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1 확대전립선생검을통해저위험성으로확인된국소전립선암의근치적전립선적출술후병리학적결과 Pathologic Outcome of Unilateral Low Risk Prostate Cancers on Multicore Prostate Biopsy after Radical Prostatectomy 대한비뇨기과학회지제 49 권제 10 호 2008 Jae-Seung Chung, Byoung Kyu Han 1, Seong-Jin Jeong 1, Sung Kyu Hong 1, Seok-Soo Byun 1, Gheeyoung Choe 2, Sang Eun Lee 1 From the Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Departments of 1 Urology and 2 Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea Purpose: To investigate clinicopathologic characteristics of unilateral, low risk prostate cancers detected via multi ( 12)-core prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods: One hundred four patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for unilateral, low risk prostate cancer (clinical stage T2a, biopsy Gleason sum 6, PSA 10ng/ml, and ipsilateral positive cores 2) detected via multi ( 12)-core prostate biopsy were enrolled. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the patients preoperative and pathologic data to assess potential predictors of pt2c or greater disease at the time of RRP, as well as characteristics of such disease. Results: Of the 104 subjects, only 34 (32.7%) were pathologically-proven to have unilateral disease, while the others showed pathologically-bilateral or worse disease from analysis of the RRP specimens. Subjects pathologically found to have uni- and bi-lateral disease showed no significant differences regarding age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free-to-total PSA ratio, prostate volume, clinical stage, number of positive cores, biopsy Gleason score, number of total biopsy sites, and highest percentage of tumor at any biopsy site. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed no significant preoperative predictors of pt2c or greater disease at RRP. Conclusions: Most patients with unilateral, low risk prostate cancer detected on multi ( 12)-core prostate biopsy actually had pathologicallyworse disease. For clinically-localized prostate cancer, a more accurate method to identify appropriate candidates for unilateral or focal ablative therapy should be developed. (Korean J Urol 2008;49: ) Key Words: Prostate, Prostate cancer, Biopsy, Prostatectomy 포천중문의과대학교비뇨기과학교실, 서울대학교의과대학분당서울대학교병원 1 비뇨기과학교실, 2 병리과학교실 정재승ㆍ한병규 1 ㆍ정성진 1 ㆍ홍성규 1 변석수 1 ㆍ최기영 2 ㆍ이상은 1 접수일자 :2008년 6월 5일채택일자 :2008년 8월 29일 교신저자 : 이상은분당서울대학교병원비뇨기과경기도성남시분당구구미동 300 번지 TEL: FAX: selee@snubh.org 서론오늘날 prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 을통한전립선암에대한선별검사는종양의크기가작고저등급이면서저위험성으로분류되는환자를조기에진단하는데크게기여하고있다. 또한과거에비해많은환자들이저위험성이며종양조직이전립선의한쪽엽에만국한된일측성전립선암 (unilateral prostate cancer) 으로진단되는경우가많아지고있다. 1 이러한추세때문에최근많은연구자들이저위험성이며일측성전립선암의치료에쓰이고있는국소치료 (focal therapy) 의유용성에많은관심을갖게되었다. 2 그러나현재쓰이고있는임상적으로국한된국소전립선암의경우병기및악성도등이다양하게분포하고이전의연구에서전립선생검결과와술후얻어진조직학적병리결과가불일치하는경우가많았다. 3-6 현재까지근치적 874
