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1 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 5 권제 2 호 2010년 10월 Korean J UTII Vol. 5, No. 2, October 2010 원저 BCG 방광내주입요법후발생한육아종성전립선염의임상적의의 동아대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실 김수동 김정호 하정민 조원열 [Abstract] The Clinical Significance of Granulomatous Prostatitis after Intravesical BCG Immunotherapy Soo Dong Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Jung Min Ha, Won Yeol Cho From the Department of Urology, College of Midicine, Dong-a University Hospital, Busan, Korea Purpose: To evaluate the clinical significance of granulomatous prostatitis (GnP) after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy (GnP-BCG) for superficial bladder transitional cell carcinoma or carcinoma in situ. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) of 193 patients who had undergone transurethral resection of bladder tumor and had received intravesical BCG therapy from January, 2003 through to December, Among them, 19 patients underwent prostate biopsy due to elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) or abnormal TRUS finding. Results: Six of 19 patients (31.5%) who had sustained symptom were identified as GnP, of whom one patient had concurrent prostate cancer. The other 5 patients symptoms were spontaneously resolved and their PSA normalized by conservative care. Conclusions: Since GnP-BCG has a similar clinical appearance to prostate cancer, we should differentiate GnP-BCG from prostate cancer. However, the natural history of GnP-BCG is that of slow and complete resolution after conservative treatment. We suggest conservative treatment before undergoing prostate biopsy in patients with BCG immunotherapy to reduce unnecessary invasive intervention. (Korean J UTII 2010;5: ) Key Words: Prostatitis, BCG vaccine, Prostate specific antigen 서 론 교신저자 : 조원열, 동아대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실부산서구동대신동 3 가 1 우 Tel: , Fax: urogate@dau.ac.kr Received: September 2, 2010 Accepted: October 2, 2010 Morales 등이 1976년처음으로 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) 방광내주입으로방광암의재발을감소시켰다는보고이후, 현재까지 BCG 방광내주입법이방광암의재발과진행을지연시킬수있는가장효과적인 188
2 김수동외 : BCG 방광내주입요법후발생한육아종성전립선염의임상적의의 189 Table 1. Summary of patients with granulomatous prostatitis Age (years) Pathologic findings of bladder cancer T-stage (grade) BCG instillation methods PSA (ng/ml) Ultrasonographic findings 71 T1 (G2) focal hypoechoic lesion 74 CIS hypoechoic lesion 71 T1 (G2), CIS hypoechoic lesion 55 Ta (high grade) hypoechoic lesion 47 T1 (G2) BPH with calcification 71 a T1 (G2) unknown hypoechoic lesion BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, PSA: prostate specific antigen, a : combined with prostate cancer 육아종성전립선염의증례들을분석하여그양상및임상적중요성에대하여알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 Fig. 1. Prostate ultrasonogram shows a small hypoechoic lesion (white arrow) at the left peripheral zone. 방법으로널리사용되고있다. 1-3 그러나 BCG 방광내주입후에는배뇨통, 빈뇨와같은방광자극증상부터혈뇨, 발열, 패혈증까지다양한부작용이발생할수있고, 수술후 10 14일간은개방된혈관을통한전신적인흡수로인한부작용의우려도있다. 