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1 Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 266~272, Ab Initio Study for the Magnetic Properties of Strontium Ferrite SrFe 12 O Youngjin Yook, Yong-Chae Chung,* and Jong-In Im Simulation Center for Fine Ceramics, KICET, Seoul , Korea *Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang Unversity, Seoul , Korea (Received March 20, 2007; Accepted April 30, 2007) w p p r p» p Á *Á ( )» l *w w œw ( ; ) ASTRACT In this study, magnetic properties of the strontium ferrite were theoretically investigated by Ab initio (first principle) method. The influences of various additives on the magnetic properties of the strontium ferrite were analyzed to designed new composition of the strontium ferrite system with high magnetic characteristics. As shown in the results, the total magnetization of the strontium ferrite was M. ased on the DOS results, the magnetic characteristics of the strontium ferrite were mainly influenced by Fe atoms at 6 positions in the unit cell. Also the La-Mn strontium ferrite has the superior magnetic property than the Mn strontium ferrite. Key words : Ab initio, First principles, Strontium ferrite, Electronic structure, Magnetic moment 1.» j ¼ ƒ š, p w y» 20». p 30 r p, g(al-ni- Co) p j w, y, š yƒ w y š. 1) w w x z š» w (crystal field theory), (energy band theory), y y (exchange interaction) v q (spin wave), mw» w š š. 2) w x p ww» w» mw w ƒ š. p ful ƒ š š»» p j y š. w y w»» w, w,» y wš. 3) Corresponding author : Jong-In Im jongin@kicet.re.kr Tel : Fax : » w ƒ (Ab initio) w p p r p(strontium ferrite)» p w. w w ƒ p p r p e w w š» p p p r p w. 2. w p p r p» p ww» w VASP(Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package) Code w ww. 4) w p p r p ƒ ƒ w» p ³ w» w w p p r p k, w š v ù mw ƒ j p ùkü p w Fe wš, eyw ww. š La Mn wì ƒw r p w»p wš, ƒw r p w p p r p t Fig. 1 Gorter p p r p ƒƒ magnetic moment w 266
2 제일원리를 이용한 스트론튬 페라이트의 자기적 특성 연구 267 수(a, b=5.78 Å, c=22.98 Å)와 비교하면 각각의 오차가 a, b는 4.21%, c는 0.09%로 Aleshko 등의 실험 결과와 유사 하게 계산되었다. 본 계산에 사용된 격자상수는 이론적 격자상수로서 a, b= Å, c= Å값을 사용하였으며, 이는 가장 안정된 에너지를 구할 수 있는 장점과 효율적인 계산에 도 도움을 준다. 제일원리 계산조건 본 계산에서는 PAW_GGA 퍼텐셜을 사용하였다. PAW 방법은 스핀 극나뉨(spin polarization) 값이 큰 원자의 계 산에 잘 맞는다고 알려져 있으며, 일반화물매근사방법 (GGA)은 국소스핀밀도근사방법(LDA)의 단점을 보완한 방 법으로 전자밀도의 변화량까지 고려하게 되어 양자계산의 정확성이 비교적 높다. 또한 Kohn-Sham 방정식의 자체충 족조건(self-constant condition)을 10 으로 주었으며, 끊어 버림 에너지(cut off energy)는 비교적 높은 450 ev (=33.07 Ry), k-point sampling은 계산의 정확성과 효율성 을 고려하여 Gamma 방법으로 계산하였다. 위와 같은 조건으로 스트론튬 페라이트의 제일원리 계산에서 한 번의 계산에 소요된 시간은 6 node(3.2 GHz)의 Gigabit LAN System으로 대략 100시간이었다 Fig. 1. The schematic structure (a) of the strontium ferrite SrFe O with Gorter s magnetic ordering (b). 3. 5) 12 있다. 본 연구에서는 이와 유사한 결과를 얻기 위하여 양자역학 접근방법의 제일원리 계산을 사용하였다. 