창설정으로 CT를보려면그만큼많은필름을현상해야했기때문에비용과시간문제가중요하게다루어졌다. 반면에현재의영상의학과의사들은 PACS 를이용해서본인이원하는대로창설정을자유자재로바꿀수있다. 하지만관전압에따라유사한영상의밝기와대조도를보이는창설정이다르다는내용은이전에발표된바없으며, 기존과다른창설정에서영상을리뷰해야한다는사실을확인한것이본연구의의의라고할수있다. 넷째, ATVS 를사용한경우와그렇지않은경우의간내국소병변진단율등실제적인효과를분석하지는못했다. 실제병변이있는환자군에서병변의진단능을 신호대잡음비등객관적인지표로평가하면더도움이될것으로판단되나, 임상적으로의미가있는동일한병변을같은시기에 120-kVp 와 ATVS 를사용한저전압으로모두영상을얻은경우는드물어서이에대한분석을시행하지는못하였다. 다섯째, CT 장비는두가지가사용되었는데, 같은제조사에서제작한장비로동일한 ATVS 기법을적용할수있고, 동일한설정값을적용하였기에장비간차이에의한문제점은최소화할수있었다. 결론적으로 ATVS 기법을이용하여촬영한간역동적조영증강 CT에서창폭과창수준은 120-kVp 로촬영한기존의경우와유사한영상의밝기와대조도를얻기위해서는창폭은넓고창수준은높게조정해야한다. 문맥기영상에서 80-kVp 로촬영할때의창복과창수준역시유사한밝기와대조도의 100- kvp 영상보다높았다. REFERENCES 1. Pomerantz SM, White CS, Krebs TL, Daly B, Sukumar SA, Hooper F, et al. Liver and bone window settings for soft-copy interpretation of chest and abdominal CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174: Cox IH, Foley WD, Hoffmann RG. Right window for dynamic hepatic CT. Radiology 1991;181:18-21; discussion Mayo-Smith WW, Gupta H, Ridlen MS, Brody JM, Clements NC, Cronan JJ. Detecting hepatic lesions: the added utility of CT liver window settings. Radiology 1999;210: Sabouri S, Khatami A, Azadeh P, Ghoroubi J, Azimi G. Adding liver window setting to the standard abdominal CT scan. Iran J Radiol 2008;5: Raman SP, Mahesh M, Blasko RV, Fishman EK. CT scan parameters and radiation dose: practical advice for radiologists. J Am Coll Radiol 2013;10: Gonzalez-Guindalini FD, Ferreira Botelho MP, Töre HG, Ahn RW, Gordon LI, Yaghmai V. MDCT of chest, abdomen, and pelvis using attenuation-based automated tube voltage selection in combination with iterative reconstruction: an intrapatient study of radiation dose and image quality. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;201: Desai GS, Fuentes Orrego JM, Kambadakone AR, Sahani DV. Performance of iterative reconstruction and automated tube voltage selection on the image quality and radiation dose in abdominal CT scans. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2013;37:897- jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2017;77(4):

6 저관전압복부 CT 에서의창설정 Cho PK. Radiation dose reduction from low-kilovoltage liver computed tomography using multidetector row computed tomography. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2013;154: Hu L, Wang Y, Hou H, Wei F, Yang G, Chen Y. Radiation dose and image quality with abdominal computed tomography with automated dose-optimized tube voltage selection. J Int Med Res 2014;42: Spearman JV, Schoepf UJ, Rottenkolber M, Driesser I, Canstein C, Thierfelder KM, et al. Effect of automated attenuationbased tube voltage selection on radiation dose at CT: an observational study on a global scale. Radiology 2016;279: Raman SP, Johnson PT, Deshmukh S, Mahesh M, Grant KL, Fishman EK. CT dose reduction applications: available tools on the latest generation of CT scanners. J Am Coll Radiol 2013;10: Sigal-Cinqualbre AB, Hennequin R, Abada HT, Chen X, Paul JF. Low-kilovoltage multi-detector row chest CT in adults: feasibility and effect on image quality and iodine dose. Radiology 2004;231: Kaza RK, Platt JF, Goodsitt MM, Al-Hawary MM, Maturen KE, Wasnik AP, et al. Emerging techniques for dose optimization in abdominal CT. Radiographics 2014;34: Nakaura T, Awai K, Oda S, Funama Y, Harada K, Uemura S, et al. Low-kilovoltage, high-tube-current MDCT of liver in thin adults: pilot study evaluating radiation dose, image quality, and display settings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196: De Cecco CN, Caruso D, Schoepf UJ, Wichmann JL, Ter Louw JR, Perry JD, et al. Optimization of window settings for virtual monoenergetic imaging in dual-energy CT of the liver: a multi-reader evaluation of standard monoenergetic and advanced imaged-based monoenergetic datasets. Eur J Radiol 2016;85: 저관전압복부 CT 에서의창설정 : 120-kVp CT 와의비교연구 김준성 최준일 * 최문형 박용구 나성은 오순남 정승은 변재영 목적 : 자동관전압선택 (automated tube voltage selection; 이하 ATVS) 기법을이용한저관전압복부 CT에서 120-kVp 의 CT영상과유사한영상의밝기와대조도를보이는창설정을알아보았다. 대상과방법 : 2015 년에 ATVS 기법을사용하여역동적복부 CT를시행하였고, 2014 년에 120-kVp 의관전압으로역시역동적복부 CT를시행한피험자 61 명을분석하였다. 동맥기에서는 80-kVp 가사용되었으며문맥기에서 27 명에서는 80- kvp 가, 34 명에서는 100-kVp 가사용되었다. 두명의영상의학과의사가 ATVS 기법을사용한영상과 120-kVp 영상을합의하에비교하였으며, ATVS 기법으로얻은영상의창수준과창폭을변화시키며 120-kVp 영상의밝기및대조도와비슷한수준의창수준과창폭을찾아보았다. 결과 : 동맥기에서 120-kVp 영상과유사한영상을보이는창수준과창폭의최빈값과평균값은 80-kVP 에서 130 Hounsfield unit ( 이하 HU)/120.7 HU, 230 HU/259.6 HU 이었다. 문맥기의경우 100-kVp 에서는 90 HU/109.6 HU, 450 HU/450.0 HU 이었으며 80-kVp 에서는 40 HU/63.5 HU, 400 HU/382.4 HU 였다. 평균창수준과창폭은 80-kVp 에서 100-kVp 보다의미있게높았다 (p 0.001). 결론 : ATVS 기법을사용하는저전압복부 CT에서기존의 120-kVp 와유사한밝기와대조도의영상을보기위한창수준과창폭은 120-kVp 를사용한경우보다창수준은높고창폭은넓었다. 또한 80-kVp 를사용하는경우가 100-kVp 를사용하는경우보다문맥기에서창폭은넓고창수준은높았다. 가톨릭대학교의과대학서울성모병원영상의학과, 암연구소 216 대한영상의학회지 2017;77(4): jksronline.org

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