Microsoft Word _ _1186_ 서명원

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1 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 11 호 pp J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 30, No. 11, pp ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) November 2013 / 충돌에너지흡수효율최대화를위한자동차사이드멤버최적설계에관한연구 A Study on the Optimum Design of the Automotive Side Member to Maximize the Crash Energy Absorption Efficiency 이정환 1, 정낙탁 2, 서명원 3, Jung Hwan Lee 1, Nak Tak Jeong 2, and Myung Won Suh 3, 1 ( 주 ) 만도연구개발본부 (Global Research and Development Center, Mando Corporation) 2 성균관대학교대학원기계공학과 (Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) 3 성균관대학교기계공학부 (School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) Corresponding author: suhmw@skku.edu, Tel: Manuscript received: / Accepted: In this study, the design optimization of the automotive side member is performed to maximize the crash energy absorption efficiency per unit weight. Design parameters which seriously influence on the frontal crash performance are selected through the sensitivity analysis using the Plackett- Burman design method. And also the design variables, which are determined from the sensitivity analysis, are optimized by two methods. One is conventional approximate optimization method which uses the statistical design of experiments (DOE) and response surface method (RSM). The other is a methodology derived from previous work by the authors, which is called sequential design of experiments (SDOE), to reduce a trial and error procedure and to find an appropriate condition for using micro-genetic algorithm. The proposed optimization technique shows that the automotive side member structure can be designed considering the frontal crash performance. Key Words: Crash energy absorption ( 충돌에너지흡수 ), Optimum design ( 최적설계 ), Sensitivity analysis ( 민감도분석 ), Design of experiments ( 실험계획법 ), Automotive side member ( 자동차사이드멤버 ) 1. 서론 2012 년기준국내자동차등록대수는약 2 천만대에달하며, 자동차 1 대당평균인구수는 2.7 명으로나타났다. 1 이것은우리의현재와미래사회가자동차와항상밀접한관계를가지고있음을의미한다. 하지만자동차의급속한증가와더불어발생하는교통사고는국내를포함한해외의자동차선진국에서도큰사회적문제를야기하고있으며, 각국의정부들은탑승자상해를줄이기위한대책을수립하기시작하였다. 미국의경우 FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard) 라불리는규정을미연방법규의일부로제정하였으며, 유럽의경우에는 ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) 또는 EEC (European Economic Community) 를통해서충돌성능에대한유럽통합법규를제정하고있는실정이다. 따라서자동차제조회사들은차량의충돌성능을높이기위하여많은연구를진행하고있으며, 2-6 충돌성능향상을위해서는탑승자를안전하게보호하는역할을하는차실 (compartment) 의예와같이충돌시에너지를흡수함으로써충격을줄여주는부재를효과적으로설계하는것이무엇보다중

