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1 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제10권제2호 Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2010 원저 인슐린종의임상적분석 서울대학교의과대학외과학교실 이한별ㆍ이규언ㆍ장진영ㆍ김선회ㆍ윤여규ㆍ이건욱ㆍ오승근 Clinical Analysis of Insulinoma Han-Byoel Lee, M.D., Kyu Eun Lee, M.D., Jin-Young Jang, M.D., Sun-Whe Kim, M.D., Yeo-Kyu Youn, M.D., Kuhn Uk Lee, M.D. and Seung Keun Oh, M.D. 책임저자 : 오승근, 서울시종로구연건동 28 번지 , 서울대학교의과대학외과학교실 Tel: , Fax: osk@snu.ac.kr 게재승인일 :2010 년 6 월 18 일 99 Purpose: Insulinoma is a rare disease for which early diagnosis followed by proper surgical management provides a chance for cure. Analyses of clinicopathological features of patients can help optimize the surgical approach in the treatment of insulinoma. Methods: The records of 13 patients (seven male, six female mean age 44.3 years; age range years) who were diagnosed clinically and pathologically with insulinoma and who underwent surgery between March 1997 and April 2007 at the Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital. Hospital in English please were retrospectively examined. Results: All patients had findings compatible with Whipple s triad. Mean fasting blood sugar was 40.5 mg/dl, serum insulin level was 33.5μU/ml, and insulin-to-glucose ratio was 0.6. A prolonged starvation test was performed on six patients. Tumors were localized in 10 patients with a computed tomography (CT) scan and in three patients with CT angiography. Five tumors were located in the pancreas head and uncinate process, five in the body, and four at the body-tail border and tail. Patients underwent resection of tumorby enucleation, distal pancreatectomy, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, and duodenum-preserving resection of pancreas head. Four immediate postoperative complications (fluid collection, pancreatic fistula, delayed gastric emptying) occurred. No symptoms or recurrences were apparent during the median 15 month follow-up. Conclusion: Insulinoma is difficult to diagnose correctly without a prolonged duration of symptoms. Localization of insulinoma can be aided by a CT scan and/or CT angiography. Less aggressive operative procedures such as simple enucleation might be a sufficient and feasible procedure for curative resection of benign insulinomas. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2010;10:99-105) Key Words: Insulinoma, Pancreas, Islet cell tumor, Pancreas neuroendocrine neoplasm 중심단어 : 인슐린종, 췌장, 도세포종, 췌장신경내분비종양 Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 서 인슐린종은가장흔한기능성췌장소도세포종이지만, 년간 100만명당 1 4명꼴로보고될만큼매우드문질환이다.(1-3) 한국에서는 80예미만이보고되었다.(4-8) 대부분의인슐린종은지름이 2 cm 미만이고췌장에국한되어있으며양성으로, 악성종양은 10% 미만에서보고되고있다.