Appl. Chem. Eng., Vol. 29, No. 2, April 2018, Article 은나노입자의크기및형태가자가조립망상구조를갖는투명전도성필름의광학및전기특성에미치는영향 신용우
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1 Appl. Chem. Eng., Vol. 29, No. 2, April 2018, Article 신용우 * 김규병 * 노수진 * 소순영 청운대학교화장품과학과, *( 주 ) 도프 (2017 년 10 월 20 일접수, 2017 년 11 월 20 일심사, 2017 년 12 월 21 일채택 ) Effects of the Particle Size and Shape of Silver Nanoparticles on Optical and Electrical Characteristics of the Transparent Conductive Film with a Self-assembled Network Structure Yong-Woo Shin*, Kyu-Byung Kim*, Su-Jin Noh*, and Soon-Young Soh Department of Cosmetic Science, Chungwoon University, 25 Daehak-gil, Hongseong-eup Hongseong-gun 21523, Korea *DOF Inc., A-610, Woolim Lionsvally 5-cha, 302 Galmachi-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13021, Korea (Received October 20, 2017; Revised November 20, 2017; Accepted December 21, 2017) 초록투명전도성필름 (transparent conductive film, TCF) 제조를위해사용되는은나노입자의평균입자크기및형태가폴리에틸렌테리프탈레이트 (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) 필름위에코팅된은전도성라인의광학및전기특성에미치는영향을연구하였다. Ag-CM, Ag-ME 및 Ag-EE 방식으로제조한은나노입자가 Ag-EB, Ag-CR 및 Ag-PL 방식으로제조한은나노입자보다투명도는차이가없으나전도도에서우수한특성을보였다. 이는입자의크기가앞에언급한세가지경우평균입도가약 80 nm 이하이고입도의균일도가양호한반면, 뒤에언급한세가지경우평균입도가 100 nm 이상이며입자의뭉침현상이심하게나타난결과와관련이있음을확인하였다. 이결과는 PET 필름위에코팅을하고건조시켜제조한패턴을각각의시료별로 SEM으로정면과측면에서관찰하였을때, 패턴의형상및두께의균일도측면에서나타난결과와동일하였다. 따라서은나노입자의평균입자크기가작고입자의균일성이유지될수록보다우수한전기특성을나타냄을확인하였다. Abstract The effect of the average particle size and shape of silver nanoparticles for the transparent conductive film (TCF) was studied. Optical and electrical properties of silver conductive lines coated on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film was also measured. Silver nanoparticles produced by Ag-CM, Ag-ME, Ag-EE methods showed an excellent conductivity compared to those produced by Ag-EB, Ag-CR and Ag-PL methods, but a little difference in the transparency. In the case of the former three silver nanoparticles, the average particle size was about 80 nm or less and the size was uniform. For the latter case, the severe agglomeration phenomena of particles was observed and the average particle size was 100 nm or more. This result was consistent with the result of the uniformity of the pattern shape and thickness on conductive line patterns observed by SEM. Therefore, it was confirmed that the electrical characteristics could be obtained when the average particle size of silver nanoparticles is smaller and the uniformity of the particles is maintained. Keywords: optical and electrical characteristics, self-assembly, silver nanoparticle, transparent conductive film 1)1. 