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1 ISSN Journal of Multiple Sclerosis 4(2):44-51, 2013 REVIEW ARTICLE 영남대학교의과대학신경과학교실 김주현박민수 A Proper Application of Expanded Disability Status Scale Ju Hyun Kim, MD, Min Su Park, MD Department of Neurology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea ABSTRACT The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) has been used most world-widely in multiple sclerosis clinical trials and out-patient for follow-up status. This scale depend on the standard full neurologic examination, therefore the scale has poor intra and inter-rater reliability if the examiners are not skillful. It is important that understand the precise definition and apply correct neurologic examination to the patients. We described how to properly approach to the EDSS in detail. Journal of Multiple Sclerosis 4(2):44-51, 2013 Key Words: Multiple sclerosis, Disability, Scale, Expanded disability status scale 서론 다발성경화증 (multiple sclerosis, MS) 은다양한증상이나타날뿐만아니라재발과호전을반복하며, 대부분서서히진행하여임상시험반응에대한효과를정확하게반영하는척도를고안하기어려웠다. Kurtzke에의해 1955년에처음제시된장애상태척도 (Disability Status Scale, DSS) 는 MS 환자에서 isoniazid 치료에대한평가를하기위해만들어졌다 년에한차례개정되었음에도불구하고중간및만성단계의환자들을구분하기에단계가부족하여민감도가떨어져좀더세분화시켜야한다는주장들이많았다. 이에 1983년확장장애상태척도 (Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS) 를발표하였고, 2 이후 30년간 MS 연구에서가장널리사용되는장애평가척도가되었다. EDSS는엄격하고표준화된신경학적검사를기반으로총 9단계의비교적복잡한과정을거치게되어, 검사자에따라또는한검사자가같은환자에게시행하였을 때마다차이가날수있어올바르게이해하고측정하는것이중요하다. 본론의내용들은대부분 Kurtzke 의 EDSS 와이를일부수정하여좀더알기쉽게분류한 Kappos의자료를중심으로정리하였다. 2,3 본론 EDSS는 MS에서발생할수있는알려진모든증상들을 7가지의기능계통 (functional system, FS) 으로구분하여등급을측정하고보행 (ambulation) 능력을평가하여 EDSS의단계를측정하게된다. 기능계통은시각기능 (visual function), 뇌간기능 (brainstem function), 피라미드기능 (pyramidal function), 소뇌기능 (cerebellar function), 감각기능 (sensory function), 장과방광기능 (bowel and bladder function) 과대뇌기능 (cerebral function) 으로구분된다. 기능계통의각등급에대한정의는 2009년 Kappos에의해일부수정되어더자세히표현된버전을이용하는것이오류를줄이는데더도움이된다 (Appendix 1). 3 또한여 Received August 21, 2013 / Accepted August 21, 2013 Address for correspondence: Min Su Park Department of Neurology, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu , Korea Tel: , Fax: , minsupark@ynu.ac.kr 44 대한다발성경화증학회지제 4 권제 2 호, 2013

2 기서제공되는점수기입표 (scoring sheet) 를이용하면쉽게전반적인것을파악할수있다. 3 기능계통검사시행중 MS로인해발생된경우가아닐시, P (permanent) 나 T (temporary) 로표시후각각의기능계통점수계산때포함시키지않는다. 정확하게맞는등급이없을때는가장가까운범주를이용하고그래도결정하기어려울때는괄호로표시한다. 기능계통점수 1은시각, 장과방광및대뇌기능을제외하고환자가느끼는증상없이신경학적검사에서이상이있는경우이다. 1. 기능계통 1) 시각기능시각기능은시력 (visual acuity), 시야 (visual field) 와암점 (scotoma) 을검사하고유두창백 (disc pallor) 은가능하면관찰한다. 시력은 Snellen 표를 5 m 밖에서최대교정시력으로한쪽눈을번갈아가려서측정하고 2번이상틀렸을경우그보다한단계낮은시력을기록한다. 