(2) 이러한특성이있어적절한외과적치료로완치를기대할수있는질환이다. 그러나인슐린종환자들이신경정신병적증상과유사한다양하고비특이적인임상증상을호소하는경우가많아진단하기어려운경우가많다. 임상적진단후최선의치료를제공하기위해꼭필요한절차는병변의위치를파악하는것이다. 수술적접근및절제가비교적쉽지않은췌장에위치하였기때문에정확한위치파악을위해컴퓨터단층촬영 (computed tomography, CT), 자기공명영상 (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI), 수술중초음파 (intraoperative ultrasonography, IOUS), 경간적문맥혈액채취 (transhepatic portal venous sampling, THPVS), 선택적동맥내칼슘유발간정맥채취 (selective intra-arterial calcium-stimulated hepatic venous sampling) 등다양한방법이이용되고있으나, 수술전위치진단을위한표준방법은제시되어있지않다. 병변의위치에따라췌십이지장절제술 (pancreaticoduodenectomy) 에서부터핵절제술 (enucleation) 에이르기까지다양한침습도의수술들이행해지고있는데, 발달된수술도구와발전하고있는최소침습수술을도입하여최소한의수술을안전하게시행할수있는근거마련이필요하다. 론

2 100 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2010 본저자들은후향적연구를통해인슐린종의임상병리학적특성을분석하고, 적절한치료방향을제시하고자한다. 방법 1997년부터 2007년까지서울대학교병원외과에서수술한환자로, 임상병리학적으로인슐린종확진받은 13명을대상으로후향적분석을하였다. 환자들의나이는평균 44.3세 (17 62) 였으며, 남녀비는 1:1.17이었다. 모든환자는저혈당에의해나타날수있는증상, 증상이나타났을때측정된낮은혈당농도, 혈당이정상화되었을때증상의소실로정의되는 Whipple s triad를만족하였다. 연령, 성별, 임상증상, 유병기간, 진단적생화학및영상검사, 수술방법, 종양특성, 병리학적소견, 수술후경과및합병증등에대해조사하였으며, 필요한통계학적분석을위하여 SPSS v (SPSS incorporation, Chicago, Illinois) 를이용하였다. 결과 1) 증상환자들이호소한증상중의식소실 (loss of consciousness, 61.5%) 이가장많았고정신혼란 (altered mentality, 46.2%), 전신쇠약감 / 이피로성 (general weakness/easy fatigability, 23.1%), 어지럼증 (15.4%), 두통 (7.7%) 이뒤를이었다. 임상진단까지의유병기간의중앙값은 9개월 (1 120) 이었다 (Table 1). 10 명 (76.9%) 은일차진료를신경과또는정신과의사에게받았는데, 뇌 MRI 5차례, 뇌 CT 4차례, 뇌파검사 2차례시행되어모두정상소견이었다. 2) 진단모든환자들은생화학적검사로처음진단되었을당시 Whipple s triad를만족하는증상을보였다. 5명의환자는체중증가가있었던것으로기록되었다. 평균공복혈당은 40.5 mg/dl ( 범위 : mg/dl; 정상 : mg/dl), 혈청인슐린농도 3.5μU/ml ( 범위 : μU/ml; 정상 : 3 12μU/ml), C-peptide 4.3 ng/ml ( 범위 : ng/ml; 정상 : ng/ml), 인슐린대혈당비는 0.6 ( 범위 : ; 정상 : 0.3) 였다. 6명은저혈당유발검사를시행하였는데, 저혈당에의한증상이발현될때까지최소 6시간에서최대 24시간까지진행되었다. 3) 병변확인 (Localization) 의심되는병변의위치를파악하기위해영상검사가모든환자에서실시되었다. 모든환자는최초검사로 CT를시행하였으며, 10명 (76.9%) 의환자에서위치를성공적으로파악할수있었다. 나머지 3명의환자는 CT angiography를 통해병변위치를파악할수있었다 (Table 1). 한명의환자는복수의병변 (2개) 이발견되었다. IOUS는두명에서시행되었는데, 한명은다발성병변이의심되어모든병변의위치를확인하기위해서였고, 다른한명은복강경수술의가능성을살피기위해서였다. 4) 수술 13명의환자에서발견된 14개의병변에대해수술이시행되었다 (Fig. 1). 병변은두부및경부에 5개, 체부에 5개, 체미부경계및미부에 4개가위치해있었다. 두부, 체부, 체미부경계에분포한 7개의병변에대해핵절제술이가장많이시행되었으며, 체미부에분포한 5개의병변에대해췌미부절제술 (distal pancreatectomy) 이시행되었다. 두부에위치한병변에대해유문보존췌십이지장절제술 (pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, PPPD) 과십이지장보존췌장두부절제술 (duodenum-preserving resection of pancreas head, DPRPH) 이한예씩시행되었다 (Table 1). 수술장소견상대부분의병변은고형이었으나, 3개는낭종성병변이었다. 수술중촉지가능한병변은 8개였으며, 동결절편검사는 6명에서시행되어모두인슐린종으로진단되었다. 육안적전이또는주변장기침범소견은어느예에서도관찰되지않았다. 5) 병리 14개의종양에대한병리학적검사상모두도세포종에해당하는양성인슐린종에합당하였다. 평균크기는 1.6 cm ( cm) 였으며, 핵절제술을시행한두개의병변에서절제연에종양세포가관찰되었다. 인슐린에대한면역화학검사를 12개의종양에서시행하여 11개에서양성반응이관찰되었다. 소마토스타틴및글루카곤은 10개에서시행되었는데, 2개에서만소마토스타틴에대해초점양성이었다. 