스트 론튬 페라이트의 제일원리 계산을 위해 제일먼저 필요한 정보는 결정구조와 원자좌표이다. 순수한 스트론튬 페라 이트의 결정구조에 대한 기본적인 정보는 Aleshko 등 이 스트론튬 페라이트 분말의 중성자 회절분석을 통해 계산 된 SrFe O 의 구조정보를 사용하였으며, 그 때의 결정 구조는 육방정구조(space group=p63/mmc)로 격자상수가 a, b=5.78 Å, c=23.03 Å이었다. 이와 같이 실험적으로 스 트론튬 페라이트의 격자 상수를 사용하여 계산할 수 있 지만, 본 연구에서는 이론적 접근을 위해 제일원리 계산 만으로 격자상수를 구하였다. 먼저 Aleshko 등이 실험한 격자상수 및 원자좌표를 참고로 격자상수를 변경해 가면 서 계의 총에너지가 가장 안정된 값을 찾아 그 값을 이 론적 격자상수라 하였다. 스트론튬 페라이트는 육방정 구 조이기 때문에 a, b 크기는 동일하지만, c 크기가 다르다. 그렇기 때문에 우선 c 크기를 Å으로 고정시킨 후 a, b 크기를 변경하면서 계산하여 그 값들을 커브 피팅(curve fitting)하여 최소값인 Å을 계산하였으며, 동일한 방 법으로 a, b 값을 Å으로 고정한 후, c 크기를 변화 시키면서 계산하여 그 값들을 커브 피팅하여 최소값인 Å을 계산하였다. 실험적 방법으로 측정된 격자상 5) 6) 12 결과 및 고찰 제일원리를 이용하여 재료에 대해 얻을 수 있는 주요 결과는 안정화 에너지 및 구조(ground state properties), 전 하밀도(charge density), 전자 띠구조(band structure), 전자 상태밀도(density of state) 등이며, 위와 같은 결과를 분석 함으로 자기적 및 전기적 특성 등을 알 수 있다. 본 계산 에서는 스트론튬 페라이트의 스핀 자기모멘트에 의한 자 기적 특성을 전하밀도, 전자상태밀도 등을 통해 중점적으 로 살펴보았다. 스트론튬 페라이트의 구조적 안정성 분석 제일원리 계산은 원자의 위치와 원자의 종류만 정해진 다면 Kohn Sham 방정식의 근사해를 계산하여 원자의 전 자상태함수와 에너지 준위를 계산하고, 계산된 전자상태 함수와 에너지 준위를 통해서 다양한 결과들을 계산한다. 이를 응용하면 가능성 있는 구조의 제일원리 계산을 통 해 계산된 총에너지를 비교함으로 자연계에 존재할 가능 성이 있는 구조를 결정할 수도 있다. 또한 2.2 절에서 언 급한 것처럼 계산의 효율성을 위해 끊어버림 에너지와 Kpoint 선택 시 안정화 에너지의 수렴 값을 선택하며, 단위 격자 부피변화에 따른 안정화 에너지의 비교를 통해 이 론적 격자상수 계산에도 활용된다. 일반적으로 총에너지 는 음의 값을 가지고 있으며, 안정화 구조에서 더욱 작은 ) 제 44 권 제 5호(2007)
3 육영진 정용재 임종인 268 Calculated Ground State Energy (E ), Magnetization and Fermi Energy of the Pure and the Partially Substituted Strontium Ferrite by ab-initio Calculation Mn Fe Co Ni La-Mn E [ev] Total Magnetization [M ] Magnetization of special atom [M ] Fermi energy [ev] spin polarization [%] (1)SrMnFe O (2)SrFe O (3)SrCoFe O (4)SrNiFe O (5)La Sr MnFe O (6)Spin polarization [%]=( N N )/( N + N ) 100 (%) Table ) 2) 3) 4) 5) 0 6) 값을 나타낸다. Table 1은 본 연구 결과를 종합적으로 나타낸 것으로 스트론튬 페라이트와 첨가물에 대하여 안정화 에너지, 총 자기모멘트, 특정 원자의 자기모멘트, 페르미 에너지 그 리고 스핀 극나뉨(spin polarization)을 나타내었다. 먼저 구 조의 안정성 측면에서 살펴보면, 순수한 스트론튬 페라이 트의 총에너지가 ev로 가장 안정된 구조를 나타 내고 있으며, 일부 첨가물로 치환된 구조에서는 450 ev 전후로 안정화에너지가 형성되었으며, 란탄-망간-스트론 튬 페라이트의 경우 ev까지 높아져 그 구조는 비 교적 불안정하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 전하밀도 분석 전하밀도(charge density)는 3차원 실공간(real space)에 분포한 전자의 밀도를 나타낸 것으로 실제로 전자가 어 느 위치에 분포하고 있는지를 확인할 수 있다. 본 데이터 는 VASP 상에서 계산된 결과를 원하는 면, 또는 원하는 원자의 전하밀도를 볼 수 있게 개발된 프로그램인 vaspview S/W를 통해 추출하였다. Fig. 2는 스트론튬 페라이트 기 본격자에서 (10)면의 전하밀도를 나타낸 것으로, 특정 원자점을 Mn, Fe, Co, Ni 원자로 치환함에 따라 변화된 전하밀도를 확인하기 위함이다. 중앙의 큰 원자가 Sr 원 자를 나타내며, 우측 중앙 부분이 특정 원자점으로써 각 각 Mn, Fe, Co, Ni 원자를 나타낸다. 또한 특정 원자점 아래 위로는 O 원자가 분포되어 있으며 산소 원자 층 위 와 아랫부분에 또 다른 Fe 원자들이 분포하고 있다. Fig. 2의 (a)를 보면 Mn 원자로 치환된 안정화 구조에 서 Mn 원자가 위쪽으로 치우쳐 있음을 알 수 있다. 일반 적으로 원점에 존재하는 Fe 원자 특정 원자점에 위치한 Fe 원자간 거리는 Å인 반면, 원점 Fe 원자와 Mn 원자간 거리는 Å으로 아래층 Fe 원자와는 멀어짐 현상을 위 층 Fe 원자와는 좁아짐 현상을 나타낸다. 