untitled
|
|
- 새론 범
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 60 세미만한국인의전립선암선별에있어전립선특이항원속도의유용성및새로운절단치 New Thresholds for Prostate-specific Antigen Velocity for Prostate Cancer Screening in Korean Patients Younger than 60 Years Old Hye Won Lee, Kyung Won Kwak, Yun Ho Choi 1, Han Yong Choi, Hyun Moo Lee From the Department of Urology, 1 Health Promotion Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: We identified new thresholds for prostate-specific antigen velocity (PSAV) for screening of prostate cancer in Korean patients younger than 60 years old based on PSA serial data obtained from our hospital's health promotion center. Materials and Methods: The study population was retrieved from 10,011 patients, 40 to 79 years old, with 2 or more PSA values within five years who visited our hospital's health promotion center between January 2002 and December 2006, including 100 patients with prostate cancer. These subjects were divided into 2 age groups, years old and years old, and their PSAV were calculated as the rate of PSA change using the first and last values only. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the performance of PSAV in the screening of prostate cancer, and we developed new PSAV thresholds by comparing sensitivity and specificity at different PSAV levels. Results: Overall prostate cancer prevalence was 0.6% (45) in younger (40-59 years old) patients and 2.1% (55) in older (60 to 79 years old) patients. The median PSAV in the normal control group and the cancer group were 0.047ng/ml/year vs 0.877ng/ml/year in younger patients (p<0.0001) and 0.067ng/ml/year vs 0.642ng/ml/year in older patients (p<0.0001). For younger patients, the sensitivity and specificity were 55.6% and 99.2% at PSAV 0.75ng/ml/year, but decreasing the PSAV cut-points to 0.35ng/ ml/year improved sensitivity to 78% for cancer detection in this age group. Conclusions: The previous PSAV threshold for prostate biopsy, 0.75 ng/ml/year or greater, probably underestimate cancer risk in younger Korean men. Decreasing PSAV thresholds to 0.35ng/ml/year would improve screening sensitivity. (Korean J Urol 2008;49: ) Key Words: Prostate cancer, Screening, Prostate-specific antigen velocity 대한비뇨기과학회지제 49 권제 2 호 2008 성균관대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실, 1 삼성서울병원건강검진센터 이혜원ㆍ곽경원ㆍ최윤호 1 최한용ㆍ이현무 접수일자 :2007 년 10 월 23 일채택일자 :2007 년 11 월 20 일 교신저자 : 이현무삼성서울병원비뇨기과서울특별시강남구일원동 50 번지 TEL: FAX: besthml@medimail. co.kr 서론전립선암은 2002년전세계남자인구의 6.1% 인 1,100만명에발생한두번째로흔한암으로미국에서는 1996년부터 2000년까지남성에서유병률제1위암이다. 1 인종이나 생활환경에따른차이가있으나한국중앙암등록사업연례보고서에따르면한국에서도 2002년암발생빈도 6위를차지할정도로급속히증가하고있는암중의하나이다. 2 현재전립선암선별검사에있어확립된표준은전립선특이항원 (prostate-specific antigen; PSA) 측정과직장수지검사의병행으로, 1987년 PSA가본격적으로도입되면서고분화조기병 113