2 정재승외 : 술전저위험성전립선암의술후병리학적결과 875 전립선적출술전에영상학적자료와 PSA, 그리고전립선생검조직을통하여임상적으로저위험성, 일측성전립선암으로확인된환자들의술후병리학적결과를발표한연구는매우드물다. 저위험성, 일측성전립선암의치료에사용되고있는국소치료의효과적인정착을위해서는이러한종양의특징을정확히알아내는것이선결과제라고할수있다. 이에저자들은근치적전립선적출술전에 12부위이상확장전립선생검을통하여일측성이고저위험군으로진단된전립선암 (clinical stage T1c 또는 T2a, biopsy Gleason 점수 6점이하, PSA 10ng/ml 이하, 그리고전립선의한쪽엽에서 1군데또는서로인접한 2군데에서만양성생검 ) 의술후병리학적특징을알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 2003년 12월부터 2007년 11월까지본원에서국소전립선암으로진단되어근치적전립선적출술을시행받은 612명을대상으로하였다. 술전검사로직장수지검사, 혈청 PSA, 골반및전립선자기공명영상및골주사활영을시행하였다. 술전혈청 PSA는 radioimmunoassay 방법으로측정하였다. 전립선생검시경직장초음파검사 (transrectal ultrasonography; TRUS) 를통하여표준 6부위생검부위외에양측외측의첨부, 중간부, 기저부의 6부위에서생검을시행한후 TRUS에서관찰된국소병변에대해도추가적인생검을시행하였다. 근치적전립선적출술이전에호르몬치료또는방사선치료를받았거나외부에서전립선생검을시행받은환자는대상에서제외하였다. 또한술전 PSA가 10ng/ml보다높고임상적병기가 T2b 이상, 전립선생검 Gleason 점수가 7점이상인환자는제외하였고, 전립선생검에서단일 core 또는한쪽엽에만국한되어있으면서인접한 2 core에서만양성소견을보인환자만을대상으로하였다. 최종적으로확대전립선생검을통해일측성이며저위험군환자로분류된 104명의환자가연구대상이되었고, 이들의술후병리학적결과를후향적으로분석하였다. 전립선생검은경험이풍부한방사선과전문의 1명이시술하였고생검조직의병리학적검사는 1명의병리과전문의가시행하였으며, 각각의생검조직에서종양의수, 위치, Gleason 점수, 종양길이등을기록하였다. 임상및병리학적병기는 2002년 TMN 병기분류를따랐다. 대상환자들을근치적전립선적출술후얻어진병리학적결과를기준으로전립선의한쪽엽 (lobe) 에만종양이존재하는일측성종양군 (unilateral group) 과양쪽모두에존재하는양측성종양군 (bilateral group) 으로구분한뒤연속변수에대해서는 Student's t-test를이용하였고, 임상학적병기, Gleason score의비교는 chi-square test를이용하여분석하였다. 또한병리학적병기가 pt2c 이상으로나온경우를예측할수있는술전인자를알아보기위해다변량로지스틱회귀분석 (multivariate logistic regression model) 을시행하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 프로그램 (version 13.0) 을이용하였고 p값이 0.05 미만일때통계적으로유의한것으로판정하였다. Table 1. Preoperative characteristics of subjects according to transrectal ultrasonography-guide prostate biopsy specimens (Clinical stage T1c or T2a, biopsy Gleason sum <6, PSA <10ng/ml, and 1 or 2 ipsilateral positive cores) Variable 결 환자들의평균나이는 64.0±6.9세, 평균술전 PSA는 5.6± 2.3ng/ml였으며경직장초음파검사를통한전립선용적은 46.2±17.2cc였다. 104명의환자중 80명 (76.9%) 이단일 core 에서양성소견을보였고, 인접한 2 core에서양성을보인환자는 24명 (23.1%) 이었다. 대다수의환자가전립선생검조직에서 Gleason 점수가 6점이었고평균총 biopsy core 개수는 12.7±1.3이었다 (Table 1). 근치적전립선적출술후얻어진조직을분석한결과총 104명의환자중 70명 (67.3%) 의환자에서전립선의양쪽엽에전립선암의침범이발견되었고단지 1/3에해당하는 34 명만이일측성의저위험군전립선암환자였다 (Table 2). 일 No. of patients Mean age (years) (range) Mean PSA (ng/ml) Free/total PSA ratio BMI (kg/m 2 )(range) Mean prostate volume (cc) (range) Clinical state (%) T1c T2a No. of positive cores (%) 1 2 Biopsy Gleason score(%) No. of total biopsy sites (range) Highest % of tumor at any biopsy site (%) (range) ±6.9 (43-76) 5.6±2.3 ( ) 0.20±0.09 ( ) 24.1±3.6 ( ) 46.2±17.2 ( ) 77(74.0) 27(26.0) 80(76.9) 24(23.1) 1(0.9) 103 (99.1) 12.7±1.3 (12-18) 14.0±12.3 ( ) BMI: body mass index, PSA: prostate-specific antigen 과