시력이많이나쁠경우바늘구멍검사 (Pin-hole test) 나 Rosenbaum 표를이용하여측정하되반드시측정한검사법을기록해야하고추적관찰시같은방법으로시행해야한다. 시야는정상일경우 0 (normal), 대면검사 (confrontational test) 에서만나타나고환자는인지하지못하는경우 1 (signs only), 환자는느끼나불완전한반맹일경우 2 (moderate), 완전한반맹이거나이와동등한증상일경우 3 (marked) 으로기록한다. 암점도없으면 0 (none), 대면검사에서만나타날경우 1 (small), 환자스스로느끼는경우는 2 (large) 로기록한다. 유두창백은없으면 0 (not present), 있으면 1 (present) 이다. 시각기능등급을계산할때 4, 5등급은각각두가지경우를제시하고있어주의를기울여야하며, EDSS에적용할때변환점수 (converted visual FS score) 로적용시켜야한다 (Appendix 2). 2) 뇌간기능뇌간기능은외안근운동장애 (extraocular movements impairment), 안진 (nystagmus), 삼차신경손상 (trigeminal damage), 얼굴마비 (facial weakness), 청력소실 (hearing loss), 구음장애 (dysarthria), 삼킴곤란 (dysphagia) 및그밖의뇌신경기능 (other cranial nerve functions) 에대한평가가이루어진다. 외안근운동장애는없을경우 0 (none), 신경학적검사에서만의심되는경우 1 (signs only), 환자는증상을호소하나신경학적검사에서뚜렷하지않거나명백히불완전마비가관찰되나환자는증상을호소하지않는경우 2 (mild), 명백히불완전마비가관찰되면 서증상을호소하거나양안중한방향으로완전한마비가있으면 3 (moderate), 양안중한방향이상에서완전마비가있으면 4 (marked) 이다. 안진은없으면 0 (none), 수평또는수직주시시 30도를초과했을때주시유발안진 (gaze evoked nystagmus) 이관찰되면 1 (signs only or mild), 30도에서관찰되나정면에서는관찰되지않으면 2 (moderate), 정면주시에서지속적으로관찰되거나, 방향에상관없이거친안진이지속되어시력에문제가발생되거나, 외전시안진이지속적으로동반된완전핵간안근마비 (internuclear ophthalmoplegia) 이거나, 진동시각 (oscillopsia) 이있을때 3 (severe) 으로기록한다. 삼차신경손상은환자가얼굴의무감각함을느끼면 2 (mild), 뾰족한부분과둥근부분이모두있는막대를이용하여같은부위에 2-3번정도자극을주었을때뾰족함과둔함을구분하는데장애가있거나 24시간이내에최소한한번은증상이발생되는삼차신경통이있으면 3 (moderate), 뾰족함과둔함을전혀구분할수없거나한쪽또는양쪽의삼차신경전체의감각소실이있을때 4 (marked) 로기록한다. 안면마비는환자가안면마비를느끼고관찰되면 2 (mild), 불완전한안면마비가있을때는 3 (moderate), 토안 (lagophthalmus) 또는물을머금고있기힘든정도의한쪽또는양쪽의완전안면마비가있으면 4 (marked) 로기록한다. 청력소실은한쪽또는양쪽에서손가락문지르는소리가덜들리거나 Weber검사에서한쪽으로치우치나증상을못느끼면 1 (signs only), 증상을느끼면 2 (mild), 한쪽또는양쪽에서손가락문지르는소리가안들리거나 3미터정도거리에서한쪽귀를손가락으로막고입을가린상태에서속삭이듯작은소리로부르는숫자를몇개놓치면 3 (moderate), 숫자를거의다듣지못하면 4 (marked) 로기록한다. 구음장애는일반적인대화에장애를줄정도면 3 (moderate), 발음을알아들을수없으면 4 (marked), 말을할수없으면 5 (inability) 로기록한다. 삼킴곤란은묽은물을삼키기어려울때 2 (mild), 물과고형음식을삼키기힘들면 3 (moderate), 삼키기가지속적으로힘들어으깬음식이필요하면 4 (marked), 전혀삼키지못하면 5 (inability) 로기록한다. 그밖에다른뇌신경기능도이상이있을경우위와같은기준으로기록한다. 3) 피라미드기능피라미드기능은반사 (reflexes), 사지근력 (limb strength), 강직 (limb spasticity) 과강직보행 (gait spasticity) 을검사한다. 반사는건반사뿐만아니라피부반사 (cutaneous reflex) 및발바닥반사 (plantar response) 를검사하고가능 Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 4, No. 2,