2 114 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 2 호 2008 기단계에서진단되는전립선암의비율이증가하였다. PSA 는전립선에서고유하게분비되는기관특이적혈청표지자이나, 전립선암뿐만아니라전립선염이나전립선비대같은전립선양성질환여부, 다양한비뇨기과적시술, PSA 측정방법이나시기등에따라변동가능성이있어 PSA 절단치만으로전립선생검여부를결정하는것은민감도와특이도, 양성예측도측면에서한계가있다. 2 따라서 PSA의한계를보완하고자전립선생검여부결정시전립선특이항원속도 (PSA velocity; PSAV), 전립선특이항원밀도 (PSA density; PSAD), 연령보정전립선특이항원기준치 (age-adjusted PSA range), 자유형전립선특이항원비율 (free PSA ratio) 등을함께고려해야한다는의견들이구체적인수치와함께제시되었다. 3 새롭게제시된지표중 PSAV는여러연구에서그유용성이입증되어왔고, 전립선생검기준 PSAV 절단치는대규모연구결과에근거하여 0.75ng/ml/year로제시되었다. 4 적합한선별검사는질병의조기진단으로인한사망률의감소와이에따른비용의최소화라는조건을동시에만족시켜야한다. 즉전립선암조기진단시완치가능성이높은젊은연령군에서는높은민감도가필수적이며, 나이든연령군에서는불필요한전립선생검결과임상적으로무의미한암의과잉진단및치료가능성을최소화할수있는높은특이도가필요하다. 그러나기존에제시되어온절단치인 PSA 4ng/ml 이상, PSAV 0.75ng/ml/year 이상 4 으로는이를충족시키기어렵고, 특히동양인의경우서양인에비해기본적으로전립선용적이작아 PSA 정상치가낮다는점을감안할때젊은연령의한국인에서 PSA나 PSAV가유용한선별검사가되기위해서는연령과인종으로보정된새로운절단치의제시가필요하다. 그러나젊은연령의동양인에적합한 PSAV 절단치제시를위한대규모연구결과가아시아권특히국내에서거의보고된적이없다. 따라서저자는본연구에서기존에국내에서발표되었던연령별 PSA 참고치외에 60세미만한국인의전립선암선별검사로써유용한새로운 PSAV 절단치를제시하고자하였고, 이를위해본원건강검진센터를내원하여 1년이상의간격으로 2번이상 PSA를측정한환자들을대상으로, 60세미만에서수진자판단특성곡선 (receiver operating characteristic curve; ROC curve) 을통해결정된새로운 PSAV 절단치를적용하였을때기존의 0.75ng/ml/year와비교하여민감도가유의하게향상되는지분석하였다. 이결과를바탕으로 60세미만한국인의전립선암선별에있어서 PSA의한계를보완할수있는지표로서의 PSAV 유용성과이에적합한새로운절단치를제시하고자하였다. 대상및방법 2002년부터 1월부터 2006년 12월까지본원건강검진센터를내원하여최소 1년이상의간격으로 PSA를 2번이상측정한 40세이상 80세미만환자 10,011명을대상으로후향적연구를시행하였다. 이들중 PSA가 3.5ng/ml 이상으로전립선생검을시행하여조직학적으로전립선암이확진된환자들을전립선암군으로, 전립선생검에서암이발견되지않은환자들을포함한나머지를정상대조군으로분류하였다. 전립선암으로확진된경우병기결정에대한추가검사를시행하여근치적전립선적출술, 방사선또는호르몬치료등각각의임상적병기에적합한치료를시행하였다. 외국인, 농뇨 ( 소변미세현미경검사고배율에서백혈구 5개이상 ) 를보이거나, 5알파환원효소억제제복용력이있는환자들은연구대상에서제외하였다. 환자들의연령결정시정상군은마지막 PSA를측정한해를, 전립선암군은전립선암진단전마지막으로 PSA를측정한해를기준으로하였고, PSAV는 ( 마지막시행한 PSA 처음시행한 PSA)/ 시행한간격 ( 년 ) 의 two-point simple method를이용하여산출하였다. 일차적으로 60세미만과이상으로구분한후이들을전립선암군과정상군으로다시세분화하여분석하였다. 60세미만에서정상군과전립선암군은각각 7,344명 (99.4%), 45 명 (0.6%) 이었고, 60세이상에서는각각 2,567명 (97.9%) 과 55명 (2.1%) 이었다. 연령중앙값은 60세미만에서정상군과전립선암군이 51세 (40-59) 와 55세 (40-59) (p=0.008), 60세이상에서는 64세 (60-79) 와 65세 (60-79) (p=0.029) 로모두유의하게전립선암군의연령이높았다 (Table 1). 자료를바탕으로작성한 60세미만 PSAV ROC curve에서의 break-point 를새로운절단치로적용했을때의민감도, 특이도가기존의 0.75ng/ml/year를적용한경우와비교하여유의하게변화하는지분석하였다. 그리고기존에한국 60세이상고령에서의 PSAV 절단치가제시된적이없어 60세미만과비교를위하여추가적으로 60세이상에서도동일한방식으로 PSAV 절단치를결정하였고, 기존의 0.75ng/ml/year나 60세미만에서새롭게산출된절단치와다른지비교하였다. PSA 는면역방사측정법 (CIS-bio assay R ) 으로측정하였고, 통계분석은 Mann-Whitney U test, Mcnemar test를이용하여 p값이 0.05 미만일때통계적의미가있는것으로간주하였으며통계프로그램은 SPSS software, Windows 13.0 version을사용하였다.