서론 나노물질의다양한특성이나노입자의크기와모양, 안정제와의상호작용, 입자를둘러싸고있는매체및제조방법과관련되어있다는것은많은연구를통하여알려져있다 [1-4]. 아울러금속나노입자 Corresponding Author: Chungwoon University, Department of Cosmetic Science, 25 Daehak-gil, Hongseong-eup Hongseong-gun 21523, Korea Tel: sysohhot@chungwoon.ac.kr pissn: eissn: 2018 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. All rights reserved. 의크기와형태, 안정성및화학적 / 물리적특성은실험조건, 금속이온과환원제의상호작용의동역학및안정제와금속나노입자와안정제의흡착과정에따라크게영향을받는다고보고되어있다 [5]. 나노입자는높은표면장력으로인하여입자간의응집을통해서표면에너지를낮추려는경향이있다. 이를방지하기위해서나노입자형성시높은표면장력을낮추기위해고분자및계면활성제등을나노입자표면에흡착시켜표면에너지를낮춰은나노입자간의응집력을차폐하여야한다. 분산용매상에서입자의분산안정화거동은입체안정화와전기적반발력에의존하기때문에분산의주요기구인입체안정화와전기적반발력을이용하여분산성을향상시키고자하는많은연구가지속적으로이루어지고있다 [6-9]. 162
2 163 은은금에비하여비용이적게들고, 구리나니켈과비교하여공기중에서안정성이우수하고높은전도성을가진다. 은나노입자는은벌크물질과비교하여단위당높은에너지를나타내는양자크기효과로독특한물리및화학적성질을가지므로의학, 전자기기, 마이크로전자기기, 광학, 광전자분야에서응용되고있다 [10]. 전자기기분야중에서터치패널, LCD, OLED와같은디스플레이, 투명트랜지스터의전극, 투명히터및태양전지에사용되는투명전도성필름 (transparent conductive film, 이하 TCF) 의경우, 현재주로사용되는 indium tin oxide (ITO) 소재가희토류인인듐의전략자원화및유연소재로의적용이어려워대체소재로나노와이어, 나노메탈, 메탈메쉬, 카본나노튜브등이개발되어상용화가진행되고있다. 그중에서가시광선영역에서의높은광투과도 (80% 이상 ) 와낮은면저항 (100Ω /sq 이하 ) 을보유한전도성을동시에갖는소재이면서도상품화시가격경쟁력을갖고있는은나노입자 (silver nanoparticles) 가가장주목을받고있다 [10-12]. TCF 제조를위해사용되는은나노입자는일차적으로입자의크기가분산안전성에영향을미친다 [13]. 이에따라은나노입자의제조방법이 TCF 성능에영향을미치는중요한요인이된다. 이는제조방법에따라은나노입자의크기및형태가결정될뿐아니라, 제조중에정제되지못한메탈및유기물성분들이투명전도성코팅액 ( 이하코팅액 ) 에영향을주어코팅시부착력및전도성저하를초래할수있기때문이다. 본연구에사용된은나노입자는 PET 필름에롤투롤 (roll-to-roll) 코팅으로상업적으로판매가가능한 TCF를제조할수있도록, 은나노입자의대량생산 (kg base/batch 이상 ) 이가능하고가격경쟁력이있는은나노입자제조업체의제품을선별하였다. 이렇게선정된은나노입자를이용하여은나노입자코팅액을제조하고, 이를이용한 TCF 제조시은나노입자의평균입자크기및형태가 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 필름위에형성된은전도성라인의두께와형상에미치는영향을다양한방법을통하여분석하였다. 이를바탕으로은나노입자의평균입자크기및형태가 TCF의광학및전기특성에미치는영향을규명하고자하였다. 2. 실험 2.1. 실험재료코팅액의제조를위하여 30~160 nm의크기를갖는, 제조방법이다른은나노입자 6개사의제품을입수하였다. 이렇게입수한은나노입자의분산을위한분산액으로대정화금사의톨루엔을사용하였다. 코팅액의부착력을높이기위한부착력증강제로각각 Sigma-Aldrich사의헥사메톡시메틸멜라민 (hexamethoxymethyl melamine, HMMM) 과디노닐나프탈렌디설포닉산 (dinonylnaphthalene disulfonic acid, DNNDSA) 을혼합하여사용하였다. 또한은나노입자의분산안전성과습윤성증가를위한첨가제로 Sigma-Aldrich사의데카메틸사이클로펜타실록산 (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, DMCPS) 과 2-아미노-3-메틸-1-부탄올 (2-amino-3-methyl- 1-butanol, 2-AMB) 및폴리에터실록산 (polyethersiloxane, PES) 을사용하였다. PET 필름은 SKC사의 V7610을사용하였다 은나노입자코팅액제조은나노입자 2 g을톨루엔 58 g과교반기에투입한후분당 8,000 rpm으로 20 min간교반하여은나노입자분산액 60 g을제조하였다. 