3 876 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 10 호 2008 Table 2. Preoperative characteristics of subjects according to pathologic outcome (uni-or bi-lateral disease) after surgery Variable No. of patients Mean age (years) Mean PSA (ng/ml) Mean free PSA/PSA Mean BMI (kg/m 2 ) Mean prostate volume (cc) Clinical stage (%) T1c T2a No. of positive cores (%) 1 2 Biopsy Gleason score (%) No. of total biopsy sites Highest % of tumor at any biopsy site(%) Unilateral disease ± ± ± ± ± (64.7) 12 (35.3) 27 (79.4) 7 (20.6) 34 (100) 12.9± ±10.3 Bilateral disease ± ± ± ± ± (78.6) 15 (21.4) 53 (75.7) 17 (24.3) 1(1.4) 69 (98.6) 12.7± ±11.7 BMI: body mass index, PSA: prostate-specific antigen p-value 측성환자군과양측성환자군간에나이, body mass index (BMI), 술전 PSA level, free/total PSA 비율, 전립선크기, 임상적병기, 양성생검 core 개수, biopsy Gleason 점수, 총 biopsy 개수, 생검종양비율등은차이를보이지않았다 (Table 2). 한편, 술후조직소견에서 Gleason 점수가상향된환자는일측성환자군의경우 4명, 양측성환자군은 24명이었다. 근치적전립선적출술후진단된양측성전립선암 (pt2c 이상 ) 을예측할수있는술전여러인자들을다변량로지스틱회귀분석을통해알아보았다. 전립선생검 Gleason 점수는 1명을제외하고모든환자에서 6점이었으므로분석인자에서제외하였다. Table 3에나와있듯이나이, PSA, cstage, 전립선용적, 전립선총생검개수, 생검에서의종양비율등모두가양측성전립선암 (pt2c 이상 ) 을예측하는데효과적이지못하였다. 고 오늘날전립선암의유병률이크게증가하고있고근치적전립선적출술을통해전립선암을치료하는횟수가점차늘어나고있다. 그러나근치적전립선적출술의경우, 삶의질을떨어뜨리게되며임상적으로무의미한전립선암까지치료하게될가능성이있다. 일부보고에서전립선암선별검 찰 Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of potential predictors for bilateral or worse disease after surgery Variable OR (95%CI) p-value Age PSA BMI Prostate volume No. of positive cores(1 vs 2) Clinical stage (T1 vs T2) Highest % of tumor at any biopsy site (%) No. of total biopsy sites 0.98 ( ) 1.14 ( ) 0.86 ( ) 0.99 ( ) 1.30 ( ) 1.04 ( ) 1.02 ( ) 1.04 ( ) CI: confidence interval, OR: odds ratio, BMI: body mass index, PSA: prostate-specific antigen 사를통해진단된전립선암의경우상당수가임상적으로중요하지않거나치명적인암은아니라고하였다. 7 여러부검 (autopsy) 연구에의하면, 전립선질환과관련없이사망한 50대이상의남자중 30-40% 에서조직학적으로전립선암이발견되었다고하였다. 8,9 저위험성의초기전립선암환자진단율이높아지면서근치적전립선적출술의합병증에많은관심이생겼으며과잉치료를피하기위해최근에는저위험도의국소전립선암환자에게합병증을최소화할수있는국소치료 (focal therapy) 를시행하는경우가많아지고있다. 2 국소치료란기존에존재하는기능을보존하고근치적절제술과동일한생존율을유지하면서이미알고있는종양조직을선택적으로제거하는치료이다. 현재비뇨기과영역에서신장암의경우장기보존수술 (organsparing surgery) 이대표적으로사용되고있으며전립선암에있어서는 cryotherapy, HIFU, brachytherapy 등을이용하여국소치료를할수있다. 2 하지만이러한장기보존수술로서국소치료를시행하기위해서는술전에전립선내에존재하는암의위치와특성을정확히알아내는것이필수적이다. 요즘에는영상학적으로는 MRI의도움으로종양의위치, 침범정도등을예전보다잘파악할수있게되었고, 10 또한전통적인 6부위전립선생검보다확대전립선생검을통해서종양의특징을술전에알아내게되었다. 2 그러나이러한진단도구들을통해서수술전에저등급, 저위험성의종양이라고판단할수는있어도, 현재의진단기술은완벽하지못한관계로이들종양환자에서종양의다발성 (multifocality) 여부는완전히배제할수없다. 현재까지확대전립선생검을통해일측성이며저위험군으로확인된전립선암환자들의특징을근치적전립선적출술후의병리소견과비교한연구는많지않다. Connolly 등 11 은중등도의위험성 (moderate risk prostate cancer) 으로서, 6