3 이혜원외 :60 세미만한국인의전립선암선별에있어전립선특이항원속도의유용성및새로운절단치 115 Table 1. Demographics, PSA level, and PSAV in the <60 year-old group and the 60 year-old group <60 years old group 60 years old group Variable p-value p-value Normal control Prostate cancer Normal control Prostate cancer Age median (year) 51 (40-59) 55 (40-59) (60-79) 65 (60-79) PSA median (ng/ml) 1 ( ) 3.85 ( ) < ( ) 4.2 ( ) < PSAV median (ng/ml/year) 0.04 ( ) ( ) < ( ) ( ) < Total number 7,344 (99.4%) 45 (0.6%) 2,567 (97.9%) 55 (2.1%) PSA: prostate-specific antigen, PSAV: prostate-specific antigen velocity Table 2. The sensitivity and specificity of PSAV in the <60 year-old group and the 60 year-old group at different PSAV thresholds Variable <60 years old group 60 years old group PSAV (ng/ml/year) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) PSAV: prostate-specific antigen velocity 결과본연구에서 60세미만과이상에서전립선암군은각각 45명 (0.6%) 과 55명 (2.1%) 이었다. 60세미만에서정상군과전립선암군의 PSA 중앙값은각각 1ng/ml ( ) 과 3.85 ng/ml ( ), PSAV 중앙값은 0.04ng/ml/year ( ) 과 0.877ng/ml/year ( ) 였고, 60세이상에서는 PSA 중앙값이 1.2ng/ml ( ) 과 4.2ng/ml ( ), PSAV 중앙값이 0.067ng/ml/year ( ) 과 0.642ng/ml/ year ( ) 로연령에관계없이 PSA와 PSAV 모두두군간에유의한차이가있었다 (Table 1). PSAV에대한 ROC curve를 60세미만과 60세이상에서각각작성한후 ROC curve에서나타난 break-point를참고하여가장적합한민감도와특이도를만족하는새로운 PSAV 절단치를정한결과, 60세미만과이상에서모두 PSAV 0.35ng/ml/year로기존의 0.75ng/ml/year과비교하여낮아졌으나연령에따른 PSAV 절단치의차이는없었다. 60세미만에서 PSAV 절단치를기존의 0.75ng/ml/year로하였을때는전립선암진단의민감도와특이도가 55.6%, 99.2% 인반면에 0.35ng/ml/year로하향조정한경우민감도 78.0%, 특이도 96.2% 로민감도가유의하게증가하였다 (p=0.002) (Table Table 3. The performance of PSAV (ng/ml/year) threshold in the <60 year-old group and the 60 year-old group Normal PSAV Age Cancer Cancers control cut-points (year) group (n) detected (%) group (n) (ng/ml/year) < , (77.8) (55.6) , (80.0) (43.6) PSAV: prostate-specific antigen velocity 2). 즉 60세미만에서 0.75ng/ml/year로 PSAV 기준을정한경우 45명중 20명 (44%) 의암을진단하지못하는반면 0.35 ng/ml/year로낮추었을때는단지 10명 (23%) 만을진단하지못했고, 60세이상에서는 0.35ng/ml/year로하향조정한경우 20명의전립선암환자를추가로진단하여역시민감도는높아졌으나고령에서중요한특이도는 97.9% 에서 91.1% 로감소하였다 (Table 3). 고 PSA 는직장수지검사와함께전립선암을선별하는데중 찰