3 김주현박민수 하면손바닥턱끝반사 (palmomental reflex) 도시행한다. 건반사가없으면 0 (absent), 감소되어있으면 1 (diminished), 정상이면 2 (normal), 항진되어있으면 3 (exaggerated), 지속되지않는간대가보이면 4 (nonsustained clonus) 이며지속적인간대가관찰되면 5 (sustained clonus) 로기록하며, 이두근, 삼두근, 위팔노근, 무릎및발목인대에서측정한다. 피부반사는누운상태에서배의피부를배꼽을향해일직선으로자극을하여검사를하고, 정상이면 0 (normal), 약해져있으면 1 (weak), 없으면 2 (absent) 로기록한다. 발바닥반사는엄지발가락이굽어지면 0 (flexor), 움직임이없을경우 1 (neutral), 신전될경우 2 (extensor) 로표시한다. 사지근력은 British Medical Research Council (BMRC) 등급을이용하여상지는삼각근, 이두근, 삼두근, 손목과손가락굽힘근과신전근을측정하고하지는엉덩이굽힘근, 무릎굽힘근과신전근, 발바닥과발가락굽힘근과신전근을측정한다. 기능계통점수를측정할때근육그룹에서가장약한근력이그그룹의 BMRC 점수가된다. BMRC 3-5등급을결정할때상지의회내근및하방경향 (pronation and downward drift) 이있는지, 하지의자세검사시가라앉음 (sinking) 이있는지, 발꿈치나발가락을든상태에서걸을수있는지, 한발로시행하는도약검사 (hopping) 에서 10개이상가능한지에대한기능검사가도움이될수있다. 강직은없으면 0 (none), 조금관찰되면 1 (mild), 중간이상증가되어있으나전체범위의움직임이가능하면 2 (moderate), 매우증가되어있어강직을극복하지못하고움직임이제한되면 3 (severe), 수축되어있으면 4 (contracted) 이며, 강직성걸음걸이가없으면 0 (none), 거의잘느껴지지않으면 1 (barely perceptible), 기능에조금방해가되면 2 (evident), 기능에큰방해가되면 3 (permanent shuffling) 으로기록한다. 피라미드기능계통등급중 2등급은 BMRC가모두 5등급이더라도힘든일에피곤함을느끼거나수행능력이떨어지는경우도포함되어있어주의해야한다. 4) 소뇌기능소뇌기능은머리떨림 (head tremor), 몸통실조 (truncal ataxia), 사지실조 (limb ataxia), 일자보행 (tandem walking), 보행실조 (gait ataxia), Romberg 검사및그밖의다른소뇌기능검사에서이상이있는지확인한다. 머리떨림은다른규정없이검사자의판단에따라정도를측정한다. 몸통실조는등받이없이앉아서눈을감고양손바닥을위로하면서팔을앞으로내밀고눈을감은상태에서측정하며, 없으면 0 (none), 검사상에서만관찰되면 1 (signs only), 눈을감았을때만흔들거림이있으면 2 (mild), 눈 을뜬상태에서도흔들거림이있으면 3 (moderate), 도움없이앉을수없으면 4 (severe) 로기록한다. 사지실조는측정이상증 (dysmetria) 과빠른교대운동 (rapid alternative movements) 을검사하며, 측정이상증중상지는눈을감고앉은상태에서양팔을옆으로벌린상태에서코를집게손가락으로가리킬수있는지를보며, 하지는누운상태에서발뒤꿈치를경골을따라정확하게움직일수있는지를본다. 빠른교대운동중상지는양팔을앞으로올린상태에서엎침-뒤침을하거나한손을고정하고다른손으로손바닥-손등을번갈아치면서빨리움직일수있는지측정하고, 하지는반쯤누운상태에서자전거페달을밟는동작을하여얼만큼잘움직이는지확인한다. 사지실조가없으면 0 (none), 검사상에서만관찰되면 1 (signs only), 떨림증이나서툼 (clumsy) 이쉽게관찰되고기능에작은방해가되면 2 (mild), 떨림증이나서툼이모든반경에서기능에방해가되면 3 (moderate), 대부분의기능을하기가힘들면 4 (severe) 로기록한다. 일자보행은정상이면 0 (normal), 장애가있으면 1 (impaired), 불가능하면 2 (not possible) 로기록한다. 보행실조는없으면 0 (none), 검사상에서만의심되는정도면 1 (signs only), 환자가걸을때균형에문제가있음을느끼면 2 (mild), 일상적인보행에균형장애가동반되면 3 (moderate), 도움없이는몇발자국도걸을수없으면 4 (severe) 로기록한다. Romberg 검사는발을붙이고선상태에서팔을앞으로 90도로올리고손바닥을위로하여눈을감은상태에서검사하며정상이면 0 (normal), 눈을감았을때약간불안정이관찰되면 1 (mild), 눈을감은상태가유지되지않으면 2 (moderate), 눈을뜬상태에서도불안정하면 3 (severe) 으로기록한다. 이밖에상지의반동 (rebound) 정도를측정하여소뇌기능상태검사에추가하기도한다. 기능계통등급계산시보행실조와몸통실조중하나만심한경우는 3등급이며, 두가지모두에서심한이상이관찰될경우 4등급으로측정해야함으로주의하도록한다. 근력저하가 BMRC 3등급또는그이상으로악화되어소뇌기능검사를수행할수없을때는 X로표시한다. 5) 감각기능감각기능은표재감각 (superficial sensation), 진동감각 (vibration sense), 위치감각 (position sense) 을검사한다. 표재감각은정상이면 0 (normal), 환자는인지하지못하나온도나도형-글쓰기에대한감각이조금떨어져있으면 1 (signs only), 가벼운촉각이나통증감각에장애가있으나뾰족함과둔함을구분할수있으면 2 (mild), 구분하는데장애가있으면 3 (moderate), 뾰족함과둔함을 46 대한다발성경화증학회지제 4 권제 2 호, 2013

