ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn X eissn J Minim Invasive Surg 2016;19(4): Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery 로봇원위부췌장절제술의초기경험 : 28 례
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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn X eissn J Minim Invasive Surg 2016;19(4): Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery 로봇원위부췌장절제술의초기경험 : 28 례의단일기관연구 이경록, 백남현, 정우현, 김지훈, 김욱환 아주대학교의과대학외과학교실 Initial Experiences using Robot-assisted Distal Pancreatectomy: A Single Institution Study of 28 Patients Kyeong Lok Lee, M.D., Nam Hyun Baek, M.D., Woohyun Jung, M.D., Ji Hun Kim, M.D., Wook Hwan Kim, M.D. Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea Purpose: Surgical procedures using robot-assisted surgery, including pancreatic surgery, have recently become popular. This study aimed to report our initial experiences with distal pancreatectomy procedures using the robot-assisted surgery system. Methods: The clinical records of 28 patients who underwent robot-assisted distal pancreatectomy (RDP) between July 2012 and January 2016 were reviewed. Results: Of the 28 patients, 5 (17.9%) were male and 23 (82.1%) were female. Their ages ranged from 11 to 78 years, with a median age of 44.5 years. The mean diameter of the pancreatic tumors was 3.6 cm. The median operative time was (range, 100~390) minutes, and the median blood loss was 200 (range, 50~1,900) ml. All of the 28 RDPs were successfully completed. Spleen preservation was achieved in 16 (57.1%) patients. Clinically significant postoperative pancreatic fistula was detected in 4 (14.3%) patients. Postoperative complications were evident in 5 (17.9%) of the 28 patients. Conclusion: Our experiences suggest that RDP is feasible for patients with benign or borderline tumors at the body or tail of the pancreas. It may be considered as an effective surgical procedure for benign or borderline tumors of the pancreas in the future; however, further studies to confirm this are warranted. Received June 10, 2016 Revised October 13, 2016 Accepted October 17, 2016 Corresponding author Wook Hwan Kim Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, San-5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea Tel: Fax: gimukani@hanmail.net Keywords: Distal pancreatectomy, da Vinci system, Robot pancreatectomy, Pancreatic tumor This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright 2016 The Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery. All rights reserved. 서론 원위부췌장절제술은췌장의미부또는체부에발생한췌장종양의치료로널리받아들여지고있다 년대중반에췌장종양에대한복강경수술이처음소개된이후, 1,2 복강경을이용한원위부췌장절제술의수술결과에대한여러연구들이발표 되어왔다. 이러한연구들의대부분에서복강경원위부췌장절제술은임상적으로적용가능하며, 몇가지측면에서는기존의개복을통한원위부췌장절제술보다나은수술결과를보이는것으로보고되었다. 3-6 복강경원위부췌장절제술은개복수술에비하여수술후빠른회복과더짧은병원재원기간등과같은이점들을췌장원위부에종양을가지고있는환자들에게제 Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery Vol.19, No.4,