한편, 실온에서 HMMM 0.15 g과 DNNDSA 0.15 g의혼합으로조성된부착력증강제 0.3 g 및 DMCPS 0.35 g과 2-AMB 0.35 g의혼합으로조성된첨가제 0.7 g 및 PES 0.4 g을증류수 38.6 g과혼합하여수분산액 40 g을제조하였다. 이렇게제조한은나노입자분산액 60 g 및수분산액 40 g을균질분산기에투입한후실온에서분당 9,000 rpm으로 30 min간교반하여코팅액 100 g을제조하였다 은나노입자의특성평가은나노입자의특성파악을위하여 UV-Vis (UV 1601, Shimadzu) 분광법과주사전자현미경 (SEM, LEO SUPRA 55) 을사용하였다. UV-Vis 분광법은은나노입자약 5 mg을에틸렌글리콜 50 ml에완전히분산시키고측정하였다. 은나노입자의크기와모양은 SEM으로분석하였으며, 은나노입자를이소프로판올에분산시킨후구리그리드위에떨어뜨리고건조시켜분석하였다. 또한은나노입자의산화정도파악을위하여에너지분산 X선 (energy dispersive X-ray, EDX) 기능을갖는상기의 SEM을이용하여측정하였다 은나노입자코팅액및코팅후의 TCF 특성평가은나노입자를이용한투명전도성코팅액의점도는점도계 (LVPDII + Pro, Brookfield, USA) 로 Spindle #63, 25, 20 rpm에서측정하였다. 코팅액을이용한은박막은 PET 필름위에 Wire Bar #12를이용하여바코팅을하고 150 에서 1 min간건조시켜제조하였다. PET 필름위에코팅된얇은은박막의저항은 4-point probe (SRM-232, Gurdian) 로측정하였다. 또한, 은나노입자의코팅후형성되는자가조립망상구조의패턴분석을위하여일차적으로광학현미경 (Nikon SMZ 1000) 을이용하여 110배의배율로확대하여확인하였다. 보다정밀한분석을위하여 SEM을이용하였으며, 정면의패턴구조는 500 배, 측면의패턴구조는 2,000배또는 3,000배의비율로확대하여확인하였다. 3. 결과및고찰 3.1. 은나노입자의특성분석은나노입자를제조하는방법으로열분해법, 기상응축법, 전기아크방전, 레이저절제, 마이크로에멀션, 화학적환원법등많은방법이있다. 은나노입자의특이한물리적, 화학적특성은입자의크기, 모양과입자의환경에크게영향을받는다. 때문에은나노입자의크기, 크기의분포와그들의형태를조절하기위한연구가많이진행되어왔다 [14-17]. 일반적으로나노입자의경우입자가형성되는과정에서입자가뭉치거나커지게되어큰입자를형성하는경향이있다. 나노입자의뭉치는현상은 Van der Waals 인력과전자기적반발력간의힘의균형으로발생하는것으로알려져있다 [18]. 본실험에서는은나노입자의크기및특성을파악한후은나노입자코팅액을제조하여 PET 필름에코팅하였을때나타나는 TCF의특성을검토하였다. 이를통하여은나노입자의크기및형태가자가조립망상구조를갖는 TCF의전도성에미치는영향을파악하고자하였다. 이를위하여제조방법이각각다른 6가지은나노입자를입수하여, 제조방법에따라다음과같이시료의명칭을부여하였다. chemicalmechanical milling 법 ( 시료명 Ag-CM), microemulsion 법 ( 시료명 Ag-ME), electrical explosion법 ( 시료명 Ag-EE), E-beam법 ( 시료명 Ag-EB), chemical reduction법 ( 시료명 Ag-CR), plasma법 ( 시료명 Ag-PL) 으로명명하였다. 이렇게명명된은나노입자의입자크기및형상을 SEM Appl. Chem. Eng., Vol. 29, No. 2, 2018
3 164 신용우 김규병 노수진 소순영 Table 1. Characteristics Including Particle Size of Silver Nanoparticles Produced under Various Production Methods Sample Production method Shape form SEM Average particle size (mean size) form SEM (nm) Ag-CM Chemical-mechanical milling Near-spherical (65) Ag-ME Microemulsion Near-spherical (60) Ag-EE Electrical explosion Near-spherical (70) Ag-EB E-beam Polyhedral (100) Ag-CR Chemical reduction Polyhedral (110) Ag-PL Plasma Mixed (spherical + polyhedral) (125) (a) (b) Figure 2. UV-Vis spectra of silver nanoparticles, (a) Ag-CM, (b) Ag-ME, (c) Ag-EE, (d) Ag-EB, (e) Ag-CR, (f) Ag-PL. (c) (e) Figure 1. SEM images ( 50,000) of silver nanoparticles, (a) Ag-CM, (b) Ag-ME, (c) Ag-EE, (d) Ag-EB, (e) Ag-CR, (f) Ag-PL. 