4 구분할수없고가벼운촉각을느낄수없으면 4 (marked), 무감각하면 5 (complete loss) 로기록한다. 진동감각은가장원위부관절에서등급이나뉜소리굽쇠를이용하여검사하며, 정상이면 0 (normal), 소리굽쇠 8등급중 5-7등급까지인지하거나검사자보다덜느끼지만 10초이상인지할경우 1 (mild), 1-4등급까지인지하거나 2-10 초간인지할수있는경우는 2 (moderate), 전혀인지할수없는경우는 3 (marked) 으로기록한다. 위치감각은눈을감은상태에서손가락과발가락을 15도가량아래위로움직여서인지하는지확인하는검사이며정상인경우 0 (normal), 원위부관절에서만 1-2번틀릴경우 1 (mild), 많이틀리거나근위부관절을인지못할경우 2 (moderate), 움직임을전혀인지할수없거나기립불능증 (astasia) 가있는경우 3 (marked) 으로기록한다. 기능계통등급에포함되진않지만, Lhermitte 징후와감각이상 ( 특히저림 ) 이동반되어있는지를기록한다. 6) 장과방광기능장과방광기능은문진으로이루어지며배뇨지연과요잔류 (urinary hesitancy and retention) 가없으면 0 (none), 있어도삶에큰영향이없으면 1 (mild), 요잔류가있거나빈번히요로감염이발생하면 2 (moderate), 요관이필요하면 3 (severe), 요실금이발생하는경우는 4 (loss of function) 로기록한다. 절박뇨와요실금 (urinary urgency and incontinence) 이없으면 0 (none), 삶에큰영향이없으면 1 (mild), 한주에한번초과해서요실금이발생되지않으나패드를착용해야하는경우는 2 (moderate), 하루에한번이상빈번히요실금이발생되어패드를착용해야하는경우는 3 (severe), 방광조절이되지않으면 4 (loss of function) 로기록한다. 방광요관 (bladder catheterization) 이없으면 0 (none), 가끔씩자가요관이필요하면 1 (intermittent self-catheterization), 지속적요관이삽관된상태면 2 (constant catheterization) 로기록한다. 장기능장애 (bowel dysfunction) 가없으면 0 (none), 변실금이없고, 삶에크게영향을미치지않으며약간변비가있을때는 1 (mild), 패드를착용해야하거나변기사용이달라진경우 2 (moderate), 관장이필요하면 3 (severe), 장기능이없으면 4 (complete loss of function) 로기록한다. 이밖에성기능 (sexual dysfunction) 에대해서도질문하지만기능계통점수에포함되진않는다. 시각기능과마찬가지로 EDSS 단계측정시에는변환점수로계산하여야한다 (Appendix 2). 7) 대뇌기능대뇌기능은우울증과이상행복감 (depression and euphoria), 정신활동의감소 (decrease in mentation) 와피로 (fatigue) 에대해문진한다. 우울증과이상행복감은있으면 1 (present) 이고대뇌기능계통 1등급에해당하는사항이나, EDSS 단계측정시에는포함되지않는다. 정신활동의감소는없으면 0 (none), 환자는인지하지못하나가족들은느끼는경우에는 1 (signs only), 환자가조금느끼는경우 ( 예 : 복잡한일을수행하거나빠르게연속된일을수행하는데장애가있음 ; 부담이큰일을결정하는데장애가있음 ; 일상적인일은가능하나, 추가적인스트레스는견디지못함 ; 가끔씩보통수준의스트레스도견디지못함 ; 수행능력이감소함 ; 건망증또는피곤함으로인해과실이잦은경향이있음 ) 는 2 (mild), 간이정신상태검사에서뚜렷한이상이있으나사람, 장소와시간에대한지남력은유지된경우는 3 (moderate), 하나또는두가지의지남력이떨어지면서생활방식에큰변화가생긴경우는 4 (marked), 혼동된정신상태를보이거나완전히지남력을상실한상태가동반되거나없는경우 5 (dementia) 로기록한다. 피로는없으면 0 (none), 일상생활을방해하지않으면 1 (mild), 일상생활을 50% 이상방해하지않으면 2 (moderate), 50% 초과해서방해가되면 3 (severe) 으로기록하나객관적으로측정하기힘들기때문에이를제외시키는경우도있다. 2. 보행보행은 EDSS 단계에가장큰영향을미치는부분으로 4.0단계이후는기능계통의점수및개수와크게상관없이보행능력에따라대부분결정이된다. 최소 500미터를걸을수있으면충분한보행 (fully ambulation) 으로기술하지만조금도제한을받지않는 (unrestricted) 것은아니다. 조금도제한을받지않는상태는비슷한연령대의건강한사람들과비교하였을때와같은보행능력을가졌을경우이며, EDSS 단계는 0-1.5이다. 즉, 500미터이상걸을수있으나정상인과같지않다면 EDSS는최소 2.0부터시작된다. 보행검사를할때환자와함께보조기나타인의도움없이최소 500미터이상걷는것을관찰하여야하며, 이때걸린시간을기록한다. 그리고환자가지팡이, 목발, 보조기가필요하거나타인의도움이있어야보행이가능할때는가능하면 130미터는걸을수있는지확인해야한다. 양쪽지팡이나목발이양쪽다필요한경우에는 EDSS 단계가올라가므로기록하여야하며타인의도움이필요한경우는양쪽도구가필요한것으로계산한다. 만약발목보조기만착용하고다른도움이필요하지 Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 4, No. 2,