2 136 Kyeong Lok Lee et al. 공한다. 3,4,7,8 하지만이러한이점들에도불구하고, 복강경원위부췌장절제술은보편적으로받아들여지기에몇몇장애물을가지고있다. 이러한불리함은제한적인복강경기구의움직임범위, 2차원적수술시야등복강경수술시스템의한계로인하여발생한다 년대후반에이러한복강경수술의한계점을극복하기위하여로봇을이용한수술이소개되었고, 로봇수술은촉각의부재, 높은비용및불편한수술준비등의단점을가지고있긴했지만, 점차여러수술로그적용범위가넓혀졌고, 2003 년처음으로로봇을이용한원위부췌장절제술이시행되었다 우리나라에서는 2011 년에처음으로로봇원위부췌장절제술이보고되었다. 9 본병원에서는 2012 년에로봇을이용한췌장수술을처음으로시행하였고, 그이후부터췌장의미부또는체부에종양이발생한환자에대하여로봇보조췌장절제술을시행해오고있다. 이에저자들은 28례의로봇수술시스템을이용한원위부췌장절제술의본병원의초기경험을보고하고자한다. 대상및방법대상환자 2012 년부터본병원에서진료를받은췌장미부또는체부에양성혹은경계성종양을가지고있는모든환자에대하여로봇을이용한원위부췌장절제술에대하여수술방법, 합병증, 비용등에대한상세한설명을하고, 자발적으로동의한환자들에대하여로봇원위부췌장절제술을시행하였다. 그리하여 2012 년 7월부터 2016 년 1월까지총 28명의췌장원위부에종양이발생한환자들이본병원에서로봇원위부췌장절제술을시행받았다. 연구에포함된모든환자들은 da Vinci robotic surgical system (Intuitive, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) 을이용하여수술을받았다. 연구에포함된 28명의환자들의진료기록, 영상검사결과및병리조직검사결과를후향적으로검토하였다. 환자의나이, 성별, 체질량지수를포함한임상적정보와종양의종류, 크기와같은병리학적결과, 수술시간, 수술중출혈량, 수혈여부, 개복수술로의전환, 비장보존여부등을포함한수술결과그리고수술후합병증, 수술후췌장루발생및수술후입원기간등과같은수술후결과에대하여조사하였다. 수술시간은첫투관침을삽입하기위해피부절개를시작한시간부터마지막투관침의피부절개창을봉합한시간까지로정의하였다. 수술후췌장루의발생은 International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) 15 에따라정의하고분류하였다. 수술후합병증은정상수술후회복과정에영향을미치는정도이상의임상적의의가있는합병증들을확인하였다. 이연구는본병원의기관연구윤리심의위원회 (Institutional Review Board) 승인을받았다. 수술방법 C B Fig. 1. Trocar sites and skin incisions for robot-assisted distal pancreatectomy. (A) port for camera and specimen delivery. (B, D) two working ports for robotic arm (Robot arm 1,2). (C) assistance port for stomach traction (Robot arm 3). (E) assistance port for suction and pancreatic resection (assistant). 모든환자들을수평으로눕힌자세로수술을진행하였다. 먼저배꼽하방에 Veress 침을이용하여이산화탄소를주입하여 12 mmhg 압력의기복을형성하고카메라를위한 12 mm 투관침을삽입하였다. 이후카메라를이용하여복강내위치를확인하며로봇팔을위한 3개의추가적인투관침과수술보조를위한 1개의투관침을삽입하여, 총 5개의투관침을이용하여수술을진행하였다. 각투관침의삽입위치는 Fig. 1에표시하였다. 수술과정은먼저위의대만과횡행결장사이를박리하여췌장을노출시킨후위의대만을따라위쪽으로올라가며초음파절삭기 (Harmonic scalpel, Ethicon, Cincinnati, USA) 를이용하여단위동맥 (short gastric artery) 까지충분히박리를진행하였다. 이후수술전영상소견과수술시소견을종합하여췌장종양의위치를확인하고췌장의절제범위를결정하였고, 췌장절제예정부위의하부와상부를조심스럽게박리하고, 비장정맥과동맥을노출시켜혈관루프를이용하여걸어놓고, 췌장실질을복강경자동절단기 (surgical endo-stapler) 로절제하고 (Fig. 2A), 췌장의미부쪽으로초음파절삭기를이용하여조심스럽게 A E D Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery Vol. 19. No. 4, 2016