6) 수술후경과모든환자는수술후 BST 정상화되었으며저혈당증상도해소되었다. 수술후평균재원기간은 19.1일 (6 54일) 이었다 (Table 1). 수술후합병증에대해관리가필요했던환자는 4명 (30.8%) 이었으며, 이들의평균재원기간은 39.5일 (28 54일 ) 이었다. 두부병변에대해 DPRPH를시행한환자와체부병변에대해췌미부절제술을시행한환자두명은절제부위에액체가고여경피배액술 (percutaneous catheter drain, PCD) 을통해호전되었다. PPPD를시행했던환자는위배출지연이발생하여총정맥영양법 (total parenteral nutrition, TPN) 이필요하였다. 이환자는보존적치료후호전되어수술후 54일째퇴원하였다. 체부에있었던낭성병변에대해서핵절제술을시행한환자한명은췌루가발생하였다. 절제부위에액체가고여 PCD를삽입후관찰하였으나 11주동안배액량이줄지않아결국췌미부절제술을시행하여야

3 이한별외 : 인슐린종의임상적분석 101 Table 1. Patient summary No. Sex/Age Clinical features Onset (mo) Localization Operation Tumor location Tumor size (cm) Postop. complication Hospital stay (mo) 1 F/49 Loss of consciousness, 8 CT PPPD* Head 1.5 Delayed gastric emptying 54 abnormal behavior 2 M/62 Headache, syncope 120 CT angiography Enucleation Body & tail border 1.5 None 12 3 M/30 Loss of consciousness 9 CT Enucleation Body 1.6 Pancreatic fistula 45 4 M/62 Dizziness, cold sweating, 1 CT angiography Distal pancreatectomy Body & tail border 2.0 None 12 altered metality 5 M/26 General weakness, 9 Thin-sectioned CT Enucleation Head 1.2 None 8 easy fatigueness, sleep paralysis 6 M/25 Loss of consciousness, 39 CT angiography DPRPH and Head & body 2.0&1.0 Postop. fluid collection 28 mental change Enucleation (body) 7 M/57 Loss of consciousness 35 Thin-sectioned CT Distal pancreatectomy Body 1.5 Ileus; incisional hernia 17 8 M/53 Loss of consciousness 53 Thin-sectioned CT Distal pancreatectomy Tail 2.0 None 10 9 F/43 Altered mentality 12 Thin-sectioned CT Enucleation Head 1.6 None 6 10 F/57 Loss of consciousness 2 Thin-sectioned CT Distal pancreatectomy Body 1.2 Postop. fluid collection F/41 Loss of consciousness, 2 Thin-sectioned CT Enucleation Body & tail border 0.8 None 9 syncope 12 F/17 General weakness, 1 Thin-sectioned CT Laparoscopic distal Body 1.5 None 8 easy fatigueness pancreatectomy 13 F/54 Loss of consciousness, 72 Thin-sectioned CT Enucleation Uncinate process 2.5 None 8 dizziness, easy fatigueness *PPPD = pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; DPRPH = duodenum-preserving resection of pancreas head.

4 102 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2010 Fig. 1. Tumor location and operations. 했다. 췌미부절제술을시행한한환자는 30개월후장유착에대해수술적치료가필요했다. 핵절제술또는췌미부절제술을제외한다른종류의수술을시행했을때합병증발생률및재원기간이증가하는경향을보였다. PPPD와 DPRPH를시행한환자의재원기간은각각 54일과 28일이었다. 핵절제술을시행했을때 14.7일 (P=0.048), 췌미부절제술을시행했을때 15.6일 (P=0.084) 과비교되는수치이다. 복강경췌미부절제술을시행한환자는수술후 8일째퇴원하였다. 다른수술을시행한환자들사이에병변크기의차이는없었다. 7) 추적관찰환자들은외래에서추적관찰이이루어졌으며그평균기간은 32.7개월 (2주 128개월) 이었다. 추적관찰중증상을호소하거나재발의근거를보인환자는없었다. 고찰인슐린종은년간 100만명당 1 4명꼴로보고되는드문신경내분비종이다.(1,2) 서울대학교병원의경우김정한등 (6) 이 1980년부터 1994년까지 14년간진단된 12명의환자에대해보고한바있으며, 본저자들은 1997년 3월부터 2007 년 4월까지치료받은 13명에대해보고하고자한다. 