4 116 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 2 호 2008 요한혈청종양표지자이나민감도약 79%, 특이도약 59% 로임상적유용성에제한이있다. 5 이러한 PSA의한계를보완하기위해새롭게도입된개념이 PSAV로, Ito 등 6 은직장수지검사에서이상소견을보이는 PSA 4ng/ml 미만인환자에서생검결정시 PSAV를추가적으로고려하는경우전립선암진단율을높일수있고, PSA 4-6ng/ml인경우에도양성예측도를향상시킬수있어전립선암조기진단에유용한지표라고하였다. 전립선암진단 5년전부터정상에비하여시간에따라 PSA가유의하게증가하며, 4 전립선비대증의경우 PSAV가 0.3ng/ml/year인반면전립선암에서는 3.5ng/ ml/year로유의한차이를보여 PSAV를이둘의감별진단에이용할수있었다. 7 그러나 PSA나 PSA 절단치는연령과인종등여러인자에따라변화할수있고특히동양인은서양인에비해정상적으로낮은 PSA 치를보이면서전립선암유병률이상대적으로낮은경향이있어, 서양인을기준으로제시된절단치를한국인에그대로적용할경우전립선암을놓칠가능성이증가한다. Song 등 8 이한국인에서전립선생검전의 PSA 치가낮아지면서국소전립선암으로진단되는경우가증가하는추세이지만외국에비해서는여전히높은비율의저분화도암을보인다고보고한바있어, 완치가능성높은젊은연령의한국인에서적극적인선별검사에적합한새로운 PSAV 절단치가필요하다. 최근대규모연구결과를바탕으로 PSAV의절단치를기존 0.75mg/ml/year에서하향조정해야한다는주장들이제기되고있다. PSAV 0.75ng/ml/year 기준은 50-59세젊은연령에서전립선암가능성을상대적으로저평가하는경향이있어 0.40ng/ml/year로낮추어야하고기존에제시된연령보정 PSAV 절단치가젊은연령에서는너무높고나이든연령에서는너무낮다는 9 주장등은인종이나연령, 민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도등이고려된새로운 PSAV 기준치가필요함 7 을시사한다. 동양인을대상으로한 PSAV 연구로 Ito 등 6 이초기 PSA가 ng/ml과 ng/ml일때 PSAV 절단치를 1.2ng/ml/year과 0.75ng/ml/year로해야한다는발표가있었다. 현재까지가장정확하면서도임상에쉽게적용가능한 PSAV 계산법은확립되지않았다. Connolly 등 10 은 Arithmetic equation of change in PSA over time 방법, 선형회귀 (linear regression) 방법, 처음과마지막의 PSA의차이를측정기간으로나눈방법중선형회귀방법이 PSAV를측정하는가장정확한방법이기는하나, 두측정시기가충분히떨어져있다면세번째방법도비교적정확하면서임상에서편리하게사용할수있어유용하다고하였다. 본연구에서는건강검진자료를이용하여 PSA 측정간격이 1년이상인환자를대상으로하였기때문에기존의다른연구들과비교하 여 PSA 시행간격이충분하다고판단되어 PSAV는 twopoint simple method로계산하였다. 분석결과 60세미만과이상에서정상과전립선암환자 PSAV가 0.047ng/ml/year과 0.877ng/ml/year, 0.067ng/ml/year과 0.642ng/ml/year로유의한차이가있고, 특히 60세미만에서 PSAV 절단치를기존의 0.75ng/ml/year에서 0.35ng/ml/year로낮추었을때젊은연령군에서중요한민감도가 55.6% 에서 78% 로향상되었다. 한편, 정상군과전립선암군으로다시분석하였을때정상군에서는연령에따른 PSAV가유의한차이가있었으나전립선암군에서는연령에따른차이가없었고, ROC curve를통해결정된 60세이상에서의 PSAV 절단치가 60세미만과동일한 0.35ng/ml/year를보여젊은연령에서는더낮은절단치가필요하다는기존의주장 11 과일치하지않는결과를보였다. 