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1 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 4 권제 1 호 2009 년 4 월 Korean J UTII Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2009 원저 전립선생검전정맥용예방항생제사용은효과가있는가? 국립경찰병원비뇨기과 임종완 이명진 조승훈 민승기 [Abstract] Is the Prophylactic Intravenous Antibiotics before the Prostate Biopsy Effective? Jong Wan Lim, Moung Jin Lee, Seung Hoon Cho, Seung Ki Min From the Departments of Urology, National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The blood serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) are being more commonly used for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer, such that more patients are going through prostate biopsies. The authors investigated the value of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics to prevent infective complication after the biopsy. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 356 patients aged year who had a prostate biopsy from January 2004 to July Among them, 89 patients who had taken prophylactic intravenous antibiotics before the biopsy were designated as Group I, and the remaining 267 patients, as Group II who didn't had taken prophylactic intravenous antibiotics before the biopsy. The patients took then oral antibiotics (fluoroquinolone) for one week, from the morning after the biopsy, to prevent infection. The occurrence of complication was monitored based on such symptoms as gross hematuria, rectal bleeding, hemospermia, dysuria, voiding difficulty, fever. Results: 87 patients (24.4%) of the total 356 patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer. Infective complication occurred in 6 patients (1.7%), among whom 2 patients (2.2%) in Group I had taken prophylactic intravenous antibiotics, and 4 patients (1.6%) in Group II did not take intravenous antibiotics. Infective complication rates of the two groups did not have statistically differences (p>0.05). Conclusions: The intake of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics before the prostate biopsy did not have a special impact on the prevalence rate of infective complication after the biopsies. (Korean J UTII 2009;4:56-61) Key Words: Prostate, Biopsy, Complication, Antibiotics 교신저자 : 민승기, 국립경찰병원비뇨기과서울송파구가락본동 58 번지우 Tel: , Fax: msk0701@hanmail.net 56