3 137 Robot-assisted Distal Pancreatectomy A Table 1. Clinicopathological characteristics of 28 patients underwent robot-assisted distal pancreatectomy N=28 Age (years) 44.5 (11~78) Sex Male 5 (17.9%) Female 23 (82.1%) 2 BMI (kg/m ) ASA classification (1/2/3) 24.4 ± (89.3%) / 3 (10.7%) / 0 (0%) Pathologic diagnosis SPT 9 (32.1%) SCN 6 (21.4%) MCN 5 (17.9%) IPMN 3 (10.7%) NET 3 (10.7%) Others 2 (7.1%) Tumor size (cm) 3.6±1.7 BMI = body mass index; ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; SPT = solid pseudopapillary tumor; SCN = serous cystic neoplasm; MCN = mucinous cystic neoplasm; IPMN = intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; NET = neuroendocrine tumor. 박리를 진행하였다. 모든 환자에서 비장을 보존하기 위해 비장 혈관을 조심스럽게 박리하여 남기는 방식으로 수술을 진행하였 다(Fig. 2B). 하지만 수술 진행 과정에서 종양과 비장 혈관이 분 리가 되지 않거나, 대량 출혈이 발생하거나 위험성이 매우 큰 경 우, 비장의 보존보다 안전한 수술의 진행을 우선적으로 생각하 여 박리해두었던 비장 혈관들을 결찰한 후 절단하고 비장을 함 께 절제하였다. B Fig. 2. (A) Resection of pancreas with linear stapler. (B) Preserved splenic vessels. SA = splenic artery; SV = splenic vein. 결 과 28명의 환자들 중에, 5명(17.9%)은 남성이었고 23명(82.1%)은 여성이었다. 대상 환자들의 나이는 11세부터 78세까지 분포하 였으며, 중앙 나이는 44.5세였다. 체질량 지수의 중앙값은 24.4 kg/m2이었다. 종양의 평균 크기는 병리검사 보고서를 기준으 로 3.6 cm였고, 조직학적 진단으로는 고형 가유두상 종양이 9 례(32.1%)로 가장 많았고, 장액 낭종(6례, 21.4%), 점액 낭종(5례, 17.9%), 췌관내 유두상 점액종(3례, 10.7%)과 신경내분비종(3례, 10.7%) 이 뒤를 이었다. 로봇 원위부 췌장 절제술을 시행 받은 환자들의 임상병리학적 특성은 Table 1에 정리하였다. 수술 시간의 중앙값은 192.5분(100~390분)이었고, 수술 중 추 정 출혈량의 중앙값은 200 ml (50~1,900 ml)이었다. 수술 중 수 혈은 오직 1명의 환자에게 필요하였다. 로봇 원위부 췌장 절제술 은 28례의 케이스에서 모두 성공적으로 수행되었고, 개복 수술 로 전환한 케이스는 없었다. 비장 보존은 16례(57.1%)에서 가능 하였고, 비장 혈관을 보존할 수 있었던 경우에만 비장을 보존하 였다. 수술 후 병원 입원 기간은 중앙값으로 7일(5~32일)이었다. 수술 후 췌장루는 총 28명의 환자 중 24명(84.7%)에서 확인되었 고, 이 중 임상적으로 의미가 있다고 생각되는 ISGPF B 등급 이 상의 췌장루는 4명(14.3%)의 환자에서 발생하였다. 수술 후 합병 증은 28명의 환자 중 5명(17.9%)의 환자에서 확인할 수 있었고, 수술 후 췌장루와 관련된 복강내 체액 저류가 4례(14.3%)로 가 장 많았고, 1례(3.6%)의 수술 후 췌장루로 인한 비장동맥 가성 동맥류와 1례(3.6%)의 수술 후 일시적인 장폐색증이 있었다. 모 든 복강내 체액 저류는 수술시 거치했던 배액관의 위치 조정 또 는 새로운 경피적 배액관 삽입과 적절한 항생제 투여로 치료가 가능하였고, 비장동맥의 가성동맥류는 혈관조영술을 통한 색전 술로 치료할 수 있었고 그에 따른 추가 합병증은 발생하지 않았 다. 중앙값으로 13.2개월의 추적관찰 기간 동안 사망한 환자는 없었다. 수술 결과는 Table 2에 기술하였다.
4 138 Kyeong Lok Lee et al. Table 2. Surgical outcomes of 28 robot-assisted distal pancreatectomies N=28 Operative time (minutes) (100~390) Blood loss (ml) 200 (50~1,900) Transfusion 1 (3.6%) Conversion to laparotomy 0 (0%) Spleen preservation 16 (57.1%) Postoperative hospital stay (days) 7 (5~32) Pancreatic fistula 24 (84.7%) ISGPF grade A 20 (71.4%) ISGPF grade B 4 (14.3%) Complications 5 (17.9%) Fluid collection 4 (14.3%) Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm 1 (3.6%) Ileus 1 (3.6%) Mortality 0 (0%) Follow-up duration (months) 13.2 (1~44.5) ISGPF = International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula. 