인슐린종환자들은인슐린분비가조정되지않아과도하게분비되어초래되는저혈당에의해발생하는비특이적증상들을호소한다. 다양한증상들은저혈당신경증상 (neuroglycopenic symptoms) 과신경성증상 (neurogenic symptoms) 으로분류할수있다.(2,9) 중추신경계통이당결핍상태가 되면의식소실, 정신혼란, 시야이상, 발작과같은저혈당신경증상이나타난다. 저혈당은자율신경계방출도일으켜배고픔, 발한, 감각이상과같은콜린성증상과, 불안, 떨림, 심계항진등의아드레날린성증상등의신경성증상을일으키기도한다. 본연구에분석된환자들에서처음나타난증상으로의식소실과정신혼란, 전신쇠약감 / 이피로성이가장많았다. 올바른진단이이루어지기까지평균 27.9개월이걸렸는데, 이중 6명 (46.2%) 은 12개월이상이지나서야인슐린종으로진단되었다. 본연구의환자들이최대 10년까지증상을견딜수있었던것은낮은혈당농도에대해인체가반응하는혈당역치가증가한것으로해석할수있다.(9) 또한, 환자들이증상들을스스로해소하거나방지하기위해음식섭취빈도를늘리는법을터득하여견딜수있었을것으로생각되며, 결과적으로 5명의환자들은체중이증가했던것으로나타났다. 올바른진단이이루어지기전까지일차적으로신경과또는정신과의사에의해진찰을받은환자는 10명 (76.9%) 이었으며, 이들은뇌 CT, 뇌 MRI, 뇌파검사등을시행했었다. 비특이적인저혈당신경증상또는신경성증상을호소하는환자를진찰할때인슐린종을한번쯤의심해보는것이매우중요하다고할수있겠다. Whipple s triad는저혈당에의해나타날수있는증상, 증상이나타났을때측정된낮은혈당농도, 혈당이정상화되었을때증상의소실로정의된다. 모든환자들이이기준을충족하였다. 인슐린종을진단하기위한생화학적검사의기본은저혈당유발검사이다.(10) 저혈당유발검사는의사의감시하에칼로리공급을중지하고저혈당에의한증상이발혈되면검사가종료되는데, 표준프로토콜에의해저

5 이한별외 : 인슐린종의임상적분석 103 혈당유발검사가진행된인슐린종환자 170명을분석한보고에따르면 12시간이전에 33% 에서검사가종료되었으며, 24시간지점에서 65%, 48시간에서 84%, 72시간에서는 99% 가검사가종료되었다.(10) 본연구에서는 6명이저혈당유발검사를받았으며, 종료시간이 6시간에서 24시간까지분포하였다. Tucker 등 (2) 은저혈당증상이있는환자들에서인슐린종에대한생확학적진단기준을제시하였다. 공복혈당 45 mg/ml ( 2.5 mmol/l), 혈청인슐린농도 6μU/m, C-peptide 6 ng/ml (0.2 nmol/l), sulfonylurea 선별검사음성이면진단할수있다. 본연구의결과를분석해보면, 혈청인슐린농도와인슐린대혈당비는모든환자에서진단적이었지만, 3명의환자에서공복혈당의진단적수치인 45 mg/dl를초과하였다. C-peptide 수치가 6 ng/ml (0.2 nmol/l) 보다큰환자는 2명밖에없었다. 국내에서보고된바에의하면 C-peptide 수치가평균 로나타났는데,(4,7,8) C-peptide 수치를인슐린종의생화학적진단에이용하기위한새로운기준이필요할것으로생각된다. 수술전에종양의위치를정확히파악하는것은성공적인수술적절제를위해중요하며, 이를위해다양한검사들이시행되고있다. 비침습적검사로는 CT, MRI 등이시행되고있으며, 침습적검사로는 THPVS, selective intra-arterial calcium-stimulated hepatic venous sampling, 동맥조영술, 초음파내시경 (endoscopic ultrasonography, EUS) 등이있다. Selective intra-arterial calcium-stimulated hepatic venous sampling은여러보고에서수술전조양의위치를파악하는데가장신뢰성높고정확한도구로제시되었다.(12-14) 그러나, 검사가기술적으로어려울뿐아니라합병증에대한보고들이있으며,(3) 비침습적검사들이기술적으로발달하여현재는상용검사로는시행되고있지않다. 다중위상얇은절편다중감지 (multiphase, thin-section, multidetector) CT의개발로인해인슐린종발견률은획기적으로향상되어 83 94% 까지보고되었다.(15-18) 2003년에 Gouya 등 (16) 은이중위상얇은절편나선식 (biphasic thin-section helical) CT와 EUS를함께시행하여 100% 민감도로진단가능했음을보고했다. 본연구에서는 10명 (76.9%) 이최초 CT 촬영으로위치를파악할수있었으며, 나머지 3명도조영제양과영상점증기준 (recruitment setting) 을달리하여촬영한 CT angiography로위치를파악할수있었다. 한예에서는 CT와 MRI, EUS에서발견되지않았던병변이 CT angiography에서는발견되었다. 병변에대한추가적인평가를위해 IOUS가이용될수있다. 인슐린종발견민감도는 91 96% 로보고되고있다.(19-22) 이는췌도와담도, 그리고주변주요혈관과의상대적위치관계를파악하는데특히유용하다. 또한복강경수술이증가하면서 IOUS에대한필요성이증가하고있다. 복강경수술중에는종양을촉지하는것이불가능하고, 복 강경수술시환자의자세때문에실제수술중종양위치와수술전파악한종양의위치가불일치할수있어서적절한수술적절제를시행하기에앞서 IOUS로종양의위치를정확히파악하는것이중요하다.(23,24) 본연구에서는두예에서 IOUS가시행되었다. 한예에서는수술전병변이 2개발견되어추가적인병변에대한평가를위해시행되었으며, 한예는복강경췌미부절제술중위치파악을위해시행되었다. 수술후전체완치율은 75 98% 로보고되고있으며, 예후는진단당시병기와완전절제여부에달려있다.(2,25,26) 기존의전통적인개복췌장절제술외에최근복강경수술의발달및경험적증가로인해적용할수있는수술의종류가다양해졌다.