일반 적으로 자기모멘트는 Fe-Fe 원자간 거리와 많은 상관관 3.2. 계가 있으며, 이와 같은 구조적인 특성을 자기모멘트와 연결하여 연구된 사례도 많이 보고되었다. Table 1에 나 타난 결과에 의하면 스트론튬 페라이트의 총 자기모멘트 가 M 이며, 망간 스트론튬 페라이트의 총 자기모멘 트가 M 로 계산되었으며, 특정 원자점의 원자에 대 한 자기모멘트도 각각 M 와 M 로 계산되어 자기모멘트의 크기로만 자성특성을 나타낸다면 망간 스 트론튬 페라이트가 더 좋은 특성을 가지고 있다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이와 같은 원인을 전하밀도 측면에서 고찰 하면, Mn 원자가 치환되면서 스트론튬 페라이트의 구조 8) (Charge Density, CD) 한국세라믹학회지 Fig. 2. The charge density of (a) Mn, (b) Fe, (c) Co, and (d) Ni ( 00 ) on the plane of the substituted strontium ferrite system.
4 x, Mn e e x w,» pƒ w z ƒ.» p w e y, w š v w w. p p r p Fe 1 ƒ Mn ey Mn v ùküš, Ni ey û v ùküš. w š v ƒ p p r p w e w» p y ƒ k (Density Of State, DOS) w wù k (density of state). k ƒ ƒ k, š (eigenvalue) w ùkü, v ù ww ƒ v w v» ƒ v ù e w. w n k (partial-projected density of states) s-, p-, d-, š f- k w w k ƒ, ƒ k w ù, w k w w. p p r p 3d Ë k w p ùkù» p p r p k d Ë k w w p y w. mw w w w, k xkƒ r 0 ywš spin-down 1 w, ƒ û spin-up kƒ ùkùš, ƒ spin-down kƒ ùkù x e xk vƒ. 9) w k p r š p dw. Fig. 3 (a) p p r p Fig. 3. The density of state (DOS) of the strontium ferrite : (a) the total DOS and (b) the partial DOS at 3d orbital state of the Fe atoms. w p p r p» p 269 Fig. 4. The schematic structure of strontium ferrite SrFe 12 O. In this structure, 2, 7, 13, 14,, 24 Fe atoms are higher influent on magnetization. k x k ùkü, Fig. 3 (b) p p r p w Feƒ» w k 3d Ë k ùkü. k 32 ev ùk ù vj s- k w w š, 17 ~ 10 ev ùkù vj p- k w w. š p p r p ƒ w p ƒ d- k 5~15eV ùkû. p p r p» p w k» p» w, Fe 3d k p {w. n k mw, 24 Fe k r e w 6 site. 6 Fe site Fig. 4 ùkü. e j e p p (Fe-7, Fe-) s 2 ù w s,w 2 (Fe-2, Fe-13, Fe-14, Fe-24). x p p r p» p p ƒ 5 ¼ x s š w, p ùkü e š w, w š p p r p ey w w p p r p w Fe eƒ 44«5y(2007)
5 270 Á Á Fig. 5. The comparison of experimental magnetization on bulk type and calculated magnetization of the substitution atom on strontium ferrite. wš, Mn y ey e w w. ù Mn w y ey e w» w w v w.»p w š Fe e (Fe-7) ey š ƒ wš, Mn ey w» p y š w SrTMFe O (TM=Mn, Co, Ni) mw ey p p r p w,» p Co, Mn, Ni ƒw.» p p p r p p w g p- p p r pƒ ƒ p, - p p r p, f- p p r p š w ùkû. r, w ƒ 2, 7, 13, 14,, 24 6 ƒ» p» w. w, w p p r p 2b e w 2 Fe» pƒ» pƒ w w ùkü. w ƒ g p» p»,» p w p p r pƒ ƒ. Fig. 5 p p r p ü p ùk ü ƒƒ (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) w» p ùkü, w ƒƒ ulk k» p ùkü. p ƒ ƒƒ Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,» pƒ ƒƒ 3.524, 3.437, 2.370, M. w x d Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, ƒ ƒ 0, 2.2, 1.7, 0.6. ƒ sw 9) w ƒ ulk xk w x d ƒ Fig. 5 v Ni-O- Fe ƒ ùkü» p Ni-Ni ùkü» p w, ƒƒ (Co, Fe, Mn)-O-Feƒ ù kü» pƒ Co-Co, Fe-Fe, Mn-Mn ùkü» p jš, ƒw. Fe-O- Feƒ ùkü» p Mn-O-Feƒ ùkü» p f. k w r, p p r p ùkü p Mn, Co, Ni k e Á, p.(fig. 6) k e p w eš», k e w v w, v ù (spin polarization) x. spinpolarized k w w polarized spin current k. w š v(spin) w š vp (spintronics) ƒ š. w Meservery v ù j»» p w šw. 9) v ù v e ùkü, k w. r spin-up k j» spin-down k Fig. 6. The density of state on the special atomic position of SrTMFeO. TM is transition metal : (a) Mn, (b) Co, and (c) Ni. w wz