고찰 2003 년 Melvin 등 10 이처음로봇원위부췌장절제술을보고하였고, 우리나라에서는 2011 년처음으로로봇을이용한원위부췌장절제술이보고되었다. 9 로봇을이용한췌장수술은비록아직비용 -효과적인측면에서제한점을가지고있어복강경수술에비하여아직널리시행되고있지는않지만, 복강경수술에비해보다섬세하고안정적인절제와봉합을할수있다는장점을갖고있고, 13,16 이러한장점들을실제수술에어렵지않게적용할수있기때문에, 로봇수술장치의발달과더불어향후더많은발달과적용이기대된다. 로봇원위부췌장절제술의개복수술로의전환율은이전보고들에서 0~30% 로낮게보고되고있다. 11,12,14 우리의결과도이와유사하게매우낮은개복수술전환율을보이고있고, 28례에서개복수술로의전환이전혀없었다는것은고무적인결과라할수있겠다. 이렇게낮은개복전환율은원위부췌장절제술에로봇수술도입에있어서초기경험이므로안정적이고, 조심스러운방법으로천천히수술을진행했던영향도있겠고, 본병원에서이미수백례이상의로봇담낭절제술을통하여로봇수술에대한경험을축적했던영향도있겠지만, 앞서기술한로봇수술시스템의장점들의영향이클것으로생각된다. 로봇수술시스템을통하여복강경의경우보다더크고선명하게확대 가가능한 3D 입체화면을통하여보다선명하게수술시야를얻을수있고, 수술자의손떨림을보완하고더정교하고세밀하게움직일수있도록조절가능하며, 복강경에서는불가능한기구의자유로운관절움직임을통하여보다편안하고정확한움직임을제공함으로써수술중출혈등개복수술로의전환을야기하는문제가덜발생하도록예방할수있고, 출혈등의문제가발생할경우빠르고안정적인대처가가능하게되어, 개복수술전환율을낮출수있었다. 또한복강경수술의경우투관침의위치에따라복강경기구의조작범위의제약이심하여환자에따라투관침위치가적절하지못하면수술진행에어려움이많아추가적인투관침을삽입하거나문제발생시개복수술로전환을고려해야하는경우도있겠지만, 본저자들의경험에의하면로봇수술의경우기구의자유로운움직임이가능하여로봇팔들의충돌을방지하기위해투관침사이의간격만적절히유지된다면비교적투관침의위치에큰영향을받지않고편안하게수술진행이가능하였다. 하지만, 로봇췌장절제술을진행하면서출혈등수술중의이벤트외에개복수술로의전환을고려하게만드는추가적인문제를직면하게되는경우가있었다. 로봇수술에서는수술과정에서췌장에있는작은종양에대하여촉진하거나위치를확인하는데제한이있고, 이에따라충분한절제연을확보하기어려운경우들이있을수있다. 실제로본연구에서 28례의로봇원위부췌장절제술을시행하면서 2례의경우에서로봇시스템을통하여종양의정확한위치를확인할수없었고, 복강경초음파을이용하였을때도정확하게병변의위치가확인되지않아, 수술전영상검사에기초하여종양의위치를예상하고췌장을절제하였고절제연이충분히확보되지않았거나절제된검체에병변이포함되지않은경험이있었다. 다행히도잔존췌장의추가절제를통하여종양을포함하여충분한절제연을확보하고로봇으로수술을마무리할수있었지만, 당시에는개복수술로의전환까지고려했었던사례였다. 두례모두최종병리학적검사결과진단은신경내분비종양이었으며크기는각각 0.8 cm와 1.1 cm이었다. 로봇췌장절제술을진행하면서이러한문제를직면하지않기위하여, 본저자들은로봇수술진행중에정확한위치를확인하기어려울가능성이큰췌장실질속에있는작은종양에대하여가능하다면수술전에내시경초음파유도하에염색 (tattooing) 을하는등의 준비를미리해둘것을제안하고자한다. 원위부췌장절제술시비장을보존하여비장의면역학적및혈액학적기능의장애로인하여발생할수있는장기합병증들을예방할목적으로췌장의양성혹은경계성종양에대하여원위부췌장절제술을고려하는환자들에대하여비장을보존하는것이추천되고있다. 20,21 복강경원위부췌장절제술에관한이전연구들에서비장의보존율은 40~80% 로보고되고있 Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery Vol. 19. No. 4, 2016
5 Robot-assisted Distal Pancreatectomy 139 다. 7,22,23 우리의결과또한이와유사한비장보존율을보여주었다 (57.1%, 16/28). 앞서기술하였듯이비장을보존하기위해비장혈관을박리하는도중혈관의손상에의한출혈에대비하기위하여본저자들은췌장의경부혹은절제예정부위를먼저박리하여비장혈관들을분리시키고췌장을절단한후비장혈관들에는고무밴드로된혈관루프를이용해걸어두고췌장미부쪽으로의박리를조심스럽게진행하였다. 췌장의종양이비장정맥을침범혹은맞닿아있거나비장혈관들이보편적인해부학적구조와다르게뒤틀려있는경우비장을보존하는것은매우어렵다. 이러한경우우리는종종비장혈관들을분리하는과정에서출혈의위험을맞닿게되는데, 로봇을이용한수술에서우리는비장혈관들과붙어있는췌장의뒷면의선명한모습을얻을수있어박리를진행하는것이보다안전할수있었다. 추가적으로, 본저자들의경험에따르면, 비장혈관들에서출혈이발생했을경우에도로봇수술의경우복강경보다봉합을이용한지혈이보다쉽고빠르게이루어질수있었고, 이러한장점이어려운해부학적구조를가지고있는경우에도비장을보존을시도하고완수할수있는더많은기회를제공하였다. 