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1 생흡수성 Transfix R 대퇴고정을시행한전방십자인대재건술의임상적결과 연세대학교원주의과대학정형외과학교실 김두섭ㆍ윤여승ㆍ나중호ㆍ류호영 The Clinical Results of ACL Reconstruction with the Bio-Transfix R Technique Doo Sub Kim, M.D., Yeo Seung Yoon, M.D., Jung Ho Rah, M.D. and Ho Young Ryu, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the clinical results of ACL reconstructions with using four strands of an auto-hamstring tendon graft and a bioresorbable-transfix device (Arthrex, Naples, FL) for femoral fixation. Materials and Methods: From May 25 to May 27, a total of 18 cases that underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with using hamstring tendons and a bioresorbable-transfix device were followed-up for more than 1 year (Range: months) postoperatively. The clinical results were evaluated by the preoperative and postoperative Lysholm knee scores, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring system and a KT-1 arthrometer. The radiological results were evaluated by the measurement method described by L'Insalata. Results: Preoperatively, the mean Lysholm knee score was 7.8±6.8 (Range: ) which improved to 94.2±4.8 (Range: ) at the last follow up (p<.5). According to the IKDC scoring system, 14 cases (96%) were categorized as normal or nearly normal and no case was categorized as severely abnormal at the last follow up (p<.5). KT-1 arthrometer instability was statistically improved from 8.8 mm (Range: 3 17 mm) to 2.1 mm (Range: 1 7 mm) (p<.5). The femoral and tibial tunnels were statistically widened 22.7% and 12.7% on the AP view, respectively, and 17.4% and 8.4% on the lateral view, respectively, at the last follow up (p<.5). Conclusion: ACL reconstruction using auto-hamstring tendons with a bioresorbable-transfix device showed satisfactory results on the physical examination and functional evaluation. Key Words: Anterior cruciate ligament, Hamstring tendon, Transfix 서 론 통신저자 : 윤여승 22-71, 강원도원주시일산동 162 연세대학교원주의과대학정형외과학교실 TEL: , FAX: yys958@wonju.yonsei.ac.kr 199 년대후반까지골-슬개건-골이식물을이용한전방십자인대재건술의높은성공률을보고하는연구들이많이발표되었다 5,7). 그러나자가슬근건을네겹으로만들면강성은전방십자인대의 3배, 슬개건의 2배그리고최대인장강도는전방십자인대의 3배가되는것으로알 22
2 김두섭외 : 생흡수성 Transfix R 대퇴고정을시행한전방십자인대재건술의임상적결과 23 려지고 3) 또한골-슬개건- 골은슬개-대퇴관절의동통과대퇴신전력약화, 슬개골골절등의문제가발생될수있어 5,8,1) 최근에는자가슬근건을이용한전방십자인대재건술의빈도가늘고있다 9,16,24,26). Steiner 등 27) 은자가슬근건이용시대퇴부의견고한고정이매우중요하다고보고하였는데슬근건의대퇴고정을위한방법은압박 (compression), 확장 (expansion), 현수 (suspension) 의 3 가지기전으로나눌수있다 2). 이중현수의기전을이용한방법에는 EndoButton R (Acufex Microsurgical, INC. Mansfield, MA, USA) 과 Transfix R (Arthrex, Naples, FL) 등이있다. 