6 w p p r p» p 271 j» w. SP (%) N N N + N = v ù 1~1.4%, Fe ulk v ù 55% x. w v ù k e w» r w ƒƒ k š w w ù w. Mn 68.25%, Fe 26.04%, Co 36.79%, Ni 8.31%. ƒ spin-up spin-down Mn r ewš, r w ew» û. w Ni e Á v ù û. p p r p ƒ, Mn p ùkù wš, Ni p p ùkü Sr 0.5 La 0.5 MnFe 12 O x wš p p r p w Sr-Fe w»» p w w La- Sr-Co-Fe w w ƒ. w ƒ, w ƒ ƒ wš. ¾» w š wù ƒ w š w, ¾ ey p e y ƒ w û. w w Sr-Mn r p Sr La eyw w. w x p ùkü, wš ƒ sw La- p p r Fig. 7. The charge density of the crystal plane ( 00 ) on La- Mn strontium ferrite <Sr 0.5 La 0.5 MnFe O >. p w» w.» Table 1 ùkü» p 24.9%, Mn w» p 10% w. Mn e e wì k e ƒ, v ù w. w Fig. 7 w y w Sr La w w ƒ { û w ùký w e»» p w p ùkû y w. y d š w,» Mn p p r p 50 ev» ƒ šp š w, ey w» p» f y w. 4. p p r p ƒ w w p š w» w w p p r p ƒ sw p p r p p w w.» w PAW_GGA w Kohn-Sham t, w w Fe w w w. ñ 450 ev (33.07 Ry) kw, w v root-mean-square ƒ electrons/(a.u.) 3 w w w. y,» p, r, w, k, p sƒw»» p v ù j» k e sƒw., p p r p» p M,» p j w 6 (2, 7, 13, 14,, 24) y w. 7 Fe ƒ ƒ j w eš» e p wš e (Mn, Co, Ni) eyw w w.» p y» p p r p ƒƒ 9.1%, 1.3%, 12.4% w.» p w, e y š š v w y.» Sr La ey Mn- p p r p ww» p 24.9% ƒ, p» p 10% ƒw 44«5y(2007)
7 272 Á Á., La w w ƒ w Mn p ùkü k e ƒw š, p. REFERENCES 1. E. P. Wohlfarth, Ferromagnetic Materials : A Handbook on the Properties of Magnetically Ordered Substances, Vol. 3 pp. 3-36, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, J. Smit and H. P. J. Wijn, Ferrites : Physical Properties of Ferrimagnetic Oxides in Relation to Their Technical Applications, pp , Philips Technical Library, Eindhoven, K. Ohno, K. Esfarjani, and Y. Kawazoe, Computational Materials Science : From Ab Initio to Monte Carlo Methods, pp , Springer, erlin, G. Kresse and J. Furthmuller, VASP the Guide, pp , Vienna, C. M. Fang, F. Kools, R. Metselaar, G. de With, and R. A. de Groot, Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Strontium Hexaferrite SrFe 12 O from First-Principles Calculations, J. Phy.:Condens. Matter, (2003). 6. O. P. Aleshko, M. K. Faek, and I. I. Yamzin, A Neutron Diffraction Study of the Structure of Magnetoplumbite, Kristallografiya, (69). 7. E. Kaxiras, Atomic and Electronic Structure of Solids, pp , Cambridge University Press, New York, Y. yun and J. I. Lee, First-Principles Study on the Magnetism and Electronic Structure of Fe Nanostripes, J. Kor. Mag. Soc., 16 [5] (2006). 9. P. M. Tedrow and R. Meservey, Spin Polarization of Electrons Tunneling from Films of Fe, Co, Ni, and Gd, Phys. Rev., (73). w wz
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