2 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 11 호 pp November 2013 / 1180 요하다. 7-9 즉, 충돌사고발생시충돌에너지는차량의변형을통해흡수되는데, 차량의압괴강도를증가시키면동일한에너지를흡수하는데필요한압괴량이작아지게되므로더많은생존공간을확보할수있다. 반면, 압괴강도가커져서동일한에너지를흡수하는데필요한압괴량이작아지면, 승객이받는가속도가증가되어탑승자의부상가능성이높아지게된다. 10 그러므로이를해결하기위한방법은자동차를합리적으로설계하는것이필요하며, 자동차분야에서적용되고있는합리적설계방법은설계초기단계에서의전산구조해석에의한최적화방안이다. 따라서본연구에서는정면충돌시에너지흡수의주요역할을하는엔진룸의종부재에대한충돌해석및민감도분석을통해설계주요인자를도출하고, 이에대한최적설계를하고자한다. 또한, 축압축변형유도를통한충돌에너지흡수효율최대화를위하여저자들의선행연구 11 에서제시한위상최적화기법을이용하고자하며, 위상최적화를위한재분배및요소제거알고리즘의주요파라미터는행렬실험과평균분석을반복적용하는개념인순차적실험계획법 12 과적은함수비용으로비선형성이높은문제해결능력이우수하다고알려진마이크로유전알고리즘을이용하여도출하고자한다. 2. 정면충돌시험방법및기준 한국신차평가의정면충돌시험은 Fig. 1과같이운전석과전방탑승자석에인체모형을탑재한시험차를법규상의시험속도 ( 시속 48km/h) 보다 15% 빠른 56km/h로콘크리트고정벽에정면충돌시켰을때머리와흉부의충격량을인체모형에설치한센서로부터측정하여평가한다. 정면충돌시험의안전도는식 (1)~(3) 과같이, 운전자와전방탐승자의머리상해기준값 ( HIC) 과흉부가속도 (Chest G) 로부터머리와흉부의복합상해가능성 ( P ) 을계산하고, 이를 Table 1과 comb 같이 5단계로구분하여최고등급을별 5개, 최저등급을별 1개로표시하며, 충돌시문열림여부, 충돌후문열림용이성, 연료유출여부를추가로확인한다. Phead = 1/{1 + exp( HIC)} (1) P = 1/{1 + exp( Chest G)} (2) chest Pcomb = Phead + Pchest Phead Pchest (3) Fig. 1 Korea NCAP frontal crash test Table 1 Korea NCAP star rating Star rating P comb under 10% 11%~20% 21%~35% 36%~45% over 45% Table 2 Material properties Material SPRC440E Young s Modulus (GPa) 210 Poisson s ratio 0.31 Density(kg/m 3 ) 7, 충돌해석및민감도분석 3.1 충돌해석본연구에서는자동차사이드멤버의충돌해석을위해북미충돌조건 (New Car Assessment Program, NCAP) 의기준을적용하였다. NCAP 에서는 2 장에서언급한것처럼, 자동차정면충돌시 56km/h 의속도로고정벽면에정면충돌시키도록규정하고있다. 따라서법규와동일한충돌속도를부여하였으며, 사이드멤버단품에대한해석을수행하기때문에 2,000cc 중형차종의 BIW (Body in White) 계에대한하중을고려하여부재후방에 400kg 의질량을질점형태로부여하고충돌해석을실시하였다. Fig. 2 는 BIW 계의실제충돌후변형형상과해석을통해얻어진정면충돌시변형형상이다. 즉, 압축변형형상이유사하게발생하는것을확인하였으며, 이를통해충돌조건이적절하게정의되었음을확인하였다. 이때사용한사이드멤버의재질은 SPRC440E 로써 Table 2 와같고, 두께는 1.8mm 이다.

3 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 11 호 pp November 2013 / 1181 Fig. 2 Compare crash mode of Body in White with simple model Fig. 4 Sensitivity analysis result for the parameter optimization Fig. 3 Design variables of automotive side member 3.2 설계인자민감도분석본연구에서는 Fig. 3 과같이모자형단면형상을갖는자동차사이드멤버를대상으로해석을수행하였으며, 설계변수는자동차사이드멤버에대하여다년간의설계경험을갖고있는설계자의조언을바탕으로총 16 개로설정하였다. 즉, 단차 (a, b, c), 절각 (α, β, γ), 절점 (d1, d2, d3), 단면폭 (A-A, C-C, D-D) 및단면높이 (A-A, B-B, C-C, D-D) 이다. 일반적으로 16 개의설계변수를고려한 2 수준요인배치법의실험횟수는 2 16 으로총 65,536 번의실험을수행해야하며, 많은실험점 (design point) 을이용한민감도분석 (sensitivity analysis) 은경제적, 시간적으로불가능하다. 따라서일부실시법의하나인 Plackett-Burman 방법을이용하였으며, 이방법은최소의실험으로 2 수준의주효과만을고려할수있는기법으로써설계인자별교호작용은무시된다. 따라서설계인자 16 개에대한실험계획및각실험점에대한충돌해석결과는 Table 3 과 Fig. 5 Pareto chart for the selection of main design variables 같다. 즉, 16 개의설계인자에대하여 20 회의충돌해석을수행하고, 목적함수인충돌내부에너지를도출한것이며, 이에대한민감도분석결과는 Fig. 4 및 5 와같이나타낼수있다. 여기서, 목적함수에가장영향도가큰주요인자는 Fig. 5 에나타낸것처럼단면높이 (D-D), 단면폭 (D-D), 단차 (a), 절각 (α), 절점 (d1) 순이다. 4. 실험계획법 (DOE) 과반응표면법 (RSM) 을이용한최적설계 본장에서는민감도분석을통하여선정한 5 개의주요설계변수에대하여목적함수인단위무게당충돌내부에너지를극대화하기위하여최적설계를수행한것이며, 이의전체적인과정은 Fig. 6 과같다.