2 임종완외 : 전립선생검전정맥용예방항생제사용은효과가있는가? 57 서론전립선암은미국에서가장유병률이높은남성암으로폐암에이어두번째로흔한사망원인으로보고되고있고, 1 우리나라도전립선암발생율이미국에비해서는낮게보고되고있으나노령화와함께급증하는추세를보이고있다. 2 이러한현상은평균수명의증가, 서구화된식생활, 건강검진의확대실시, 전립선질환에대한인식의변화, 진단적술기의발달등으로인해나타나고있다. 특히 1979 년 Wang 등 3 에의해처음으로전립선조직에서추출된혈청전립선특이항원 (prostate specific antigen; PSA) 은전립선암의진단, 치료후효과판정및추적검사에중요한지표로사용되어전립선암의진단율이현저히증가하였다. 전립선암은최근조기발견으로완치가능성이증가하고있어조기발견의중요성이강조되고있다. 전립선암을조기선별하기위한검사로혈청 PSA와직장수지검사 (digital rectal exam; DRE) 혹은경직장초음파검사 (transrectal ultrasonography; TRUS) 가이용되고있으며, 이에이상이있을때경직장초음파를이용한전립선생검이확진을위한수단으로이용되고있다. 경직장초음파유도하전립선생검술은 1989년 Hodge 등 4 이처음발표한후표준검사방법이되었으며, 혈청 PSA 측정이보편화되면서그시행빈도가늘어나서, 현재비뇨기과영역에서가장많이이루어지고있는시술중의하나가되었다. 전립선생검은침습적이며, 드물지만패혈증등의심각한합병증이초래될수있는시술이다. 하지만항생제의사용으로이같은합병증을줄일수있으며, 특히퀴놀론제제가표준항생제로추천되고있다. 5,6 현재많은병원에서는외래시술또는입원후시술을통해전립선생검을시행하고있으며, 일반적으로입원후시술이정맥용항생제투여로합병증빈도가더낮을것으로기대하고있다. 하지만경구용항생제와정맥용항생제의사용효과차이에대한명확한보고는없다. 이에저자들은외래시술환자를대상으로전립선생검전 정맥용항생제투여가이후발생할수있는감염성합병증에어떠한영향을미치는지알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 2004년 1월부터 2008년 7월까지본원비뇨기과에서경직장초음파유도하전립선생검을시행받은환자 356명을대상으로하였다. 전립선생검은혈청 PSA 수치가 3.0ng/ml 이상인경우이거나직장수지검사에서이상결절이촉지되는경우, 경직장초음파검사에서저반향성병변이관찰되는경우등임상적으로전립선암이의심되는환자를대상으로하였다. 모든환자는외래에서전립선생검을시행하였고, 시술전혈중응고인자 (PT, aptt) 및항응고제복용여부를조사하여출혈성향이있는자는복약지도후다시혈액검사를통해정상치를확인한후시행하였다. 전립선생검을위해내원한 356명의환자중, 무작위로생검전에 fluoroquinolone 계열의정맥용항생제를투여한 89명을 Group I, 그렇지않은나머지 267명을 Group II로하였다. 모든환자들은조직검사시행당일아침부터 7일간 fluoroquinolone 계열의경구용항생제를복용하였고, 생검전에직장내로 20ml의리도카인젤리와베타딘용액 10ml를주입하였다. 조직검사는환자가쇄석위를취한상태에서경직장초음파유도하에시행되었다. 경직장초음파 (model SSD-1700, Aloka, Japan) 7.5MHz 탐촉자를이용하여타원체체적공식 ( 높이 길이 넓이 0.52) 에의해전립선용적을측정한후 18 gauge needle 을장착한생검용총 (spring biopsy gun) 으로초음파유도하에조직검사를시행하였다. 먼저표준 6 부위생검방법에따라좌우엽의첨부, 중간, 기저부위를생검하였고, 초음파에서저반향부위나직장수지검사에서만져지는결절이생검에포함되지않은경우표적조직채취를시행하였다. 또한전립선용적이 30ml 이상인경우기존의 6부위외에양측외측면의첨부, 중간, 기저부위에서각 1번씩총 12부위생검을실시하였다. 각생검조직은별
3 58 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 4 권제 1 호 2009 년 4 월 Table 1. Patient characteristics Group I Group II p-value No. of patient Mean age (yrs.) 64.62± ± Mean PSA* (ng/ml) 4.06± ± Mean prostate volume (ml) 42.05± ± *: prostate specific antigen, : Student's t-test Table 2. Complications of prostate biopsy Complications Group I (%) Group II (%) p-value No. of patient Bleeding Gross hematuria 37 (41.6) 92 (35.8) 0.412* Rectal bleeding 8 (9.0) 29 (11.3) 0.249* Hemospermia 24 (27.0) 35 (13.6) 0.039* Dysuria 5 (5.6) 11 (4.3) 0.374* Urinary retension 1 (1.1) 3 (1.2) 0.581* Fever 2 (2.2) 4 (1.6) 0.326* *: chi-square test 도의용기에넣어일련번호로구분하였으며조직검사의뢰서및각생검부위를모식도를이용하여표시하였다. 합병증에대한평가는 1주후조직검사결과확인을위한외래방문시육안적혈뇨, 항문출혈, 혈정액증, 배뇨통, 배뇨곤란, 발열여부를설문조사방식으로하였고, 이중발열또는오한을동반한전신증상이있는경우를감염성합병증으로따로분석하였다. 감염성합병증이발생한환자는단순흉부 X-ray 검사, 혈액검사, 요검사, 혈액배양검사및요배양검사등을시행한후경험적항생제를투여하였고, 이후균동정결과에따라항생제를변경하였다. 통계분석은 Student's t-test와 chi-square test를이용하였고 p값이 0.05 미만이면통계적으로의미있는것으로간주하였다. 통계프로그램은 SPSS 13.0을사용하였다. 