4 정재승외 : 술전저위험성전립선암의술후병리학적결과 877 부위생검을통해일측성전립선암으로진단된환자들의 85% 가근치적전립선적출술후조직검사에서양측성전립선암이라고하였다. 본연구에서는 12 core 이상의확대전립선생검을통해일측성, 저위험군전립선암으로진단된환자들의 70% 정도가근치적전립선적출술후양측성전립선암으로진단되어생검결과와술후병리조직간에차이가있음을확인하였다. 그러나임상적으로일측성이며저위험성환자군에서술후양측성전립선암을예측할수있는어떠한임상적지표도확인할수없었다. Scales 등 12 도 SEARCH 데이터베이스에서얻어진자료를토대로하여전립선생검에서일측성전립선암으로확인된환자들중 35.1% 만이실제로전립선적출술후생검결과와유사하게일측성전립선암으로진단되었다고보고하였다. 그들은 8 부위전립선생검을시행하였다고하였다. 본연구에서는 12부위이상에서전립선생검을실시하였으나이러한확대전립선생검을통해서도술전에종양의특징을정확하게파악할수없었다. 현재저자들의자료로는술전일측성국소전립선암으로확인된환자들의 2/3 정도는근치적전립선적출술후반대쪽엽에도종양이존재한다는사실은알수있어도, 반대쪽엽에존재하는종양의크기를파악하지못했고, 대상환자들의외래추적기간 ( 평균 18개월 ) 이매우짧아서그러한종양이환자의예후에어떠한영향을미칠지에대해서는판단하기어렵다. 종양이다발성으로존재할경우중심종양 (index tumor: largest tumor) 이외에 2차, 3차로존재하는종양 (satellite tumor) 들이전립선암의예후에어떤영향을끼치는가에대해서는논란이많다. Noguchi 등 13 은 T1c 전립선암환자들을대상으로한연구에서부피가작은 2차성종양은임상적으로의미가없으며오직종양부피가가장큰중심종양만이임상적중요성을갖는다고주장하였다. 또한 Häggman 등 14 도전립선암에서가장악성도가높은특징을갖는종양은항상중심종양에서발견되며주변에존재하는종양은중심종양에비해악성도가높지않다고하였다. Wise 등 15 도다발성전립선암환자에서오직중심종양만이전립선암의예후를예측하는데도움이된다고하였다. 이에반해, Ruijter 등 16 은전립선피막을침범한전립선암의 1/3에서주변종양 (satellite tumor) 이전립선피막을침범하였다고하였고 Gburek 등 17 은부피가작은 2차종양조직이전립선암의예후에결정적인역할은하지않지만중심종양과달리염색체변이가있고, 전이의가능성이충분히있다고보고하였다. 한편, 국내연구에서 Chung 등 18 은다발성종양이좋지않은예후를시사하는임상, 병리학적인자들과유의한관련성이있으나생화학적재발을예측할수있는요인은아니라고보고하였다. 본연구는대상환자수가많지않으며후향적분석이어서술후병리학적으로반대쪽엽에침범되어있는종양조직에대한특징을자세히파악할수없었다는제한점이있다. 그러나모든환자들을대상으로 12부위이상의확대전립선생검을시행함으로써국소전립선암을평가함에있어서술전진단에문제가있었다고는생각하지않는다. 본연구의환자들을대상으로한쪽엽의전립선암에대해서만국소치료를시행하였다면 2/3에해당하는환자가적절한치료를받지못했을가능성이있지만, 국소치료의치료효과에대해서는향후추가적인연구를통해알아볼필요가있을것이다. 결 확대전립선생검을통하여일측성이고저위험군으로진단된전립선암 (clinical stage T1c 또는 T2a, biopsy Gleason 점수 6점이하, PSA 10ng/ml 이하, 그리고전립선의한쪽엽에서 1군데또는서로인접한 2군데에서만양성생검 ) 환자들중단지 1/3만이일측성의저위험군전립선암환자였다. 향후저위험성의국소전립선암환자를대상으로국소치료를시행하기위해서는술전에국소치료의적응증이될수있는환자를정확하게선별할수있는진단기술개발이필요하다고생각한다. 론 REFERENCES 1. Bahn DK, Silverman PD. Focal cryoablation of prostate: a review. Scientific World Journal 2008;8: Eggener SE, Scardino PT, Carroll PR, Zelefsky MJ, Sartor O, Hricak H, et al. Focal therapy for localized prostate cancer: a critical appraisal of rationale and modalities. J Urol 2007; 178: Pinthus JH, Witkos M, Fleshner NE, Sweet J, Evans A, Jewett MA, et al. Prostate cancers scored as Gleason 6 on prostate biopsy are frequently Gleason 7 tumors at radical prostatectomy: implication on outcome. J Urol 2006;176: Mikami Y, Manabe T, Epstein JI, Shiraishi T, Furusato M, Tsuzuki T, et al. Accuracy of Gleason grading by practicing pathologists and the impact of education on improving agreement. Hum Pathol 2003;34: Lattouf JB, Saad F. Gleason score on biopsy: is it reliable for predicting the final grade on pathology? BJU Int 2002;90: Fukagai T, Namiki T, Namiki H, Carlile RG, Shimada M, Yoshida H. Discrepancies between Gleason scores of needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens. Pathol Int 2001; 51:364-70