4 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 11 호 pp November 2013 / 1182 Table 3 Experimental design and response values of Plackett-Burman No Horizontal Vertical Width(mm) Angle( ) Height(mm) length(mm) Length(mm) OBJ (J / kg) D C A α β γ d1 d2 d3 a b c A B C D ,952, ,866, ,732, ,301, ,372, ,227, ,823, ,133, ,404, ,793, ,315, ,488, ,861, ,759, ,324, ,248, ,328, ,378, ,637, ,082,399 법 (response surface method) 을이용하여최적설계를수행한것이다. 이를위한최적화문제정의는식 (4) 와같다. find x to maximize f( x ) (4) subject to lower x < x < x, k = 1,,5 upper k k k Fig. 6 Flowchart of a methodology for the optimal design of automotive side member 4.1 문제의정의 3.1 절에표시한것처럼 Fig. 3 은자동차사이드멤버구조이며, 충돌에너지흡수효율최대화를위하여실험계획법 (design of experiments) 과반응표면 여기서 x 는설계변수로써 3.2 절에서도출된주요설계변수인단면높이 (D-D), 단면폭 (D-D), 단차 (a), 절각 (α), 절점 (d1) 이며, f (x) 는최대화하기위한목적함수로써자동차사이드멤버의단위무게당충돌내부에너지값이다. 또한 lower 와 upper 는설계변수가존재할수있는설계영역의하한과상한 (side constraint) 을의미한다. 4.2 최적화결과 Table 4 는최적설계수행을위한실험점을나타낸것이며, 이러한결과를이용하여설계변수와목적함수사이의관계를적절히표현할수있는회귀함수를도출하면식 (5) 와같다.

5 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 11 호 pp November 2013 / 1183 (a) Initial design (b) Parameter optimization model Fig. 7 Crash analysis result of parameter optimization model Y = x x x x x 14.3x x 1.76x 615.7x x 13.8xx xx 4.2xx xx 식 (5) 의실제반응량에대한적합도를나타내 2 는 R 값은 가나왔으며, 이는회귀함수가반응량을잘모사하고있다는것을나타낸다. 따라서, 도출된회귀함수를이용하여단위무게당충돌내부에너지가최대화되는최적화를수행하였으며, 최종적으로얻어진주요설계인자별최적값은 Table 5와같다. 그러므로이러한값을이용한회귀함수의결과값은 5,397,000( J / kg ) 이얻어졌다. 4.3 최적화모델검토 4.2절에서수행한최적화결과의유효성검토를위하여목적함수인단위무게당충돌내부에너지를초기모델과비교하였다. 즉, 3.1절에서언급한충돌조건을이용하여해석을수행하였으며, 충돌해석결과는 Fig. 7 및 Table 6과같다. 요약하면, 초기모델의경우단위무게당충돌내부에너지는 4,855,456 ( J/ kg) 이며, 최종적으로 Table 5의파라미터를적용하여구성한모델의충돌해석결과는 5,445,082 ( J/ kg) 이다. 따라서초기모델대비설계인자를최적화한모델의단위무게당충돌내부에너지가 12.14% 증가함을확인하였다. 그러나충돌후변형형상 (Fig. 7의 (b)) 을보면, 완전하게축압축변형이나타나지않 (5) Table 4 Experimental design of main factors No d1 α a Width D Height D Table 5 Results of optimum design for main factors Main factor Optimum value d mm α o a mm Width D mm Height D mm 고굽힘변형이발생되는현상이발생하였으며, 이를개선하기위한추가연구가필요하다. 5. 순차적실험계획법 (SDOE) 과마이크로유전알고리즘 (MGA) 를이용한최적설계 본장에서는자동차사이드멤버의축압축변형유도를통한충돌내부에너지최대화를위하여저자들의선행연구 11 에서제시한위상최적화기법을이용하고자하며, 위상최적화의주요파라미터에대한최적설계를수행한것이다.