(8,24,27,28) 작은양성종양이췌관으로부터최소 2 3 mm 떨어져있을때핵절제술의적응증이된다. 췌관과의위치관계는 IOUS 또는관내초음파를이용하여적절하게평가할수있다.(2,11) 많은저자들은두부또는구상돌기에위치한종양의경우복강경으로접근했을때발생하는기술적인어려움때문에개복하여핵절제술을시행하는것을추천했었다.(23,29,30) 그러나, 현재이부위에위치한병변들에대해복강경핵절제술로안전하고성공적으로시행한예가증가하고있으며, 앞으로선택할수있는하나의술식으로생각할수있겠다.(27,28) 췌장절제술은종양이췌관또는주변주요혈관과인접해있거나악성이의심되는병변이있을때, 췌관확장이있을때, 임파선증대가있을때적응증이된다.(2,11) 병변이두부또는구상돌기에위치할때 PPPD와 DPRPH 등이시행되며, 체부또는미부에위치할때췌미부절제술이시행된다. 본연구에서는두부에위치한 cm 병변에대해 PPPD를시행했었다. 대부분의인슐린종은산발적으로발생하지만 (90%), 약 5 10% 은가족성으로, 주로복합내분비샘신생물 (multiple endocrine neoplasia, MEN) 1 또는다중가족성인슐린종과관련하여나타난다.(2) 2003 이후한국에서인슐린종이 51예보고되었는데, 이중 MEN 1과관련된예는 4예였다.(4,7,8) 본연구에서는의식소실및정신혼란을주소로내원한 25세남자가 MEN 1에의한인슐린종으로진단되었다. 환자는생화학적검사를통해인슐린종으로진단될때까지 39개월이걸렸으며, 췌장두부와체부에두개의병변을발견하기위해 CT angiography 촬영이필요했다. 추가영상검사를통해무증상부갑상선종이발견되었다. IOUS에서두부에 2 cm 종양발견되었고, 체부에 1 cm 종양및미세선종여러개가발견되었다. 두부병변에대해 DPRPH를시행하였으며체부병변에대해서는핵절제술을시행하였다. 30세이하의젊은환자에서인슐린종이발견되었을경우췌장에추가병변은없는지, 부신, 부갑상선, 뇌하수체, 갑상선등내분비장기에는병변이없는지검사를해보는것이중요

6 104 대한내분비외과학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2010 하다. 결 인슐린종은흔치않은질환이며진단이쉽지않으나, 양성고형의종양으로췌장내에위치하기때문에적절한수술적치료로완치를기대할수있다. 임상증상이다양하고비특이적이기때문에진단과정중인슐린종을의심해보는것이중요하다. 생화학적진단이이루어지면, 병변의위치를파악하는데 CT로충분할것으로생각된다. IOUS와같은추가적인영상검사를통해수술적접근방법을결정하는데도움이될수있다. 적응증이된다면합병증가능성을줄이기위해핵절제술과같은덜침습적인수술방법이우선고려될수있다. 복강경수술은침습성을최소화하고재원기간단축에기여할수있으며, 미래에는표준수술법으로고려될수있다. 수술후췌루발생을예방하기위하여정교한수술이필요하겠다. 론 REFERENCES 1) Abboud B, Boujaoude J. Occult sporadic insulinoma: localization and surgical strategy. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14: ) Tucker ON, Crotty PL, Conlon KC. The management of insulinoma. Br J Surg 2006;93: ) Leow MK, Loh KC, Kon WY, Wong DE, Tan BS, Soon PC. Clinical utility of selective intra-arterial calcium-stimulated hepatic venous sampling in regionalisation of insulinomas--the Singapore experience. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2003;32: ) An JY, Moon HJ, Heo JS, Choi SH, Kim YI. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Insulinomas of Pancreas. J Korean Surg Soc 2004;67: ) Chang HJ, Park KC, Lee KU. Insulinoma of the pancreas. J Korean Surg Soc 1994;47: ) Kim JH Youn YK, Oh SK. Insulinoma. J Korean Surg Soc 1996;50: ) Lee SH, Kim JY, Choi GH, Kim KS, Choi JS, Lee WJ, et al. Single institutional experiences of insulinoma. J Korean Surg Soc 2007;72: ) Yoo YK, Chin HM, Kim KW, Lee KH, Lee S, Kim JG, et al. Insulinoma of the pancreas. J Korean Surg Soc 2003;64: ) Cryer PE. Symptoms of hypoglycemia, thresholds for their occurrence, and hypoglycemia unawareness. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1999;28: , v-vi. 10) Service FJ, Natt N. The prolonged fast. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85: ) Ramage JK, Davies AH, Ardill J, Bax N, Caplin M, Grossman A, et al. Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours. Gut 2005;54(Suppl 4):iv ) Aoki T, Sakon M, Ohzato H, Kishimoto S, Oshima S, Yamada T, et al. Evaluation of preoperative and intraoperative arterial stimulation and venous sampling for diagnosis and surgical resection of insulinoma. Surgery 1999;126: ) Lo CY, Lo CM, Fan ST. Role of laparoscopic ultrasonography in intraoperative localization of pancreatic insulinoma. Surg Endosc 2000;14: ) Morita S, Machida H, Kuwatsuru R, Saito N, Suzuki K, Iihara M, et al. Preoperative localization of pancreatic insulinoma by super selective arterial stimulation with venous sampling. Abdom Imaging 2007;32: ) Fidler JL, Fletcher JG, Reading CC, Andrews JC, Thompson GB, Grant CS, et al. Preoperative detection of pancreatic insulinomas on multiphasic helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;181: ) Gouya H, Vignaux O, Augui J, Dousset B, Palazzo L, Louvel A, et al. CT, endoscopic sonography, and a combined protocol for preoperative evaluation of pancreatic insulinomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;181: ) King AD, Ko GT, Yeung VT, Chow CC, Griffith J, Cockram CS. Dual phase spiral CT in the detection of small insulinomas of the pancreas. Br J Radiol 1998;71: ) Rappeport ED, Hansen CP, Kjaer A, Knigge U. Multidetector computed tomography and neuroendocrine pancreaticoduodenal tumors. Acta Radiol 2006;47: ) Hiramoto JS, Feldstein VA, LaBerge JM, Norton JA. Intraoperative ultrasound and preoperative localization detects all occult insulinomas; discussion Arch Surg 2001;136: ) Huai JC, Zhang W, Niu HO, Su ZX, McNamara JJ, Machi J. Localization and surgical treatment of pancreatic insulinomas guided by intraoperative ultrasound. Am J Surg 1998;175: ) Kalafat H, Mihmanli I, Saribeyoglu K, Belli A. Intraoperative doppler ultrasound: a reliable diagnostic method in insulinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2007;54: ) Wong M, Isa SH, Zahiah M, Azmi KN. Intraoperative ultrasound with palpation is still superior to intra-arterial calcium stimulation test in localising insulinoma. World J Surg 2007;31: ) Berends FJ, Cuesta MA, Kazemier G, van Eijck CH, de Herder WW, van Muiswinkel JM, et al. Laparoscopic detection and resection of insulinomas. Surgery 2000;128: ) Jaroszewski DE, Schlinkert RT, Thompson GB, Schlinkert DK. Laparoscopic localization and resection of insulinomas. Arch Surg 2004;139: ) Doherty GM, Doppman JL, Shawker TH, Miller DL, Eastman RC, Gorden P, et al. Results of a prospective strategy to diagnose, localize, and resect insulinomas. Surgery 1991;110:

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