특히 BCG 방광내주입으로인한만성육아종성전립선염은예상보다많이발생하며, 대부분무증상이므로특별한치료가필요하지않다고알려져있다. 그러나혈청전립선특이항원 (prostate specific antigen; PSA) 의상승과전립선초음파검사에서저반향성을나타내어전립선암과의감별은꼭필요하다. 이에저자들은경요도방광종양절제술을시행받고방광종양에대한 BCG 방광내주입후발생한만성 2003년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지방광암으로진단받고경요도방광종양절제술을시행한후방광내 BCG 주입요법을시행한 193명의남자환자의의무기록을후향적으로분석하였다. 방광내 BCG 주입요법은경요도방광종양절제술이후조직학적병기가 CIS, T1이나조직이 high grade를보인모든환자에서시행하였다. 경요도절제술을통해종양을완전절제하고 14일내에 BCG 방광내주입요법을시작하여 1주일간격으로 6주간시행하였으며, 경우에따라유지요법을시행하였다. 추적관찰은첫 2년동안은 3개월에한번씩, 다음 2년동안은 6 개월마다방광경검사와요세포검사시행을원칙으로하였다. 추적관찰중방광암의재발소견은보이지않으면서지속적인하부요로증상을보인환자에서 PSA 검사및직장수지검사, 전립선초음파를시행하였고, 이중이상소견을보인경우전립선조직검사를통하여확진하였다. 결과 BCG 방광내주입요법을시행받은 193명의방광암
3 190 대한요로생식기감염학회지: 제5권 제2호 2010년 10월 Fig. 2. Pathologic findings. (A) The needle biopsied prostatic tissue showing multiple granuloma with entrapped prostatic acinus. (B) The high power view of the granuloma with necrosis. (C and D) Adenocarcinoma (Gleason score, 3+4) and granulomatous area with central necrosis (H&Ex100). 환자 중 전립선 조직검사를 시행한 환자는 19명이었 립선염으로 진단 받은 5명의 환자들은 하부요로증 다. 조직검사 결과 전립선 비대증 7명 (36.8%), 방광 상에 따른 대증적 치료를 통하여 증상은 완화 되었 암 전이 3명 (15.7%), 전립선암 3명 (15.7%)이었고, 육 다. 치료 종결 3개월 이후에는 혈청 PSA 치도 모두 아종성 전립선염으로 진단된 환자는 6명 (31.5%)이었 정상화 되었고, 전립선암을 진단받은 환자는 전립선 다. 육아종성 전립선염으로 진단된 환자 중 5명에서 암에 대한 치료를 하였다. 조직검사 전 시행한 전립선 초음파 소견에서 저반향 성 부분 (Fig. 1)이 관찰 되었으며, 이들 중 한 명에서 고 찰 12곳의 조직생검 중 1곳에서 전립선암 (Gleason score, 3+4)이 동시에 발견되었다 (Fig. 2). BCG 방광내 주입요법 후 발생할 수 있는 흔한 국 혈청 PSA 치는 5명에서 4ng/mL 이상으로 증가하 소 합병증은 방광염, 혈뇨, 방광 위축, 육아종성 전립 였으며, 나머지 한 명은 BCG 방광 내 주입 전에는 선염, 부고환염, 요관 협착 등이 있으며, 5% 미만에 PSA 치가 0.76ng/mL에서 주입 후 3.34ng/mL로 PSA 서 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 드물게 신우신염, 치의 증가를 보였다 (Table 1). 이들 모두에서 직장 농양, 폐렴, 간염, 골수염 및 폐혈증 등이 발생하지 수지 검사에서는 이상 소견이 없었다. 육아종성 전 만, 이는 0.4% 미만으로 매우 드물다.4 이들 중 BCG
4 김수동외 : BCG 방광내주입요법후발생한육아종성전립선염의임상적의의 191 방광내주입요법으로인한육아종성전립선염의발생률은 1.2% 에서 75% 까지다양하게보고되고있다. 5-7 Lafontaine 등 5 은 12명의환자에서 BCG 방광내주입요법을시행하였고이중 9명 (75%) 에서육아종성전립선염을확인하였다고보고하였다. 하지만, 이들은환자의증상과는무관하게 BCG 방광내주입요법을마친모든환자에서근치적방광절제술을시행하여얻은결과로임상적으로증상이나타나는유병률이라하기에는무리가따른다. 본연구에서는하부요로증상을호소한 194명중 19명에서조직검사를시행하였고, 이중 6명 (31.5%) 에서육아종성전립선염을확인할수있었다. 6명중한명은육아종성전립선염과전립선암이동시에발견되었다. 실제로육아종성전립선염은전립선암과임상적, 조직학적, 생화학적및영상의학적검사에서유사한양상을보여육아종성전립선염의 59% 에서전립선암을의심할수있고, 10 14% 에서는전립선암과육아종성전립선염이공존한다는연구결과도있다 육아종성전립선염은특징이있는데그중하나가혈청 PSA 치의증가이다. Leibovici 등 11 은 BCG 방광내주입요법을시행하였던 36명중 27명 (75%) 에서 PSA 치의증가를보였으며, 4ng/ml 이상으로증가되었던경우는 15명 (45%) 이라고하였다. 그러나. 이들모두 BCG 방광내주입요법 3개월후에 PSA 치는정상으로떨어졌다고보고하였으며, BCG로인한일시적인염증반응으로 PSA 치의상승을설명하였다. 본연구에서도육아종성전립선염으로진단된 6명의환자중 5명에서 4ng/mL 이상의 PSA 치의상승을보였으며, 한명은 0.76ng/mL에서 3.34ng/mL로 PSA 치의증가를보였다. 그리고대증적치료를통하여 3개월후 PSA 치가정상화되어 Leibovici 등과유사한결과를보였다. 전립선초음파영상및자기공명영상에서도육아종성전립선염은전립선암과유사한특징을나타낸다고한다. Ma 등 12 은육아종성전립선염의초음파소견이부분적인저반향성을보이는것과자기공명영상 (T2WI) 에서저신호강도를나타내는점에서전립선암과방사선학적으로감별진단이어렵다고하였다. 저자들도육아종성전립선염으로진단된 6명의환자중 5명에서경직장초음파검사를통하여부분적인저반향성부분을관 찰할수있었다. 병리학적특징은부분적혹은전반적인염증세포 (epitheloid histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells, 임파구, 형질세포 ) 의침윤을특징으로한다. 이때조직의괴사는나타날수도있고그렇지않을수도있으나, 상피성육아종 (epitheloid granuloma) 의형성유무는진단에있어결정적요소라할수있다. 