5 김주현박민수 않으면도움이필요한것에포함하지않는다. 양쪽에서도움이있어야보행이가능한경우라도 120미터이상걸을수있으면 EDSS는 6.0이고 미터만가능하면 6.5이다. 한쪽편의도움으로 50미터이상보행이가능하면 6.0이며 50 미터를못걸으면 6.5로측정된다. 3. EDSS EDSS는총 20단계로구성되어있으며아래에자세한정의를기술하였다 (Appendix 3). 전반적으로살펴보면 4.0 까지는충분한보행이가능한경우이고이단계까지는기능계통의등급과개수에따라단계가나눠진다 까지는기능계통등급과보행정도에따라결정이되고 까지는보행거리와도구나도움의필요성여부에따라결정되거나휠체어의이용정도에따라결정된다. EDSS 단계는시각과장과방광기능계통등급을제외하고각각의기능계통등급보다낮을수없다. EDSS 0은신경학적검사가정상인경우로기능계통점수가전부 0이나대뇌기능계통중우울증과이상행복감은 EDSS 단계에영향을미치지않아있어도 EDSS 는 0이다. EDSS 1.0은우울증과이상행복감을증상을제외하고기능계통에서 1등급이한개있고나머지는모두 0점인경우이다. EDSS 1.5는우울증과이상행복감증상을제외하고기능계통에서 1등급만받은경우가 2개이상일때이다. EDSS 2.0은기능계통 2등급이한개이고나머지는 0 또는 1인경우이고 EDSS 2.5는 2등급이두개인경우이다. EDSS 3.0은기능계통 3등급이한개거나 2등급이 3-4개이면서나머지는 0 또는 1등급일때, EDSS 3.5는기능계통 3등급한개와하나또는둘의 2 등급이있거나 2개의 3등급또는 5개의 2등급이있을때로정의된다. EDSS 4는 3등급이 2개를초과하거나, 3등급하나와 2등급 2개이거나, 2등급이 5개이거나, 4등급이한개이면서나머지는모두 0-1등급인경우이다. 이밖에 3.5단계기준을초과하는경우는 4단계로분류되어야한다. 이단계에서는 500미터이상보행이가능해야하고 12시간정도평균적인강도의일상생활이가능해야한다. EDSS 4.5는기능계통의등급은 4.0단계와거의비슷하나보행이 300미터이상 500미터미만으로제한되는경우이며일상생활도 4.0단계와거의비슷하나하루종일활동하기에는어느정도제약이있는단계이다. EDSS 5.0부터는기능계통의등급보다는보행능력에따라단계가결정이된다. 도구나쉼없이 200미터이상 300미터미만을걸을수있어야하고대체로기능계통 5등급을한개정도가지며, 하루동안의일상생활은 특별한준비가없는한불가능하다. EDSS 5.5는도구나쉼없이 100미터이상걸을수있고특별한도움이없이는반나절도일을하기힘든상태이다. EDSS 6.0부터는보행시도움이필요한경우다. 한쪽편의도구도움으로최소 100미터를걸을수있는상태이다. EDSS 6.5는도구를이용하여도 20미터밖에걸을수없고일반적으로양손의도구사용이지속적으로필요한상태이다. EDSS 7.0은 5미터이상걸을수없어대부분휠체어에서지내게된다. 스스로휠체어를조종할수있고혼자서휠체어에서의자로이동할수있으며하루중 12시간가량을휠체어에서보낼수있어휠체어타고업무가가능한정도이다. EDSS 7.5는몇발자국도걸을수없는상태로휠체어를이용하는기능은비슷하나하루일과는전동휠체어가아니면수행하지못한다. EDSS 8.0은원칙적으로양팔의기능은있어혼자서식사및화장실처리는가능하나대부분침상생활만가능한상태이다. 그러나의자에앉을수있거나휠체어를타고다른사람이밀어주면다닐수있는정도도포함되어약간혼란을줄수있는단계로정의되며, EDSS 8.5가되면침상생활만가능한상태로한쪽팔또는양쪽팔에어느정도의기능이남아몇가지스스로돌보기만되는단계이다. EDSS 9.0은양팔의기능없이의사소통과식사만가능한상태이고, EDSS 9.5는의사소통및경구식이가불가능한상태이며, EDSS 10은 MS으로인해사망한단계로정의된다. 결론 Kurtzke 는기능계통은서로독립적이고부가성 (additivity) 은없으며기능계통은시간이지나서도서로비교가가능하므로, DSS가서열척도 (ordinal scale) 이기보다는정규분포를가지는수치척도 (numerical scale) 로나타남으로 DSS 6단계는 3단계의 2배만큼환자상태가나쁘다고주장하였다. 2 그러나 단계는보행거리와도구의필요성에따라결정되기때문에처음장애정도에서한단계의변화가실제일상생활기능을민감하고정확하게반영하지못하기때문에통계적접근에제한이발생하고실제로환자군이이봉분포 (bimodal distribution) 를나타내어수치척도로볼수없다는주장도있다. 4,5 또한 5단계까지는기능계통의정도와숫자에따라 EDSS 가결정되므로일상생활척도 (activities of daily living) 와연관성이있으나 6단계이후부터는변동성이커일상생활척도와연관성이떨어지는점도이를뒷받침한다. 6 MS 환자들이흔히호소하는인지기능장애와피로도 48 대한다발성경화증학회지제 4 권제 2 호, 2013

6 에대해모호하게정의되어있고, 장애정도에영향을미치는통증에대하여언급이없는점이단점으로지적된다. 7 그밖에앞서밝힌바와같이과정이길고복잡하여충분히숙련되기전까지는채점자간및채점간의신뢰도및정확도가떨어진다. 5 여러가지단점이있음에도불구하고 MS 연구에서가장많이이용되고있으며, 환자의세밀한부분까지평가할수있어정확히평가하면환자의경과를살펴보기에훌륭한장애척도인만큼, 매번 EDSS 단계를읽어보면서평가하는습관을가지는것이정확한평가에도움이될수있다. REFERENCES 1. Kurtzke JF, Berlin L. The effects of isoniazid on patients with multiple sclerosis; preliminary report. Am Rev Tuberc 1954;70: Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983;33: Kappos L. Neurostatus scoring. Version 03/09. Available from: URL: _specimen.pdf 4. Weinshenker BG, Rice GP, Noseworthy JH, Carriere W, Baskerville J, Ebers GC. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 4. Applications to planning and interpretation of clinical therapeutic trials. Brain 1991;114: Cohen JA, Reingold SC, Polman CH, Wolinsky JS. Disability outcome measures in multiple sclerosis clinical trials: current status and future prospects. Lancet Neurol 2012;11: Cohen RA, Kessler HR, Fischer M. The Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) as a predictor of impairments of functional activities of daily living in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1993;115: Rabadi MH, Vincent AS. Comparison of the Kurtkze Expanded Disability Status Scale and the Functional Independence Measure: measures of multiple sclerosis-related disability. Disabil Rehabil 2013;19 [Epub ahead of print]. Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 4, No. 2,

7 김주현박민수 Appendix 1. Functional system score 3 Functional system score Visual Brainstem Pyramidal Cerebellar Sensory Bowel and Bladder 1 Disc pallor and/or mild scotoma and/or visual acuity (corrected) of worse eye less than 20/20 (1.0) but better than 20/30 (0.67). 2 Worse eye with large scotoma and/or maximal visual acuity (corrected) of 20/30 to 20/59 ( ). 3 Worse eye with large scotoma or moderate decrease in fields and/or maximal visual acuity (corrected) of 20/60 to 20/99 ( ). 4 Worse eye with marked decrease of fields and/or maximal visual acuity (corrected) of 20/100 to 20/200 ( ); Grade 3 plus maximal acuity of better eye of 20/60 (0.3) or less. 5 Worse eye with maximal visual acuity (corrected) less than 20/200 (0.1); Grade 4 plus maximal acuity of better eye of 20/60 (0.3) or less. 6 Grade 5 plus maximal visual acuity of better eye of 20/60 (0.3) or less. 1 Signs only. 2a Moderate nystagmus. 2b Other mild disability. 3a Severe nystagmus. 3b Marked extraocular weakness. 3c Moderate disability of other cranial nerves. 4a Marked dysarthria. 4b Other marked disability. 5 Inability to swallow or speak. 1 Abnormal signs without disability. 2 Minimal disability: patient complains of fatigability or reduced performance in strenuous motor tasks and/or BMRC grade 4 in one or two muscle groups. 3a Mild to moderate paraparesis or hemiparesis: usually BMRC grade 4 in more than two muscle groups or BMRC grade 3 in one or two muscle groups; movements against gravity are possible. 3b Severe monoparesis: BMRC grade 2 or less in one muscle group. 4a Marked paraparesis or hemiparesis: usually BMRC grade 2 in two limbs. 