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1 ISSN(print) (4): , December 2018 < 초청논문 > Effect of Strain on Eyeglasses Lens on Visual Field Clearness Jung-Won Cha* The Faculty of Beauty Health Sciences, Major in Ophthalmic Optics, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu 11644, Korea (Received November 17, 2018: Revised November 28, 2018: Accepted November 29, 2018) Purpose: To confirm whether the clearness of the eyeglasses lens is affected by strain exerted on the lens by the eye glasses frame and to study whether eyeglasses wearers perceive a blur to what they see. Methods: When strain is applied to the lens of the eyeglasses, the refractive power change or image blur was assessed using a strainer, auto lensometer, and cell phone camera. Pearson correlation analysis of the strain score of the lens vs. eyeglasses clearness survey score was performed using SPSS Results: It was difficult to find a large change in refractive power caused by strain on the lens. There was a significant negative correlation between eyeglasses clearness survey score and total strain score of the lens. Conclusions: It was found that as the strain applied to the lens increases, eyeglasses wearer perceive more blurring of vision. Key words: Eyeglasses lens, Strain, Clearness, Birefringence, Photoelasticity 서론복굴절현상은유리나플라스틱과같은등방성매질에서는발생하지않으며 1축성단결정또는 2축성단결정에광선이입사할때복굴절이발생한다. [1] 단결정은등방성매질이아니므로단결정의광축에나란하게입사하는광선을제외하고는입사한광선이상광선과이상광선으로나누어져서진행하여진행방향이달라지고상광선과이상광선의굴절률또한다르게된다. [1] 이러한예는방해석의바닥면에글씨를두고반대편에서관찰하면글씨가두개로보이는현상에서쉽게찾아볼수있다. [1] 이러한복굴절현상은때때로등방성매질인유리나플라스틱에서도관찰될수있는데등방성매질에스트레스가가해지면내부에발생한응력으로인하여매질이부분적으로비등방성구조로변형되면서매우국소적인복굴절이발생한다. [2] 이러한복굴절현상을이용하면투명한등방성매질에남아있는잔류응력을측정할수있으며, 이러한광탄성을이용한측정법은편광된빛이잔류응력이존재하는투명한시편을통과할때나타나는복굴절 (birefringence) 패턴을이용하는것이다. [3] 안경을조제가공할때안경렌즈가안경테에서흘러내리지않도록하기위해서안경테의림내부에안경렌즈를고정시키는과정에서안경테는안경렌즈에힘을가하게된다. 이렇게가해진힘은안경렌즈에응력 (strain) 을만들어내고이러한응력으로인하여부분적으 로안경렌즈의굴절률분포가일정하지않게달라질수있다. [4-6] 이러한응력으로인하여안경렌즈에응력이발생하였을때안경렌즈의파손을방지하기위하여편광을이용하여응력의정도를판별하는왜곡검사기가복굴절현상에서발생하는광탄성을측정하는원리이다. [7] 이렇게응력에의하여굴절률분포가변화되면안경렌즈굴절력의분포도일정하지않을것으로생각할수있으며이러한복굴절현상때문에안경착용자의시야가다소흐려질것이라고추정해볼수있다. [8,9] 그렇게되면안경을착용하였을때안경착용자가선명하지않다는느낌을받을수있다. 