하지만로봇원위부췌장절제술의초기경험으로비장보존보다수술의안정성에더중점을두어무리하여비장을보존하려는노력을하지는않았기에기존의복강경수술보다더뛰어난비장보존율을얻을수는없었던것으로생각된다. 수술후췌장루는원위부췌장절제술의흔한합병증이다. 이전연구들에서원위부췌장절제술후에췌장루발생율은기존의복강경수술에서 0~33% 8,22,24-27 그리고로봇수술에서 7~46% 의넓은범위로발표되고있다. 14,28,29 수술후췌장루의발생을줄이기위하여여러수술방법과다양한췌장절단면을처리하는방법들을이용한연구들이보고되어왔다. 본연구에서는췌장루발생을막기위해복강경자동절단기를이용하여췌장을절단하고, 췌장절단면은연속봉합방법으로봉합하여보강하였고, 보강봉합을시행한췌장절단면에파이브린글루 (fibrin glue) 를도포하여마무리하였다. 본연구에서 ISGPF 등급 B 이상의임상적으로의미있는췌장루의발생은 14.3% 이었다. 수술후의미있는합병증의발생은 17.9% 에서있었고, 이중대부분은췌장루와연관된합병증이었으며, 다른추가적인중대한문제의발생없이안정적으로치료가능하였다. 본연구에서수술후입원기간은중앙값으로 7일이었고, 이전발표된복강경원위부췌장절제술에관한연구들과비슷한수준을보였다. 30 결론적으로, 본저자들의로봇원위부췌장절제술의초기경험들의결과를바탕으로보았을때, 췌장의미부또는체부에발생한종양에대한로봇수술시스템을이용한원위부췌장절제술은기존의복강경수술결과와유사한수준의결과를보여 주고있어임상적으로적용가능할것으로생각된다. 하지만로봇원위부췌장절제술의이점에관한보다객관적이고정확하고결과를위하여앞으로의더많은경험과연구가필요할것이다. 감사의글 All authors have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose. References 1) Gagner M, Pomp A. Laparoscopic pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Surg Endosc 1994;8: ) Naitoh T, Garcia-Ruiz A, Vladisavljevic A, Matsuno S, Gagner M. Gastrointestinal transit and stress response after laparoscopic vs conventional distal pancreatectomy in the canine model. Surg Endosc 2002;16: ) Mabrut JY, Fernandez-Cruz L, Azagra JS, et al. Laparoscopic pancreatic resection: results of a multicenter European study of 127 patients. Surgery 2005;137: ) Velanovich V. Case-control comparison of laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2006;10: ) Fernandez-Cruz L, Martinez I, Gilabert R, Cesar-Borges G, Astudillo E, Navarro S. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy combined with preservation of the spleen for cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. J Gastrointest Surg 2004;8: ) Kang CM, Kim DH, Lee WJ. Ten years of experience with resection of left-sided pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: evolution and initial experience to a laparoscopic approach. Surg Endosc 2010;24: ) Melotti G, Butturini G, Piccoli M, et al. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: results on a consecutive series of 58 patients. Ann Surg 2007;246: ) Kooby DA, Gillespie T, Bentrem D, et al. Left-sided pancreatectomy: a multicenter comparison of laparoscopic and open approaches. Ann Surg 2008;248: ) Kim DH, Kang CM, Lee WJ, Chi HS. The first experience of robot assisted spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy in Korea. Yonsei Med J 2011;52: ) Melvin WS, Needleman BJ, Krause KR, Ellison EC. Robotic resection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2003;13:
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