결과전체 356명의환자들중전립선암으로진단된경우는전체환자중 87명 (24.4%) 이었다. 대상환자들의평균연령은 65.49±8.21세였으며, 평균 PSA 는 4.51±1.39ng/ml, 평균전립선용적은 40.56± 12.63ml 였다. 전립선생검시술전 fluoroquinolone 계열의정맥용항생제를투여한군 (Group I) 과그렇지않은군 (Group II) 에서두군간의연령, 혈청 PSA, 전립선용적은통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Table 1). 전립선생검으로인한합병증은육안적혈뇨 129 명 (36.2%), 항문출혈 37명 (10.4%), 혈정액증 59명 (16.6%), 배뇨통 16명 (4.5%), 배뇨곤란 4명 (1.1%),
4 임종완외 : 전립선생검전정맥용예방항생제사용은효과가있는가? 59 발열 6명 (1.7%) 이발생하였으며, 혈정액증을제외하고 Group I과 Group II에서유의한차이가없었다 (Table 2). 특히감염성합병증을시사하는발열은두군간의유의한차이를보이지않았다. 그리고혈정액증에서의유의한차이는환자개개인의시술후 1주일간의사정유무및횟수차이로생각한다. 감염성합병증이발생한 6명중 4명이균혈증또는패혈증의소견을보였고, 이들 4명모두가입원치료하였으며, 이들은모두 Escherichia coli (E. coli) 가동정되어항생제감수성에따라치료하였다. 또표준 6부위생검방법을시행한환자 156명에서 3명 (1.9%) 이감염성합병증이발생하였고, 12부위확장생검법을시행한환자 203명중에서는 3명 (1.5%) 이감염성합병증이발생하였지만, 두군간의생검수에따른감염성합병증의발생률은통계학적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (Table 3). 고찰오늘날전립선암의유병률이크게증가하고있다. 실제로여러부검연구에의하면, 전립선질환과관련없이사망한 50대이상의남자중 30 40% 에서조직학적으로전립선암이발견되었다고한다. 7,8 우리나라에서도전립선암은 2005년통계에서한국남성암발생의 5위를차지하고있으며가파른증가추세를보이고있어향후에도많은전립선암환자가발생할것으로예측된다. 따라서다른질환과마찬가지로전립선암의조기진단은전립선암의치사율감소측면에서필수적이다. 전립선암의조기진단을위한선별검사는혈청 PSA와직장수지검사, 경직장초음파검사가이용되고있다. 하지만이들은각각높은위양성률이나낮은특이도와민감도를가지고있다. 혈청 PSA는전립선에특이적이지만전립선암에는특이적이지못하고, 전립선비대증이나급성요폐, 급성전립선염등의양성질환에서도증가할수있다. 9 직장수지검사는비침습적이고간편하며, 특히전립선염과의감별에매우중요하지만중심대와전환대에서발생하는전립선암은촉지가매우어렵다. 경직장초 Table 3. Complication incidence acording to the biopsy core number 6 cores 12 cores p-value No. of patient Infective complication (%) *: chi-square test 3 (1.9) 3 (1.5) 0.213* 음파검사는촉지가어려운전립선암을추정하는데유용하지만, 시술자마다영상해석에차이가있을수있고특이도와민감도가낮으며비용이많이드는것이단점이다. 10,11 따라서이들은독립적으로사용하지않고서로병용하여사용해야하며, Jung 등 12 에따르면혈청 PSA와직장수지검사, 경직장초음파검사를조합하였을때가장높은양성예측도를보이는것으로나타났다. 선별검사를통해임상적으로전립선암이의심되는경우경직장초음파유도하전립선생검으로확진을한다. 이방법은지난수십년동안전립선암을진단하는데중요한역할을하였다. 특히 Hodge 등 4 이경직장초음파유도하 6부위생검을소개한이후이방법은전립선암을진단하는표준방법으로정착하였다. 그러나통상적인 6부위전립선침생검은종양의크기나위치, 또는전립선용적에대한고려없이 20 30% 정도의위음성률을보이고있어, 13,14 위음성률을낮추기위해전립선채취조직수를늘리거나전립선침생검시좀더외측으로조직검사를시행하는다양한방법등이연구되고있다 Terris 등 15 은전립선침생검시좀더외측으로조직검사를시행하여진단율이 14.3% 향상되었고, Moon 등 16 은 10군데생검을시행하여진단율상승이 23.4% 였다고보고하였다. 또 Eskicorapci 등 17 은추가된조직의확보는전립선암발견율에유의한영향을미친다고하였으나, 12부위이상의생검은의미가없다고보고하였다. 하지만, 진단율을높이기위해생검숫자가증가하면서생검에따른통증, 감염, 출혈등의합병증의빈도가증가할가능성을고려하지않을수없다. 이에최근많은연구에서 12부위로생검수를늘리는것이기존 6부위