그러나안경테의외력으로인하여안경렌즈의시야가흐리게보인다는명확한증거를제시한연구는많지않다. 안경렌즈의응력해석에관한연구는평면편광기를이용한 CR렌즈의응력해석연구에서직사각형으로자른 CR 렌즈에하중을가하여무늬차수에따는응력차가나타나는현상을나타내보여주었다. [4] 그러나이연구는사각으로자른모양의렌즈를이용하여실험한논문이므로실제안경테를착용하였을때시야에미치는영향을설명할수없다는문제점이있으며응력차로인하여실제안경착용자의시력에변화를주는지에관하여는언급되지않았다. 원편광기를이용한또다른연구인 CR렌즈의광탄성해석연구에서는 1/4 파장판을이용하여렌즈에응력을가하면서실험을하여서가시화된이미지를나타내었다. [5] *Corresponding author: Jung Won Cha, TEL: , jwcha@shinhan.ac.kr 461
2 462 Jung-Won Cha 그러나이연구또한안경테에고정된상태에서분석된것이아니라임의로가해진응력에관한데이터이므로실제의안경에어떠한문제가발생하는지를잘설명해주지못하고있다. 안경렌즈의외부부하의원인은테의압력이안경렌즈로전달되어응력이가해질때발생한다. 시력교정용렌즈의내외부응력이발생할경우안경착용자에게상의선명성이실제로떨어지는지를명확히제시한연구는부족한실정이므로이에관하여좀더많은연구가필요한실정이다. 그러므로본연구는안경테에안경렌즈가장착되었을때나타나는응력분포와시야선명도차이를조사하고, 이에관한자료를제시하여안경사가안경을조제가공할때기초자료가될수있도록하는데그목적이있다. 대상및방법물질이외력을받거나내부에잔류응력이존재할경우복굴절이나타나게되는데이를광탄성이라한다. 이러한광탄성을이용하여투명한제품의잔류응력을평가할수있게된다. 그러므로두개의편광판이서로수직되도록설계된응력검출기를이용하여안경테에서발생하는응력의크기와패턴을분석하고, 이러한응력으로인하여안경시야가얼마나흐려졌는지를조사하였다. 응력에의한시야의흐림을확인하기위하여 3가지실험을수행하였다 1. 응력이생성된형태를확인하여응력이많이발생한곳과적게발생한곳을구분한후자동렌즈미터 (Humphrey lens analyzer, Carl zeiss meditec inc., USA) 를이용하여각영역의굴절력을측정한후비교하여보았다. 자동렌즈미터의굴절력오차는 ±0.01 D 이다. 2. 응력이생성된형태를확인하여응력이많이발생한곳과적게발생한곳을구분한후휴대전화기 ( 노트5, 삼성, 한국 ) 에속해있는카메라앞에 S-1.50 D 굴절력을갖는안경렌즈를두고안경렌즈앞에있는작은글씨들로만들어진시표를촬영하였다. 휴대전화기카메라를사용한이유는렌즈의직경이작으므로촬영된사진의작은부분들이안경렌즈의작은부분들과 1:1 매칭이용이하기때문에렌즈에스트레스가가해진영역에서는흐린상이촬영될수있을것을기대하고휴대전화기카메라를사용하였다. 이때사용된안경렌즈는구면렌즈를사용하였다. 3. 단초점안경을착용한 20세 ~40세의대학생 35명 70 안을대상으로현재착용하고있는안경에서평소에느끼는선명도를리커트 5점척도 ( 매우흐림 : 1점, 약간흐림 : 2 점, 보통 : 3점, 약간선명 : 4점, 매우선명 : 5점 ) 로설문조사 Fig. 1. Score of stress pattern. 를하였다. [10] 또한착용하고있는안경렌즈의굴절력을측정하여등가구면굴절력과원주굴절력을구하였다. 또한편광을이용한왜곡검사기 (SiD, 서울 ) [7] 를사용하여안경에가해진스트레스를확인하고수치화하였다. 스트레스의수치화방법은왜곡검사기에나타난영상에서아주작은점형태의무늬를 1점으로하고안경렌즈의중앙까지침범한큰무늬를 5점으로하고그사이를 5등분하여 1 점에서 5점까지나눈후각점수에해당하는무늬의개수를헤아려서데이터로만들었다. 또한스트레스크기의총점수는식 (1) 과같이계산하였으며스트레스점수화는 Fig. 1과같이하였다. 여기서만들어진설문점수와안경렌즈등가구면굴절력, 원주굴절력, 스트레스총점의상관관계분석을실시하여유의성여부를조사하였으며, p값이 0.05 이하일때유의한것으로하였으며통계에사용한프로그램은 SPSS 23.0을사용하였다. 조사대상자들의착용안경종류는금속테 42안, 플라스틱테 22안, 반무테 6안이었다. 1점 1점개수 +2점 2점개수 +3점 3점개수 +4점 4점개수 +5점 5점개수 = 총점 (1) 결과및고찰 1. 응력에따른굴절력변화 Fig. 2에왜곡검사기를이용하여안경렌즈에발생한응 Fig. 2. Strain on eyeglasses shown by strainer.