으로분석한결과를종합하여 Table 1에수록하였으며, 이와관련된 SEM 사진은 Figure 1에수록하였다. Figure 1에서보여주는 SEM 결과에의하면시료 Ag-CM, Ag-ME 및 Ag-EE의경우비교적균일한형태의거의구형형태의입자를관찰할수있었으며, 시료 Ag-EB, Ag-CR 및 Ag-PL의경우는다각형의은나노입자의형태가관찰되었다. 입자의크기는시료 Ag-CM, Ag-ME 및 Ag-EE의경우평균입도가 80 nm 이하였다. 이에반하여시료 Ag-EB, Ag-CR 및 Ag-PL의경우앞의 3가지제조방법과는다른 100 nm 또는그이상의입도를나타내었으며, 특히입자의뭉침현상이심하게나타났다. 따라서 Ag-CM, Ag-ME 및 Ag-EE 방식으로제조한은나노입자가 Ag-EB, Ag-CR 및 Ag-PL 방식으로제조한은 (d) (f) 나노입자보다입자의크기가작고입자형태의균일성측면에서도우수한특성을보였다. 아울러은나노입자의에틸렌글리콜분산액을 UV-Vis 분광법으로측정하여나노입자의광학적특성을판단하고자하였다. 나노입자의광학적특성은플라즈마공명또는내부밴드전이에의한여기와관계가되며특히크기효과에의한 Mie 이론으로설명되어진다. Mie 이론에따르면최대흡수피크가장파장쪽으로이동할수록은나노입자의크기는증가하고, 흡광도가클수록은나노입자의분율이크며, 최대흡수피크의폭이좁을수록입도분포가균일하게된다 [19]. 은나노입자는 Figure 2에서보듯입자가상대적으로작은시료 Ag-CM, Ag-ME 및 Ag-EE의경우최대흡수피크가 410 nm 전후에서나타나고입자가커지면 420 nm에서 440 nm에서최대흡수피크가나타나기존의문헌 [9,19,20] 과일치한특성을보였다. 또한최대피크의세기가 Ag-EE, Ag-ME, 및 Ag-CM 방식으로제조한은나노입자가 Ag-EB, Ag-CR, 및 Ag-PL 방식으로제조한나노입자보다크게나타나는점도은나노입자의분율이클수록흡광도가커진다는기존의문헌 [9,20] 과일치하였다. 한편본실험에서측정된 UV-Vis 흡수스펙트럼은전반적으로최대피크를나타낸이후흡수도가급격히떨어지는기존의문헌 [12,20] 과는다르게흡수도가상대적으로밋밋하게저하되거나거의수평을이루는양상을보여주고있다. 이러한결과는은나노입자를제조한후건조하는과정에서은나노입자가뭉치고표면이산화하는것과관련이있을것으로추정되었다. 이것은고체로공급되는다른 5개의시료와다르게액체상태로보관되어공급되는시료 Ag-ME의 UV-Vis 흡수스펙트럼이최대피크이후흡광도가상대적으로크게떨어지는스펙트럼을보이는결과와일치한다고추정되었다. 공업화학, 제 29 권제 2 호, 2018
4 165 Table 2. Viscosity of Silver Nanoparticles Coating Solution and Pattern Characteristics Formed Using Silver Nanoparticles Coating Solution Prepared by Silver Nanoparticles Sample Viscosity (cps) Transmittance (%) Surface resistance (Ω/sq) Depth of pattern thickness (µm) Ag-CM Ag-ME Ag-EE Ag-EB Ag-CR Ag-PL Out of range (a) Ag-ME (a) (b) (b) Ag-EE Figure 3. SEM images of different silver nanoparticles, (a) Ag-ME, (b) Ag-EE (left); Plot of oxygen amount vs. silver nanoparticle type (right). (c) (d) 이를보다명확히하려고 EDX를이용하여은나노입자의산화정도를측정함으로써산화도가은나노입자의특성에미치는영향을파악하고자하였으며그결과를 Figure 3에수록하였다. 이를통하여은나노입자의크기가상대적으로작은시료 Ag-ME가시료 Ag-EE보다산화정도가작은것을파악할수있었다. 이는 H. Qi 등 [21] 이나노입자의사이즈가커지고분포가넓어질수록산화도가증가한다고보고한것과일치하였다. 그러나시료 Ag-ME와 Ag-EE의산소함량의차이가 0.3% 포인트이므로, 이차이가은나노입자를사용하여제조한 TCF의특성에영향을미치는것인지는추후확인실험이필요할것으로사료된다 은나노입자코팅액특성평가은나노입자의덩어리짐을방지하기위하여일반적으로계면활성제, 고분자와안정화리간드를사용하여입자를피막으로보호하는방법으로덩어리짐을방지한다. 따라서본실험에서도자가조립망상구조를갖는 TCF를제작하기위한은나노입자를이용한코팅액을만들때, 은나노입자의분산안전성과습윤성증가를위한첨가제를사용하여제조하였다. 이렇게배합한은나노입자코팅액의점도는 8.4 cps부터 22.8 cps까지측정되었다. 시료 Ag-EB를사용하여제조한코팅액의점도가가장낮게나타났으며, 시료 Ag-CM를사용하여제조한코팅액의점도가가장높게나타났다. 