13 본연구의조직검사결과에서도염증세포의전립선엽으로의침윤을관찰할수있었으며, 상피성육아종역시관찰할수있어육아종성전립선염으로진단할수있었다 (Fig. 2-A,B). 한명의환자에서는조직검사결과생검을시행한 12곳중 1곳에서 Gleason score 3+4의전립선암도동시에발견되었다 (Fig. 2-C,D). BCG 방광내주입요법으로인한만성육아종성전립선염의경우대부분하부요로증상을호소하며, 특히배뇨통, 뇨저류, 농뇨, 혈뇨등의다양한증상을나타낸다. 드물게갑작스럽게발열을동반한급성전립선염의증상을보일수있으며, 직장수지검사에서단단하게만져지는결절이있을수있다. 육아종성전립선염의임상경과는느리지만자연치유의경과를밟는것으로알려져있어대증적치료만으로도 62% 에서자연치유가되며, 경우에따라경험적항생제나항결핵제를이용한치료가도움이될수있다. 13 본연구에서도전립선암과동반된한명을제외한 5명의환자에서대증적치료로증상의호전을확인하였으며, 혈청 PSA 치도모두정상화되었다. 결론 BCG 방광내주입요법의합병증으로발생할수있는육아종성전립선염은전립선암과유사한혈청 PSA 치의상승과전립선초음파검사에서저반향성을나타내므로전립선암과반드시감별하여야한다. 그러나많은경우에서 3개월정도의대증적치료만으로혈청 PSA 치의정상화나하부요로증상의호전을기대할수있다. 따라서 BCG 방광내주입요법을시행한환자에서지속적인하부요로증상을호소하고, 혈청 PSA 치의상승을보인다하더라도전립선조직검사이전에대증적치료를우선시행하는것을고려하여야할것으로생각한다.
5 192 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 5 권제 2 호 2010 년 10 월 REFERENCES 1. Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW. Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 1976;116: Jones JS, Campbell SC. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1, and CIS). In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC,Partin AW, Peters CA, editors. Campbell- Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007; Hendricksen K, Witjes JA. Intravesical gemcitabine: an update of clinical results. Curr Opin Urol 2006;16: Lamm DL, van der Meijden PM, Morales A, Brosman SA, Catalona WJ, Herr HW, et al. Incidence and treatment of complication of bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy in superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 1992;147: LaFontaine PD, Middleman BR, Graham SD Jr, Sanders WH. Incidence of granulomatous prostatitis and acid-fast bacilli after intravesical BCG therapy. Urology 1997;49: Lujan Galan M, Sanchez Sanchez E, Paez Borda A, Berenguar Sanchez A. Granulomatous prostatitis as a complication of BCG intravesical instillation. Report of a case. Arch Esp Urol 1996;49: Mondal A, Mukjerjee B, Ghosh E. Transrectal fine needle aspiration cytology of granulomatous prostatitis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1994;37: Stillwell TJ, Engen DE, Farrow GM. The clinical spectrum of granulomatous prostatitis: a report of 200 cases. J Urol 1987;138: Val-Bernal JF, Zaldumbide L, Garijo MF, Gonzalez-Vela MC. Nonspecific (idiopathic) granulomatous prostatitis associated with low-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2004;8: Oppenheimer JR, Kahane H, Epstein JI. Granulomatous prostatitis on needle biopsy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997;121: Leibovici D, Zisman A, Chen-Levyi Z, Cypele H, Siegel YI, Faitelovich S, et al. Elevated prostate specific antigen serum levels after intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol 2000;164: Ma W, Kang SK, Hricak H, Gerst SR, Zhang J. Imaging appearance of granulomatous disease after intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment of bladder carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;192: Uzoh CC, Uff JS, Okeke AA. Granulomatous prostatitis. BJU Int 2007;99:510-2
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