4b Moderate tetraparesis: BMRC grade 3 in three or more limbs. 4c Monoplegia: BMRC grade 0 or 1 in one limb. 5a Paraplegia: BMRC grade 0 or 1 in all muscle groups of the lower limbs. 5b Hemiplegia. 5c Marked tetraparesis: BMRC grade 2 or less in three or more limbs. 6 Tetraplegia: BMRC grade 0 or 1 in all muscle groups of the upper and lower limbs. 1 Abnormal signs without disability. 2 Mild ataxia. 3a Moderate truncal ataxia. 3b Moderate limb ataxia. 3c Moderate or severe gait ataxia. 4 Severe truncal ataxia and severe ataxia in three or four limbs. 5 Unable to perform coordinated movements due to ataxia. X Pyramidal weakness (BMRC grade 3 or worse in limb strength) interferes with cerebellar testing. 1 Mild vibration or figure-writing or temperature decrease only in one or two limbs. 2a Mild decrease in touch or pain or position sense and/or moderate decrease in vibration in one or two limbs. 2b Mild vibration or figure-writing or temperature decrease alone in three or four limbs. 3a Moderate decrease in touch or pain or position sense and/or essentially lost vibration in one or two limbs. 3b Mild decrease in touch or pain and/or moderate decrease in all proprioceptive tests in three or four limbs. 4a Marked decrease in touch or pain or loss of proprioception, alone or combined, in one or two limbs. 4b Moderate decrease in touch or pain and/or severe proprioceptive decrease in more than two limbs. 5a Loss (essentially) of sensation in one or two limbs. 5b Moderate decrease in touch or pain and/or loss of proprioception for most of the body below the head. 6 Sensation essentially lost below the head. 1 Mild urinary hesitancy, urgency and/or constipation. 2 Moderate urinary hesitancy and/or urgency and/or rare urinary incontinence and/or severe constipation. 3 Frequent urinary incontinence or intermittent self-catheterization; needs enemata or manual measures to evacuate bowels. 50 대한다발성경화증학회지제 4 권제 2 호, 2013

8 Appendix 1. Continuation 4 In need of almost constant catheterization. 5 Loss of bladder or bowel function; external or indwelling catheter. 6 Loss of bowel and bladder function. Cerebral 1a Mood alteration (depression and/or euphoria) alone (does not affect EDSS step). 1b Mild fatigue; signs only decrease in mentation. 2 Mild decrease in mentation; moderate or severe fatigue. 3 Moderate decrease in mentation. 4 Marked decrease in mentation. 