5 60 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 4 권제 1 호 2009 년 4 월 생검법과비교하여합병증발생은비슷하나전립선암검출률은향상시킨다고보고하고있다. Naughton 등 18 은환자 160명을대상으로 12부위와 6부위생검을비교하여통증이나이환률은통계적으로유의한차이가없었다고보고하였고, Lee 등 19 도생검방법에따른합병증비율이나입원을요하는주합병증에서도통계적차이는없다고하였다. 또한본연구에서도 6부위생검에서 3명 (1.9%) 이, 12부위확장생검에서 3명 (1.5%) 이감염성합병증이발생하였지만, 감염성합병증의발생률은통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다. 전립선생검을시행받는환자들은대부분증상이없는사람들이며, 그들은생검시행전후로같은생활을유지하기를바란다. 하지만침습적인술기인전립선생검은통증이나출혈, 감염등의여러합병증을유발할수있다. Raaijmakers 등 20 은전립선생검을받은 5,802명을대상으로합병증발생율을보고하였는데, 육안적혈뇨, 항문출혈, 혈정액증등의특별한치료가필요하지않은합병증은 22 64%, 패혈증, 급성요폐등의입원치료가필요한합병증은 % 정도에서발생한다고하였다. 이중패혈증과같은감염성합병증의위험을예방하기위해시술전처치, 특히항생제전처치의중요성이강조된다. 교과서적으로경구용 fluoroquinolone을시술 30 60분전에투여하고시술후 2 3일간지속하도록권고하고있다. 6 하지만, 기존보고에서퀴놀론항생제의복용방법이나기간에따른합병증의차이는없다고하였고, 21,22 Aron 등 22 은전립선생검전항생제의 1회투여와 3일투여요법군간에합병증발생에서유의한차이가없다고하였다. 본연구에서는생검전항생제투여용법에따른인체흡수율차이가생검후발생하는합병증에어떤영향을미치는지알아보고자, 정맥용항생제를무작위로 89명에게투여하였으나일반대조군과비교하여유의한차이를나타내지않았다. 이러한결과는, 전립선생검후에감염성합병증이발생하는경우, 고농도의직장내상재균이전립선내로직접접종된후활성화될때인데, 시술전 1회의정맥용항생제투여가장내상재균의비활성에충분한영향을주지는못한 것으로생각한다. 현재경직장초음파유도하전립선생검술은비교적간단한수술로인식되어대부분마취없이외래에서시행되어지고있다. 그렇다보니, 높은유병률로늘어나는전립선암환자들에서전립선생검을시행받을기회가많아지고있다. 본연구에서는이러한외래술기로서의전립선생검이경구용항생제만으로도감염성합병증에충분한예방이된다는결과를얻었다. 하지만본연구는단일술자에의해생검술이시행되지못하여숙련도의차이나, TRUS 영상해석의차이로조작채취부위가일정하게유지될수없었다. 이러한점은본연구의적지않은한계점으로보여진다. 따라서향후단일술자에의해대규모로시행되는전립선생검술을통해보다다양하고추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각한다. 결론경직장초음파유도하전립선생검시행시, 시술전정맥용항생제투여는생검후감염성합병증의이환율에유의한영향을주지않는다. 또한전립선생검수에따른이환율도차이가없음을보였다. 이러한결과는최근늘어나는전립선생검에있어서전처치과정을간소화하고효과적인시술을할수있는데도움이될것이라생각한다. REFERENCES 1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, CA Cancer J Clin 2008;58: Annual report of the korea central cancer registry (based on registered data from 134 hospitals). Korea Central Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health and Welfare Republic of Korea, Klein EA, Platz EA, Thompson IM. Epidemiology, etiology, and prevention of prostate cancer. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, editor. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007;
6 임종완외 : 전립선생검전정맥용예방항생제사용은효과가있는가? Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terris MK, Stamey TA. Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol 1989; 142: Tal R, Livne PM, Lask DM, Baniel J. Empirical management of urinary tract infections complicating transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol 2003; 169: Ramey JR, Halpern EJ, Gomella LG. Ultrasonography and biopsy of the prostate. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, editor. Campbell- Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007; Sakr WA, Haas GP, Cassin BF, Pontes JE, Crissman JD. The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients. J Urol 1993;150: Konety BR, Bird VY, Deorah S, Dahmoush L. Comparison of the incidence of latent prostate cancer detected at autopsy before and after the prostate specific antigen era. J Urol 