3 Effect of Strain on Eyeglasses Lens on Visual Field Clearness 463 력을나타내었다. Fig. 1에서와같은방식으로 Fig. 2의응력점수를계산해보면식 (2) 와같다. 2점 3개 +3점 2개 +4점 1개 +5점 1개 = 21점 (2) 왜곡검사기로관찰한결과코쪽이응력이높으며귀쪽이응력이약한것을알수있다. 응력이발생하면굴절률변화가생기며굴절률의변화는굴절력의변화로나타나므로여기서나타나는응력의차이가안경렌즈굴절력의차이로나타나는지를확인하기위하여자동렌즈미터를이용하여코쪽, 가운데, 귀쪽 3부분의굴절력을측정하였다. 중심부굴절력 S-1.43 D이며안경테에장착하지않은안경렌즈의굴절력측정에서는코쪽과귀쪽의굴절력이모두 S-1.46 D = C-0.06 D로측정되었다. 안경테에장착하지않은렌즈의코쪽과귀쪽구면굴절력은중심부에비하여 0.03 D정도의증가를보이고있으며난시량은 0.06 D정도증가하고있다. 이와비교하여중심부굴절력 S-1.47 D이며안경테에장착된안경렌즈의굴절력측정에서는 Fig. 3에나타낸바와같이중심부가 S-1.47 D, 코쪽이 S-1.49 D = C-0.07 D, 귀쪽이 S-1.53 D으로나타났다. 여기서응력이많은코쪽에서만약간의비점수차가발생하여응력의영향이있는것같이보일수도있지만렌즈의형상에서발생하는측정오차의영역으로생각할수도있어서확정하기는어렵다. 안경렌즈굴절력의변화는일반적으로 0.25 D 단위로측정하며이정도의변화가있어야가시적으로변화를증명해서나타낼수있는반면 응력에의한굴절력의변화량은 0.25 D에크게미치지못하며, 그변화또한한영역에집중되어있기보다는점진적으로위치에따라변화되므로렌즈미터에드러날만큼의큰굴절력변화는관찰하기어려웠다. 2. 응력에따른렌즈선명도조사 Fig. 1의안경을이용하여 ( 휴대전화기카메라 )-( 안경 )- ( 작은글씨로된시표 ) 의순서로배치한후안경렌즈를통하여시표를촬영하였다. 렌즈의직경이매우작으므로시표각부분부분의영상들은모두안경렌즈의아주작은영역만을통과해서카메라에도착한영상으로볼수있다. 이렇게촬영한영상을 Fig. 4에나타내었다. Fig. 4에서코쪽은렌즈에응력이많은곳이며귀쪽은렌즈에응력이적은곳이다. 렌즈의코쪽과귀쪽의시표 Fig. 4. Picture of target through the eyeglasses in Fig. 1 obtained using a cell phone camera. Fig. 3. Refractive power of eyeglasses lens (a) in a medial direction, (b) at the center, and (c) in a lateral direction.
4 464 Jung-Won Cha 선명도차이가약간있는것으로판단해볼수도있지만그차이가너무미소하여이역시확증하기에는다소어려움이있었다. 그원인또한굴절력변화가미미하고점진적으로변화되는형태여서가시적으로확정할수있을만큼의변화는관찰하기어려운것으로생각된다. 3. 안경렌즈에생긴응력정도와착용자가느끼는선명도에대한통계적분석 가설 1 : 평소에느끼는안경선명도와왜곡검사기로측정한안경렌즈응력정도는서로반비례관계가있을것이다. 가설 1에관한검정을하기위하여평소에느끼는안경선명도를안경착용자에게질문하여리커트 5점척도로점수화하였으며, 왜곡검사기로측정한안경렌즈응력정도는 Fig. 1에서제시된방법으로점수화하고, 개수를헤아린후식 (1) 에따라총점수의합을구하였다. 또한착용한안경의등가구면굴절력과 Cyl 값을측정하였으며, 안경선명도점수, 안경렌즈응력의총점등과함께 Table 1에나타내었다. 안경착용자가평소에느끼는안경의선명도평균점수는 3.729로보통 (3점) 보다는좀더선명하게느끼는것으로나타났다. 안경렌즈응력정도의총점의평균점수는 으로대부분학생이착용하고있는안경렌즈에서 Fig. 2에나타난안경렌즈의응력총점 (21점) 보다상당히많은양의스트레스가가해지고있는것으로나타났다. 안경렌즈의등가구면굴절력평균값은 4.19 D로굴절력이높은편으로나타났다. Cyl 값의평균은 1.10 D인것으로나타났다. 안경선명도점수와상관관계가있는요소가무엇인지 Table 1. Averages of eyeglasses clearness score, total stress score, spherical equivalent power, and cylinder power Averages Standard deviation Eyeglasses clearness score Total stress score Spherical equivalent power Cylinder power N 를확인하기위하여안경선명도점수와안경렌즈응력정도의총점, 등가구면굴절력, Cyl 값의상관관계분석을 SPSS 23.0을이용하여실시하였다. 상관관계분석을실시한결과안경선명도점수와안경렌즈응력정도의총점은음의상관관계유의성 (p=0.04) 이있는것으로나타났으며, 안경선명도점수와등가구면굴절력상관관계가유의하지않았으며, 안경선명도점수와 Cyl 값도상관관계가유의하지않는것으로나타났다. 그러므로안경렌즈에응력이많이생길수록안경착용자는안경렌즈를선명하지않게느끼는것으로나타났다. 이러한불선명함이안경렌즈의굴절력이나난시의정도에의하여나타나지않았는지를확인해보기위하여안경선명도점수와등가구면굴절력, Cyl 값과의상관관계를분석한결과등가구면굴절력과 Cyl 값모두안경선명도점수와상관관계가유의하지않게나왔으므로이들요소와는독립적으로안경선명도점수는안경렌즈응력정도와상관관계가있음을확인할수있었다. 또한 Pearson 상관계수가음수이므로안경렌즈에응력이많이생길수록안경착용자가안경렌즈를선명하지않은것으로느낀다는것을알수있다. 결론응력에의한굴절력의변화량은 0.25 D에크게미치지못하며그변화또한한영역에집중되어있기보다는점진적으로위치에따라변화되므로렌즈미터에드러날만큼의큰굴절력변화는관찰하기어려웠다. 