그러나 Table 2에서알수 (e) Figure 4. Optical microscope images ( 110) of pattern formed using silver nanoparticle coating solution (a) Ag-CM, (b) Ag-ME, (c) Ag-EE, (d) Ag-EB, (e) Ag-CR, (f) Ag-PL. 있듯코팅액을 PET 필름에바코팅한후투명도를측정한결과투명도가 6개시료사이에큰차이점을보이지않음으로서코팅액의점도와투명도의상관성은크지않은것으로나타났다. 투명도를측정한값과 PET 필름위에나타나는패턴이미지사이의상관관계분석을위하여일차적으로광학현미경을이용하여관찰하였으며, 그결과를 Figure 4에수록하였다. 광학현미경으로관찰한패턴이미지로는시료 Ag-PL로제조한코팅액을제외하고는다른시료로제조한코팅액을사용하여형성한패턴들에서큰차이점이발견되지않았다. 그러나 Ag-EB와 Ag-CR로제조한코팅액을사용하여형성한패턴 (f) Appl. Chem. Eng., Vol. 29, No. 2, 2018
5 166 신용우 김규병 노수진 소순영 (a) (b) Figure 5. Schematic illustration on mechanism of transparent conductive coating using silver nanoparticles. 은표면저항값측정시 Ag-CM, Ag-ME, 및 Ag-EE보다약 5배에서 40배정도높은표면저항값을보여주고있으므로 TCF 제조에적합하지않음을알수있었다. 더구나시료 Ag-PL로제조한코팅액을사용하여형성한패턴은패턴자체도희미하였을뿐아니라형성된패턴사이에많은점이발견되었다. 이것은은나노입자가뭉쳐있는것으로, 시료 Ag-PL의경우표면저항값측정의범위를벗어날정도로저항값이높게나타났다. 이는은나노입자의특성을분석하였을때, 입자형태의균일성이 AG-CM, Ag-ME 및 Ag-EE 방식으로제조한은나노입자가 Ag-EB, Ag-CR 및 Ag-PL 방식으로제조한은나노입자보다우수한특성을보인것과일치한결과라고판단된다. (c) (e) (d) (f) 3.3. 은나노입자코팅후의 TCF 특성평가 TCF의제작시가격경쟁력의확보를위하여적은양의은나노입자를사용하고도자기조립망상구조를구현하여우수한면저항특성을유지하는것이필요하다. 은나노입자가코팅후시간이경과함에따라불투명에서망상구조의투명전도성필름으로변화하는메카니즘을 Figure 5에나타내었다. 이러한기술을적용하여 PET 필름위에바코팅을하고건조시켜제조한패턴을각각의시료별로 SEM으로정면 (500배) 과측면 (2,000 배또는 3,000배 ) 에서관찰하고그결과를 Figure 6에나타내었다. SEM을사용하여관찰한결과, 광학현미경으로관찰한패턴이미지에서는차이점을발견하기어려웠던나노실버패턴의차이점을관찰할수있었다. 정면에서 500배의배율로관찰한결과 AG-CM 및 Ag-ME 로제조한코팅액을사용한경우가다른시료를사용하여제조한코팅액의경우보다생성된패턴의형상, 즉은전도성라인이은나노입자의뭉침이없이보다균일하게형성되어있음을파악할수있었다. 나노입자가뭉쳐있을경우 TCF 표면에형성된패턴에서나노입자의탈착이일어나기쉬워제품의안정성이저하되고, 이로인해상업적제품의신뢰도에영향을미친다. 아울러단면의일부를보여주는측면의 SEM 사진에나타난것처럼 PET 필름에코팅하여소성시킨나노실버패턴두께의균일도를 Table 2에수록하였다. AG-CM, Ag-ME 및 Ag-EE 방식으로제조한은나노입자를사용하여제조한은전도성라인의두께편차가각각 1.41, 1.46, 1.92 µm를나타낸반면, Ag-EB, Ag-CR 및 Ag-PL 방식으로제조한은나노입자를사용하여제조한은전도성라인의두께편차는각각 2.54, 3.0, 4.0 µm를나타냄으로서앞서언급한세가지경우의은전도성라인의두께가보다균일함을알수있었다. (g) (i) (k) Figure 6. SEM images of pattern formed using silver nanoparticle coating solution on PET film using Ag-CM, (a) front view ( 500) (b) side view ( 3,000), Ag-ME, (c) front view ( 500) (d) side view ( 2,000), Ag-EE, (e) front view ( 500) (f) side view ( 2,000), Ag-EB, (g) front view ( 500) (h) side view ( 2,000), Ag-CR, (i) front view ( 500) (j) side view ( 2,000), Ag-PL, (k) front view ( 500) (l) side view ( 2,000). (h) (j) (l) 공업화학, 제 29 권제 2 호, 2018