2005;174: Oesterling JE. Prostate specific antigen: a critical assessment of the most useful tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1991;145: Rifkin MD, Choi H. Implications of small, peripheral hypoechoic lesions in endorectal US of the prostate. Radiology 1988;166: Chang P, Friedland GW. The role of imaging in screening for prostate cancer. A decision analysis perspective. Invest Radiol 1990;25: Jung BC, Kim TH, Jeong SJ, Kwak C, Lee SE. The clinical usefulness oh the prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific antigen density, digital rectal examination, and transrectal ultrasonography in the screening test of prostate cancer in Korean. Korean J Urol 2002; 43: Ravery V, Goldblatt L, Royer B, Blanc E, Toublanc M, Boccon-Gibod L. Extensive biopsy protocol improves the detection rate of prostate cancer. J Urol 2000;164: Norberg M, Egevad L, Holmberg L, Sparén P, Norlén BJ, Busch C. The sextant protocol for ultrasound-guided core biopsies of the prostate underestimates the presence of cancer. Urology 1997;50: Terris MK, Wallen EM, Stamey TA. Comparison of mid-lobe versus lateral systematic sextant biopsies in the detection of prostate cancer. Urol Int 1997;59: Moon KH, Cheon SH, Kim CS. Systematic 10-site prostate biopsy is superior to sextant method for diagnosing carcinoma of the prostate. Korean J Urol 2000; 41: Eskicorapci SY, Tuncay L. Re: Diagnostic value of systematic biopsy methods in the investigation of prostate cancer: a systematic review. Eichler K, Hempel S, Wilby J, Myers L, Bachmann LM, Kleijnen J. J Urol 2006;175: J Urol 2006;176: Naughton CK, Ornstein DK, Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Pain and morbidity of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy: a prospective randomized trial of 6 versus 12 cores. J Urol 2000;163: Lee SB, Kim CS, Ahn HJ. Comparative analysis of sextant and extended prostate biopsy. Korean J Urol 2004;45: Raaijmakers R, Kirkels WJ, Roobol MJ, Wildhagen MF, Schrder FH. Complication rates and risk factors of 5802 transrectal ultrasound-guided sextant biopsies of the prostate within a population-based screening program. Urology 2002;60: Sieber PR, Rommel FM, Agusta VE, Breslin JA, Huffnagle HW, Harpster LE. Antibiotic prophylaxis in ultrasound guided transrectal prostate biopsy. J Urol 1997;157: Aron M, Rajeev TP, Gupta NP. Antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal needle biopsy of the prostate: a randomized controlled study. BJU Int 2000;85:682-5
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