휴대전화기카메라를이용하여안경렌즈에발생한응력으로인한안경렌즈선명도차이발생여부를조사한결과그차이가너무미소하여확증하기에는어려움이있었다. 안경착용자가평소에느끼는안경의선명도평균점수는 3.729로보통 (3점) 보다는좀더선명하게느끼는것으로나타났다. 대부분학생이착용하고있는안경렌즈에상당한량의스트레스가가해지고있었다. 안경렌즈의등가구면굴절력평균값은 4.19 D로굴절력이높은편이었으며, Cyl 값의평균은 1.10 D 이었다. 평소에느끼는안경선명도점수와안경렌즈응력정도 Table 2. Pearson correlation analysis of eyeglasses clearness score vs total stress score, spherical equivalent power, and cylinder power Total stress score Spherical equivalent power Cylinder power Eyeglasses clearness score Pearson correlation.246 * Eyeglasses clearness score P-value (two-sided test) Eyeglasses clearness score N *. Correlation is statistically significant at the level of p 0.05 (two-sided test)
5 Effect of Strain on Eyeglasses Lens on Visual Field Clearness 465 의총점은음의상관관계유의성 (p=0.04) 이있었다. 평소에느끼는안경선명도점수와등가구면굴절력상관관계가유의하지않았으며, 평소에느끼는안경선명도점수와 Cyl 값도상관관계가유의하지않았다. 그러므로안경렌즈에응력이많이생길수록안경착용자가안경렌즈를선명하지않은것으로느끼는것으로나타났다. 감사의글 본논문은 2018년도신한대학교학술연구비지원으로연구되었음. REFERENCES [1] Kang HS. Physical optics, 1st Ed. Seoul: Daihakseorim, 1992; [2] Woo JW, Hong JS, Kim HK, Lyu MY. Analysis of residual stress and birefringence in a transparent injection molded article for molding condition. Polym (Korea). 2016;40(2): [3] Hong JS, Park SR, Lyu MY. Measurement of residual stress using photoelasticity and computer simulation of optical characteristics in a transparent injection molded article. Polym (Korea). 2011;35(1);1-6. [4] Kim YG, Cho YR, Park SA. Analysis of the CR lens` stress using the plane polariscope. Korean J Vis Sci. 2001;3(2): [5] Kim YG. Anaysis of the photoelastic of CR lens using circular polariscope. 2001; 6(2): [6] Kim YG. Stress analysis of the CR lens using the chrome conversion. 2005;10(1):9-15. [7] Sung PJ. Optometric dispensing, 3rd Ed. Seoul: Daihakseorim, 2005; [8] Cho SY, Kang HS, Lee KS. Analysis of the operating characteristics of a birefringent optical isolator. IEIE Conference. 1996;3: [9] Park SK, Ri HC, Youk DJ, Sung DY, Kang SS. A study on the method for the local transmittance measurements of the ocular lens. 2014;19(4): [10] Jang DH, Cho SK. Is the mid-point of a Likert-type scale necessary?: comparison between the scales with or without the mid-point. Survey Research. 2017;18(4):1-24. 안경렌즈의응력이시야선명도에미치는영향 차정원 * 신한대학교뷰티헬스사이언스학부안경광학전공, 의정부 투고일 (2018 년 11 월 17 일 ), 수정일 (2018 년 11 월 28 일 ), 게재확정일 (2018 년 11 월 29 일 ) 목적 : 안경테에의한압력이안경렌즈에응력을발생시키면실제로안경렌즈의선명도가낮아지는지를확인해보고, 안경착용자가흐리다고느끼는지여부에관하여조사한다. 방법 : 왜곡검사기, 자동렌즈미터, 휴대전화기카메라를이용하여안경렌즈에응력이있을때굴절력변화혹은상의흐림이발생하는지를조사하였다. 또한렌즈에발생한응력점수와안경선명도설문조사점수사이의상관관계분석을 SPSS 23.0 을이용하여실시하였다. 결과 : 자동렌즈미터와휴대전화기카메라에서는응력에의하여굴절력이크게변화하는효과는관찰하기어려웠다. 안경선명도설문점수와렌즈내부응력정도의총점은음의상관관계유의성이있었다. 결론 : 안경렌즈에응력이많이생길수록안경착용자는안경렌즈를선명하지않게느끼는것으로나타났다. 주제어 : 안경렌즈, 응력, 선명도, 복굴절, 광탄성
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