6 결론 본연구에서는은나노입자코팅액을이용한 TCF 제조시은나노입자의평균입자크기및형태가 PET 필름위에형성된은전도성라인의두께와형상에미치는영향을 SEM을통하여분석하였다. 이를바탕으로은나노입자의평균입자크기및형태가 TCF의특성에미치는영향을규명하고자하였다. 입자형태의균일성은 Ag-CM, Ag-ME 및 Ag-EE 방식으로제조한은나노입자가 Ag-EB, Ag-CR 및 Ag-PL 방식으로제조한은나노입자보다우수한특성을보였다. 이는입자의크기가 Ag-CM, Ag-ME 및 Ag-EE의경우평균입도가약 80 nm 이하인반면 Ag-EB, Ag-CR 및 Ag-PL의경우 100 nm 또는그이상의입도를나타내었으며, 특히입자의뭉침현상이심하게나타난결과와관련이있음을확인하였다. 제조된코팅액을이용하여 PET 필름에코팅한후측정한투명도는큰차이가없었으나 Ag-CM, Ag-EB 및 Ag-CR로제조한코팅액을사용하여형성한패턴의표면저항값이 Ag-CM, Ag-ME, Ag-EE보다낮게나타나 TCF 제조에보다적합함을보여주었다. 이결과는 PET 필름위에스크린코팅을하고건조시켜제조한패턴을각각의시료별로 SEM으로정면과측면에서관찰하였을때, 패턴의형상및두께의균일도측면에서나타난결과와일치하였다. 따라서은나노입자의평균입자크기가작고입자의균일성이유지될수록 PET 필름을이용하여 TCF를제조할경우보다우수한전기특성을나타냄을확인하였다. 감 본연구는 2016년도청운대학교학술연구조성비지원및 2017년중소벤처기업부의지원 ( 과제번호 : S ) 으로수행되었음. 사 References 1. S. Yeo, H. Lee, and S. Jeong, Antibacterial effect of nanosized silver colloidal solution on textile fabrics, J. Mater. Sci., 38, (2003). 2. J. Zhang, P. Chen, C. Sun, and X. Hu, Sonochemical synthesis of colloidal silver catalysts for reduction of complexing silver in DTR system, Appl. Catal A, 266, (2004). 3. W. Zhang, X. Qiao, J. Chen, and H. Wang, Preparation of silver nanoparticles in water-in-oil AOT reverse micelles, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 302(1), (2006). 4. N. Giri, R. K. Natarajan, S. Gunasekaran, and S. Shreemathi, NMR and FTIR spectroscopic study of blend behavior of PVP and nano silver particles, Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(5), (2011). 5. H. R. Ghorbani, A. A. Safekordi, H. Attar, and S. M. Sorkhabadi, Biological and non-biological methods for silver nanoparticles synthesis, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q., 25(3), (2011). 6. G. R. Nasretdinova, R. R. Fazleeva, R. K. Mukhitova, I. R. Nizameev, M. K. Kadirov, A. Y. Ziganshina, and V. V. Yanilkin, Electrochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles in solution, Electrochem. Commun., 50, (2015). 7. Z. Moradi, K. Akhbaria, A. Phuruangrat, and F. Costantino, Studies on the relation between the size and dispersion of metallic silver nanoparticles and morphologies of initial silver (I) coordination polymer precursor, J. Mol. Struct., 1133, (2017). 8. M. Sumithra, Y. Aparna, P. R. Rao, K. S. Reddy, and P. R. Reddy, Morphological change of silver nanoparticles by the effect of synthesis parameters, Mater. Today, 3(6), (2016). 9. C. He, L. Liu, Z. Fang, J. Li, J. Guo, and J. Wei, Formation and characterization of silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution via ultrasonic irradiation, Ultrason. Sonochem., 21(2), (2014). 10. K. M. M. A. El-Nour, A. Eftaiha, A. Al-Warthan, and R. A. A. Ammar, Synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles, Arab. J. Chem., 3(3), (2010). 