이중 EndoButton R 은 bungee jumping 효과로불리는이식건- 터널의미세운동으로인한터널확장의문제와고정시대퇴피질골표면에정확한고정의어려움등많은문제점을가지고있다 14,15,18). Milano 등 2) 은피질 -해면골현수고정인 Transfix R 가이식건의고정강도, 강성도의관점에서가장좋은결과를보인다고하였고또한많은연구들에서다른고정방법에비해매우우수한결과를보고하고있다 1,11,13,17). 이에저자들은 Transfix R 를 4가닥의자가슬근건대퇴고정에이용하여전방십자인대재건술을시행한후임상적결과를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상 25 년 5월부터 27 년 5월까지 4가닥의자가슬근건과생흡수성 Transfix R 을이용한관절경적전방십자인대재건술을시행받고 1년이상추시가능하였던 18 명, 18 예를대상으로하였다. 남자가 12 예, 여자가 6예였고평균연령은 28.5 세 ( 범위 : 세 ) 였으며우측 69예, 좌측 39예였다. 재수술의경우나측부인대손상및후방 후외측불안정성이동반된환자그리고 Grade 3, 4의연골손상이있는환자는연구에서제외하였다. 평균추시기간은 16.8개월 ( 범위 : 개월 ) 이었고수상후수술까지의평균기간은 9.8개월 ( 범위 : 1 22 개월 ) 이었다. 수상원인은스포츠손상이 87예로가장많았다. 관절경하에서확인된동반손상은내측반월상연골손상 52예 (48%), 외측반월상연골손상 18예 (16%), 동시손상은 6예 (5%) 로총 76예 (7%) 에서반월상연골손상이동반되었다. 동반된반월상연골의치료로봉합술을시 행한경우가내측은 28예, 외측은 3예였고, 절제술을시행한경우는내측이 24예, 외측이 15예였다. 2. 수술방법과재활치료이식건은자가박건과반건양건을채취하여각각두겹으로접어총 4겹으로만들어너비 7 1 mm, 길이 cm되도록하였고대퇴고정은생흡수성 Transfix R 로고정하였다. 경경골가이드는우측무릎은 1시 3분, 좌측무릎은 1시 3분방향으로향하게하고후방피질골이 2 mm 가량남도록천공하였다. 경골고정은 62예는생흡수성간섭나사와 2개의 staple, 8예는생흡수성간섭나사와 1개의 staple, 38예는생흡수성간섭나사와 spike washer를사용하였다. 수술직후경첩형보조기로슬관절을고정하였고수술후 3일째부터목발을이용하여부분체중부하를허용하였다. 술후 1일부터관절운동을시작하여 2주까지굴곡 9도를목표로하였고술후 4주까지완전굴곡이되도록격려하였다. 술후 6주부터보조기없이보행을허용하였고직선방향달리기는술후 6개월부터허용하였고방황전환등의과격한운동은술후 9개월이후에허용하였다. 3. 임상적및방사선학적평가이학적검사는 Lachman 검사와 pivot shift 검사를술전과최종추시시측정하여비교하였고임상적결과는수술전후의 Lysholm 슬관절점수와 International Knee Documentation Committe (IKDC) 평가기준을사용하였고 KT-1 (Medmetric Corp. San Diego, CA, USA) 관절측정기를이용하여불안정성을평가하였다. 방사선학적평가는최종추시시촬영한단순방사선전후면및측면사진을분석하여터널크기는경화성가장자리를추적하여대퇴골에서는터널의가장근위부, 터널중간의가장넓은부분, 관절면에서측정하고경골은관절면, 터널중간의가장넓은부분, 터널의가장원위부에서측정하여각위치의값의평균을내고이를수술시사용한확공기의크기와비교분석하였다 18). 4. 통계학적분석술전과술후의자료를연속변수에대해서는 paired Student t-test 와 Chi-square 검정을, 상관관계에대해서는 Pearson 상관검정을이용하였고, 통계프로그램은
3 24 SPSS (SPSS for Windows Release 11.; SPSS, Chicago, Illinois) 을이용하였다. p값이.5 미만일때통계학적으로유의하다고판정하였다. 결과관절운동범위는최종추시상 14 예에서는 135 도로운동제한이없었으며, 4예에서는 4 8 (6.5±1.91) 도의굴곡구축이남아있었다. Lachman 검사는술전경도 37예 (34%), 중등도 4예 (38%), 고도 31예 (28%) 에서최종추시시음성 96예 (89%), 경도 1예 (9%), 중등도 2 예 (2%) 로호전되었다 (p=.21). Pivot-shift 검사는술전경도 58예 (54%), 중등도 12예 (11%), 고도 1예 (9%) 에서최종추시상음성 89예 (82%), 경도 19예 (17%) 로호전되었다 (p=.29). Lysholm 슬관절점수는술전평균 7.8±6.8 점 ( 범위 : 점 ) 에서최종추시시 94.2±4.8 점 ( 범위 : 점 ) 으로유의하게향상되었다 (p=.7). IKDC 최종추시평가상정상 (A) 72예 (67%), 거의정상 (B) 32예 (3%), 비정상 (C) 4예 (3%) 이었고심한비정상 (D) 을보이는경우는없었다 (Table 1). KT-1 관절계를이용한최대도수부하검사상건측과의차이는술전평균 8.8±3.2 mm ( 범위 : 3 17 mm) Table 1. Last Follow Up IKDC Grade 에서술후평균 2.1±1.2 mm ( 범위 : 1 7 mm) 로유의하게호전되었고 (p=.19), 6 mm 이상의차이를보인경우는 3예에서관찰되었다 (Table 2). 방사선학적결과는최종추시시대퇴터널은전후면사진상평균 13.4 mm ( 범위 : mm) 로 22.7% 의확장을보였으며 (p=.16) 측면사진상평균 12.2 mm ( 범위 : mm) 로 17.4% 의확장을보였다 (p=.23). 