5 878 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 10 호 Miller DC, Gruber SB, Hollenbeck BK, Montie JE, Wei JT. Incidence of initial local therapy among men with lower risk prostate cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: Sakr WA, Haas GP, Cassin BF, Pontes JE, Crissman JD. The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients. J Urol 1993;150: Konety BR, Bird VY, Deorah S, Dahmoush L. Comparison of the incidence of latent prostate cancer detected at autopsy before and after the prostate specific antigen era. J Urol 2005; 174: Kirkham AP, Emberton M, Allen C. How good is MRI at detecting and characterising cancer within the prostate? Eur Urol 2006;50: Connolly SS, O Malley KJ, O Brien A, Kelly DG, Mulvin DW, Quinlan DM. Can prostate biopsies predict suitability for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy? Scand J Urol Nephrol 2004;38: Scales CD Jr, Presti JC Jr, Kane CJ, Terris MK, Aronson WJ, Amling CL, et al. Predicting unilateral prostate cancer based on biopsy features: implications for focal ablative therapyresults from the SEARCH database. J Urol 2007;178: Noguchi M, Stamey TA, McNeal JE, Nolley R. Prognostic factors for multifocal prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens: lack of significance of secondary cancers. J Urol 2003;170: Häggman M, Nordin B, Mattson S, Busch C. Morphometric studies of intra-prostatic volume relationships in localized prostatic cancer. Br J Urol 1997;80: Wise AM, Stamey TA, McNeal JE, Clayton JL. Morphologic and clinical significance of multifocal prostate cancers in radical prostatectomy specimens. Urology 2002;60: Ruijter ET, van de Kaa CA, Schalken JA, Debruyne FM, Ruiter DJ. Histological grade heterogeneity in multifocal prostate cancer. Biological and clinical implications. J Pathol 1996;180: Gburek BM, Kollmorgen TA, Qian J, D Souza-Gburek SM, Lieber MM, Jenkins RB. Chromosomal anomalies in stage D1 prostate adenocarcinoma primary tumors and lymph node metastases detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Urol 1997;157: Chung JS, Han BK, Jeong SJ, Moon KH, Choe G, Park DS, et al. Prognostic significance of multifocal tumor in radical prostatectomy. Korean J Urol 2008;49:510-4
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