11. B. Khodashenas and H. R. Ghorbani, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with different shapes, Arab. J. Chem.., 8(1), 1-16 (2015). 12. S. B. Sim, D. S. Bae, and J. D. Han, Preparation of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction-protection method using 1-decanoic acid and tri-n-octylphosphine and their application in electrically conductive silver nanopaste, Appl. Chem. Eng., 27(1), (2016). 13. J. J. Lee, Size and dispersion characteristics of silver nanoparticles prepared using liquid phase reduction method, J. Korean Acad. Ind. Coop. Soc., 17(5), (2016). 14. M. Oliveira, D. Ugarte, D. Zanchet, and A. Zarbin, Influence of synthetic parameters on the size, structure, and stability of dodecanethiol-stabilized silver nanoparticles, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 292(2), (2005). 15. X. Hou, X. Zhang, S. Chen, Y. Fang, J. Yan, N. Li, and P. Qi, Facile synthesis of SERs active Ag nanoparticles in the presence of tri-n-octylphosphine sulfide, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, (2011). 16. A. Slistan-Grijalva, R. Herrera-Urbina, J. F. Rivas-Silva, M. Avalos-Borja, F. F. Castillón-Barraza, and A. Posada-Amarillas, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) paste, and their optical properties in a film and in ethylene glycol, Mater. Res. Bull., 43, (2008). 17. H. Wang, X. Qiao, J. Chen, and S. Ding, Preparation of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method, Colloids Surf. A, 256, (2005). 18. D. L. V. Hyning, W. G. Klemperer, and C. F. Zukoski, Silver nanoparticle formation: predictions and verification of the aggregative growth model, Langmuir, 17, (2001). 19. W. Zhang, X. Quao, J. Chen, and Q. Chen, Self-assembly and controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles in SDS quaternary microemulsion, Mater. Lett., 62, (2008). 20. S. S. Mansouri and S. Ghader, Experimental study on effect of different parameters on size and shape of triangular silver nanoparticles prepared by a simple and rapid method in aqueous solution, Arab. J. Chem., 2, (2009). 21. H. Qi, D. A. Alexson, O. J. Glembocki, and S. M. Prokes, Synthesis and oxidation of silver nano-particles, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 7947, Y1-Y10 (2011). Appl. Chem. Eng., Vol. 29, No. 2, 2018
12 KH (한종대)(68-73).hwp
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