6 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 11 호 pp November 2013 / 1184 Table 6 Results of the crash analysis (parameter optimization) Result type Internal energy/mass Original model 4,855,456 DOE+RSM 5,397,000 (11.15%) Analysis result 5,445,082 (12.14%) Step 1 2 Table 7 Results of side member by SDOE D.V. Levels Optimum x x x x x x x x (a) Schematic diagram of topology optimization result (b) Crash analysis result of topology optimization model Fig. 9 Optimum topology design of side member structure and crash analysis result 여기서, f (x) 는최대화하기위한목적함수로써단위무게당충돌내부에너지이다. Fig. 8 Topology optimization of side member using developed program by the authors 5.1 문제의정의선행연구에서언급한것처럼, 위상최적설계를위한재분배및요소제거알고리즘의파라미터는 VF ( 부피제한조건 ), Th ( 요소제거기준값 ) 및 β 1,2 ( 최적화알고리즘상수 ) 이다. 따라서이에대한최적설계를수행한것이며, 최적화문제정의는식 (6) 과같다. find x to maximize f( x ) (6) subject to < VF < 0.943, 0.48 < Th < < β < 0.010, 0.05 < β < 최적화결과식 (6) 의초기설계영역에대한순차적실험계획법 12 의적용결과는 Table 7과같으며, step 1의 x 2, x 3 및 x 4 와같이도출된최적수준이초기설계영역의최대값과같으면, step 2의실험수행을위한 3수준의값으로사용하게된다. 최종적으로얻어진설계영역 (Table 7의 step 2) 을참고하여해탐색을위한설계변수의구간을설정하면, x 1 은 0.935~0.939, x 2 는 0.54~0.58, x 3 는 0.008~ 0.01 및 x 4 는 0.08~0.1이된다. 그러므로도출된영역에대하여마이크로유전알고리즘을이용하여최적화를수행한결과는 x 1 = 0.936, x 2 = 0.58, x 3 = 0.009, x 4 = 0.1이며, 이를 Fig. 8과같이저자들의선행연구 11 에서개발한위상최적화프로그램에적용한결과는 Fig. 9와같다. 즉, 4장의결과보다축압축변형이유도되어굽힘변형이최소화된것을알수있다. 따라서, 충돌해석을통한목적함수값은 7,918,856( J / kg ) 이며, 이는 4장의설계최적화를통한결과보다 45.4% 증가된값이다. 6. 결론 본연구에서는자동차사이드멤버의충돌에너지흡수효율최대화를위하여민감도분석을수행

7 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 11 호 pp November 2013 / 1185 하였으며, 이를통해주요변수를도출하고이의최적설계를실시하였다. 또한, 축압축변형유도를통한충돌성능극대화를위하여선행연구에서제시한위상최적설계를수행하고다음과같은결론을얻었다. (1) 자동차사이드멤버에대한 16 개의설계변수에서주요변수 5 개를도출하였으며, 이의최적설계를통해단위무게당충돌내부에너지가 12.14% 증가되는것을확인하였다. (2) 설계변수최적화결과에대한충돌해석을통해축압축변형과함께굽힘변형이발생하는것이확인되었으며, 이의개선을위하여위상최적설계를수행하였고적용결과이상적인축압축변형이유도되어단위무게당충돌내부에너지가 45.4% 개선되는것을확인하였다. (3) 자동차사이드멤버의단품충돌해석을위하여 BIW 계의정면충돌변형양상과유사하게사이드멤버종단에자동차의질량을질점형태로부여하여충돌해석시간을단축하였으며, 법규화된충돌사고시나리오를적용하여해석을수행하였다. 참고문헌 1. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Automotive Vehicle Management Status, Kim, H. Y., Kim, J. K., Heo, S. J., and Kang, H., Design of the Impact Energy Absorbing Members and Evaluation of the Crashworthiness for Aluminum Intensive Vehicle, Inter. J. of Automotive Technology, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp , Koo, J. S. and Youn, Y. H., Crashworthy Design and Evaluation on the Front-end Structure of Korean High Speed Train, International Journal of Automotive Technology, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp , Koo, J. S., Cho, H. J., and Kwon, T. S., A study on Establishing the Accident Scenarios for Crashworthiness of Rolling Stocks, Korean Society for Railway spring conference, pp. 1-10, Kim, E. K., Study on the Design of the Passenger Cars Bumper Rail to Reduce the Weight, M.Sc. Thesis, Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National Univ., Yoon, K. H., Plastics in Automotive Components, Advanced Materials and Manufacturing in Automotive Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp , Kim, H. J., Cho, H., Jung, H. S., Kwon, T. S., and Suh, M. W., Crashworthiness Design and Evaluation on the Leading-cap Structure of Rolling Stock using Topology, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 10, No. 2, pp , Kim, H. J., Kim, S. H., Jung, H. S., Kwon, T. S., and Suh, M. W., The Study on Conceptual Structure Design in Protective Shell Frame of Rolling Stock Leading-cab using Topology Optimization, Proc. of KSAE spring conference, pp , Bensoe, M. P. and Kikuchi, N., Generating Optimal Topologies in Structural Design using a Homogenization Method, Comp. Meth. in Applied Mech. and Eng., Vol. 71, No. 2, pp , Ministry of Construction Transportation(MOCT), Transit Safety Act, Standard Accident Scenario 16 articles, Kim, H. J., Kim, B. Y., and Suh, M. W., Development of a Topology Optimization Program Considering Density and Homogenization Methods, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 12, No. 2, pp , Lee, J. H. and Suh, M. W., Development of Optimization Algorithm for Unconstrained Problems Using the Sequential Design of Experiments and Artificial Neural Network, Transaction of the KSME(A), Vol. 32, No. 3, pp , 2008.

8 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 11 호 pp November 2013 / 1186

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