5 Dementia. Appendix 2. Converted visual FS score 3 Visual FS score Converted visual FS score Bowel and bladder FS score Converted bowel and bladder FS score Appendix 3. Expanded Disability Status Scale 3 0 Normal neurological exam (all FS grade 0) 1.0 No disability, minimal signs in one FS (one FS grade 1) 1.5 No disability, minimal signs in more than one FS (more than one FS grade 1) 2.0 Minimal disability in one FS (one FS grade 2, others 0 or 1) 2.5 Minimal disability in two FS (two FS grade 2, others 0 or 1) 3.0 Moderate disability in one FS (one FS grade 3, others 0 or 1) though fully ambulatory; or mild disability in three or four FS (three/four FS grade 2, others 0 or 1) though fully ambulatory 3.5 Fully ambulatory but with moderate disability in one FS (one FS grade 3) and mild disability in one or two FS (one/two FS grade 2) and others 0 or 1; or fully ambulatory with two FS grade 3 (others 0 or 1); or fully ambulatory with five FS grade 2 (others 0 or 1) 4.0 Ambulatory without aid or rest for 500 meters; up and about some 12 hours a day despite relatively severe disability consisting of one FS grade 4 (others 0 or 1) or combinations of lesser grades exceeding limits of previous steps 4.5 Ambulatory without aid or rest for 300 meters; up and about much of the day, characterized by relatively severe disability usually consisting of one FS grade 4 and combination of lesser grades exceeding limits of previous steps 5.0 Ambulatory without aid or rest for 200 meters (usual FS equivalents include at least one FS grade 5, or combinations of lesser grades usually exceeding specifications for step 4.5) 5.5 Ambulatory without aid or rest 100 meters 6.0 Unilateral assistance (cane or crutch) required to walk at least 100 meters with or without resting 6.5 Constant bilateral assistance (canes or crutches) required to walk at least 20 meters without resting 7.0 Unable to walk 5 meters even with aid, essentially restricted to wheelchair; wheels self and transfers alone; up and about in wheelchair some 12 hours a day 7.5 Unable to take more than a few steps; restricted to wheelchair; may need some help in transferring and in wheeling self 8.0 Essentially restricted to bed or chair or perambulated in wheelchair, but out of bed most of day; retains many self-care functions; generally has effective use of arms 8.5 Essentially restricted to bed much of the day; has some effective use of arm(s); retains some self-care functions 9.0 Helpless bed patient; can communicate and eat 9.5 Totally helpless bed patient; unable to communicate effectively or eat /swallow 10 Death due to MS Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 4, No. 2,

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