경골터널은전후면사진상평균 1.8 mm( 범위 : mm) 로 12.7% 의확장을보였으며 (p=.27) 측면사진상평균 1.2 mm ( 범위 : mm) 로 8.4% 의확장을보였다 (p=.32). 그러나대퇴및경골터널의확장정도와 International Knee Documentation Committe (IKDC) 슬관절점수간의통계학적유의성은없었다 (p=.761). 술중합병증으로는 11예 (1%) 에서 Transfix R 삽입구의확장도중 passing wire 가파손되었고전예에서다시같은과정을반복하여실패없이삽입하였다 (Fig. 1). 8예 (7%) 에서는이식건을끌어올린후 Transfix R 를삽입하는과정에서 passing wire가파손되었다. 이중 7예는대퇴골에남아있는 passing wire 를제거할수있었고 1예는대퇴골에남겨두었다. Transfix R 고정후이식건이대퇴터널의내측으로다소치우쳐고정이된경우가 6예에서관찰되었으나이식건의고정과긴장도에이상이없어다른처치를하지않았다. 1예에서는 Transfix R 삽입구의확장도중이식건이파열되어이식건의대퇴부를 No. 2 A B C D Patient subjective assessment Symptom group Range of motion group Ligament examination Final evaluation Table 2. Results of KT-1 Manual Maximum Side to Side Differences Differences (mm) Number of cases (%) Preoperative Last follow up >1 2 (2) 11 (1) 58 (54) 37 (34) 94 (87) 1 (9) 4 (4) () Mean±S.D (mm) 8.8±3.2 mm 2.1±1.2 mm Fig. 1. Breakage of Nitinol guide wire (Arthrex, Naples, FL) was seen on fluoroscopy during dilatation procedure on pilot hole.
4 김두섭외 : 생흡수성 Transfix R 대퇴고정을시행한전방십자인대재건술의임상적결과 25 Vicryl (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) 을이용하여감치기방법으로봉합하고 Rigidfix guide sheath 를대퇴골에위치시킨뒤관절경의경경골접근을통해 Rigidfix guide sheath 의위치가이전 TransFix R 삽입구와겹치지않는지확인한뒤 RigidFix R 를사용하여재고정하였다. 3예 (2%) 에서는대퇴고정을한뒤이식건의 cyclic loading 후이식건이 Transfix R 주위로그네타듯회전하여이동된모습을관찰할수있었다. 술후합병증으로는이식건공여부위의감각이상이 24예 (22%), 표층감염이 2예 (1%) 에서발견되었다. 그러나심부감염은한예에서도없었다. 슬관절운동범위는술전 17예 (15%) 에서 5도에서 1도사이의굴곡구축이있었고최종추시시 4예 (3%) 에서 4 8 도의굴곡구축이남아있었다. 이중 3예는 2차관절경수술소견상과간절흔과 Cyclops 병변이충돌을일으키고있어과간절흔성형술 (notchplasty) 과 Cyclops 병변을제거한뒤완전신전을얻을수있었고 1예는환자가일상생활에큰불편함을호소하지않아관절경수술을권하지않았다. 고찰네겹의자가슬근건을이용한전방십자인대재건술은많은장점을가지고있지만아직이식건의이완, 터널확장, 슬관절의굴곡력감소등많은문제점을해결해야한다 4,12,21,23,25). 자가슬근건을이용한전방십자인대재건술에있어가장큰어려움은대퇴고정에있다. Transfix R 는 EM Wolf 에의해 1998 년소개되었으며 31) 대퇴고정강도는 N, 강성도는 N/mm 으로보고하고있으며 8,2,29) 이는술후 6 12주간견뎌야할 45 5 N 의부하를훨씬뛰어넘는것이다. 최근의연구에의하면자가슬근건과 Transfix R 를이용한전방십자인대재건술은 9% 이상의임상적성공률이보고되고있으며 2) 본연구에서도임상적으로우수한결과를보였다. 전방십자인대재건술시또하나의중요한문제는터널확장인데특히슬근건이용시좀더자주일어나는것으로보고되고있다 22). 터널확장의정확한기전은알려져있지않지만터널내활막액의침투, 이식건의고정기구간거리증가, ethylene oxide 소독, 동종건의면역반응, 이식건괴사, 터널내이식건의미세움직임, 지나치게빠른 재활치료등으로알려지고있다 7,14,28,32). EndoButton R 은대퇴골의외부피질골에고정함으로써관절면에서멀리고정되어터널내이식건의움직임을유발하게된다. 이른바 bungee jumping 효과혹은 windshield wiper 효과로터널확장을유발하게된다 14,18). EndoButton R 을이용한연구에서대퇴및경골에서각각 L'Insalata 등 18) 은 3%, 2.9%, Williams 등 3) 은 29%, 17% 의터널확장을보고하였다. 저자들의연구에서도대퇴및경골터널의의미있는확장소견을보였는데 Transfix R 가 EndoButton R 과같은현수기전을이용함으로써 bungee jumping 효과에의한골터널확장을유발한것으로생각된다. Asik N등 2) 은자가슬근건에 Transfix R 를이용한 271 예의전방십자인대재건술의연구에서터널확장을대퇴부 18%, 경골 12% 로보고하였는데터널의확장은임상적결과와슬관절의안정성과는별개의문제이며대개터널의확장은술후 6개월에서 12개월사이에주로일어나며그이후에는진행하지않는다고하였다. 본연구에서도터널확장의정도와임상적결과와는유의한관계를보이지않았다. 또한 Clatworthy 등 7) 은생흡수성간섭나사를사용하여해부학적위치에고정하여도터널의확장을막을수없다고하였고 Ahn 등 1) 도 Rigidfix R 를이용하여관절면가까이이식건을고정하여도터널의확장을막을수없고또한터널의확장과슬관절의기능사이에는큰연관성이없다고하였다. Segawa 등 25) 은 Transfix R 는안전한고정강도를가지며또한슬개건을이용한다른연구와비교할때좀더적은합병증을보인다고하였으나저자들은 Transfix R 삽입구를만드는과정과삽입하는과정에서 wire 가파손되었다. Choi 등 6) 은좁은골터널내에서 wire 는그자체의탄성에의해꼬이므로 wire loop 의끝단에견인력을주어꼬임을방지해야한다고하였고, Lee 등 19) 은대퇴터널을좁게하여이식건의이동을어렵게하지말고추가적인수직이동요소를가미하여이식건을좀더근위부로이동시키는것이필수적이라하였다. 저자들은술중수차례 passing wire 의파손을경험한뒤이를예방하기위해경골터널에서대퇴터널로이식건을끌어올리는과정에서경골터널밖으로노출된 passing wire 에이식건을건뒤 wire loop 의끝단과이식건의접힌부위를같이잡아 wire 가꼬이지않도록주의하였고관절경으로관찰하면서 grasper
5 26 를이용하여 wire 가평행이되도록잡아주었다. 저자들은 Transfix R 고정후이식건이대퇴터널의내측으로다소치우쳐고정이된경우를 6예에서관찰하였는데실제 transfix R 고정은현수기전을이용한것이므로이식건을완전히빨래널듯걸어야하는데 wire 를통해삽입도중이식건을다소외측에서내측으로밀고나가면서걸리는경우가있었다. 물론이는육안으로확인된것이아니라 probe 로긴장도를점검하는과정에서내측으로이식건이다소치우쳐고정되었다고느꼈으나저자들의경우는고정력에이상이없고터널과이식건과의불일치 (mismatch) 라고볼정도의소견은관찰되지않아그대로고정하였다. 그러나지나친이식건의내측고정은터널과이식건의불일치를생기게할수있어저자들은이식건의근위부에연결한 No.2 Ethibond (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) 봉합사를수직방향으로잡아당긴상태에서 Transfix R 를삽입하여이식건을대퇴터널의내측으로밀고나가는것을방지하려하였다. 또한 3예에서이식건의 cyclic loading 후이식건이 Transfix R 주위로그네타듯회전하여이동된모습을관찰할수있었는데이는 wire 의파손을막고수월하게이식건을 wire 에걸어끌어올리기위해저자들이터널을좀더근위부로그리고이식건의너비보다다소크게확공하여생겼고 3예모두 IKDC 최종추시상비정상의결과를보였다. 수월하게 Transfix R 를삽입하기위해대퇴터널을이식건의너비와길이에비해크게확공하는것은이식건이 Transfix R 주위로빨래줄에걸린빨래가미끄러져떨어지듯회전하는현상을보일수있어주의해야한다. 본연구의단점은이식건의경골고정을위해다양한방법을이용하였는데환자마다채취한슬근건의상태가일정하지않아일관된고정을할수없었다. 결론생흡수성 Transfix R 대퇴고정을시행한 4가닥자가슬근건이용전방십자인대재건술의평균 16.8 개월의추시결과이학적검사와기능적평가에서모두우수한결과를보였다. 그러나 Transfix R 고정시 wire 파손과정확한위치고정에주의해야한다. REFERENCES 1. Ahn JH, Park JS, Cho YJ, Joung YS: Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with autologous hamstring tendon using bioabsorbable cross pin fixation on the femoral side. J Korean Orthop Assoc, 4: , Asik M, Sen C, Tuncay I, Erdil M, Avci C, Taser OF: The mid- to long-term results of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendons using Transfix technique. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 15: , Brown CH Jr, Steiner ME, Carson EW: The use of hamstring tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Technique and results. Clin Sports Med, 12: , Buelow JU, Siebold R, Ellermann A: A prospective evaluation of tunnel enlargement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstrings: extracortical versus anatomical fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 1: 8-85, Buss DD, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL, Galinat BJ, Panariello R: Arthroscopically assisted reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with use of autogenous patellar-ligament grafts. Results after twenty-four to forty-two months. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 75: , Choi NH, Son KM, Victoroff BN: A pitfall of transfix fixation during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 16: , Clatworthy MG, Annear P, Bulow JU, Bartlett RJ: Tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective evaluation of hamstring and patella tendon grafts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 7: , Cullison TR, O'Brien TJ, Getka K, Jonson S: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the military patient. Mil Med, 163: 17-19, Engebretsen L, Benum P, Fasting O, Molster A, Strand T: A prospective, randomized study of three surgical techniques for treatment of acute ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med, 18: , Espejo-Baena A, Ezquerro F, de la Blanca AP, Serrano-Fernandez J, Nadal F, Moñtanez-Heredia
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7 28 Surg, 13: , Williams RJ 3rd, Hyman J, Petrigliano F, Rozental T, Wickiewicz TL: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a four-strand hamstring tendon autograft. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 86: , Wolf EM: Semitendinosus and gracilis anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the Transfix technique. Techniques in Orthopedics, 13: , Zysk SP, Fraunberger P, Veihelmann A, et al: Tunnel enlargement and changes in synovial fluid cytokine profile following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 12: 98-13, 24. = 국문초록 = 목적 : 4 가닥의자가슬근건에대퇴부고정을위하여생흡수성 Transfix (Arthrex, Naples, FL) 을이용한전방십자인대재건술을시행한후임상적결과를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 25 년 5 월부터 27 년 5 월까지생흡수성 Transfix 을이용한관절경적전방십자인대재건술을시행하였고 1 년이상추시 ( 범위 : 개월 ) 가능하였던 18 예를대상으로하였다. 임상적결과는재건술전후 Lysholm 슬관절점수, International Knee Documentation Committe (IKDC) 평가기준, KT-1 관절계를이용하였다. 방사선학적검사는 L Insalata 에의해기술된방법을이용하여비교분석하였다. 결과 : Lysholm 슬관절점수는술전평균 7.8±6.8 점 ( 범위 : 점 ) 에서최종추시결과 94.2±4.8 점 ( 범위 : 점 ) (p<.5), IKDC 평가기준에서최종평가상정상과거의정상으로분류되는경우가 14 예 (96%) 였고심한비정상은없었다 (p<.5). 술전과최종추시시시행한 KT-1 관절계검사상건측과의차이는수술전평균 8.8 mm ( 범위 : 3 17 mm) 에서술후평균 2.1 mm ( 범위 : 1 7 mm) 로유의하게호전되었다 (p<.5). 단순방사선전후면사진상최종추시시대퇴및경골터널의확장은각각 22.7%, 12.7% 그리고측면사진상각각 17.4%, 8.4% 의확장을보였다 (p<.5). 결론 : 자가슬근건의대퇴부고정을위해생흡수성 Transfix 을이용한관절경적전방십자인대재건술은이학적검사와기능적평가에서매우우수한결과를보였다. 색인단어 : 전방십자인대, 슬근건, Transfix
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