그러나 Kristal 등 12 이 prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT) 에서 55-59세정상인의 PSAV가 70세이상의 PSAV 보다 34% 정도더높았다고제시하였고, Ito 등 6 도초기 PSA가낮을수록 PSAV 절단치가높아져야함을주장한바있어여러요인들의복합작용으로연령에관계없이동일한 PSAV 절단치가나타났을것으로생각할수있다 세의연령군에서 PSAV를 0.10ng/ml/year로하였을때전립선암진단을놓치지않으면서 27.9% 의불필요한전립선생검을줄여 13 PSAV가전립선암선별검사에있어하나의유용한지표가될수있다. 한편앞서언급되었던주장과는대조적으로선별검사로써의 PSAV 유용성을부정한연구들도있다. European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer Rotterdam에서 PSAV의상대적인민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도를분석한결과, PSAV의추가적용이 PSA 절단치 4ng/ml의양성예측도나전립선암진단율을향상시키지못한다는결과가발표되었다. 14 Manseck 등 15 도일반적으로측정방법에따른 PSA의변이가전립선암에의한변이보다크기때문에 PSAV는한계가있다고하였고, PSA 치는단순히전립선암뿐만아니라여러다양한생리적조건에서정상적으로생물학적변동성을보일수있다. 6 그러나, PSAV가생리적변동성, 전립선양성질환여부, 나이, 인종, 검사방법이나시행간격등에의해영향받을수있다는한계에도불구하고 PSA의한계를보완할수있는유용한지표이다. 따라서대규모무작위전향연구를통해규격화된시행간격이나측정방법, PSAV 계산법, 연령이나초기 PSA로보정된 PSAV 기준치에대한표준이정립될때 PSAV의임상에이용시발생하는한계가최소화될수있을것이다. 마지막으로본연구의한계를언급하자면, 우선첫째로 PCPT에서임상적인적응증이없음에도전립선생검을시행하였을때약 25% 에서암이발견되었듯이, 16 본연구대상
5 이혜원외 :60 세미만한국인의전립선암선별에있어전립선특이항원속도의유용성및새로운절단치 117 에포함된모든환자들이전립선생검을실시하여조직학적으로전립선암여부가확인된것이아니므로정상군중전립선암이있을확률을완전히배제할수없어완벽한대조군이라고할수없다는점이다. 두번째는단일센터자료를분석한결과이므로이를전체한국인에게적용시일반화의오류가발생할수있다는점으로, 이를극복하기위해서는다양한특성의환자들이포함된다기관통합연구가추가시행되어야할것이다. 세번째는서양에서이루어진기존의연구결과와비교할때 60세미만에서의전립선암유병률이너무낮아분석대상수에제한이있어자료분석결과의신뢰성확보나양성예측도산출에문제가될수있다는점이고, 네번째는초기 PSA 치에따른 PSAV 절단치제시나전립선암군에서 PSAV에따른전립선암의병기나글리손점수 (Gleason score), 치료후재발여부등전립선암의임상적중요성에대한추가분석이부족하였다는점이다. 그럼에도불구하고본연구는단일센터의비교적많은환자의연속적인 PSA 자료를분석하여젊은연령의한국인전립선암선별에있어유용한 PSAV 절단치를제시하고자한최초의보고이며, 이연구의결과는서양에비해아직까지저분화고병기암의비율이높은 8 한국에서근치가능성이높은젊은연령에서조기병기암진단확률을높일수있는적극적선별검사기준을마련하는데가치가있다고생각한다. 결 본연구에서저자는 PSA의민감도와특이도를향상시킬수있는새로운지표로서 PSAV에주목하여, 국내에서처음으로젊은연령의한국인에서전립선암선별시민감도를향상시킬수있는새로운 PSAV 절단치를건강검진자료를분석함으로써제시하고자하였다. 그결과 60세미만에서적합한새로운절단치는 0.35ng/ml/year로분석되었고, 이를적용시기존의 0.75ng/ml/year와비교하여전립선암발견의민감도가유의하게향상됨을확인할수있었다. 론 REFERENCES 1. Pu YS, Fujimoto H, Kakizoe T, Myers R. The 18th international symposium: controversies in prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2005;35: Barry MJ. Clinical practice. Prostate-specific-antigen testing for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: Djavan B, Zlotta A, Kratzik C, Remzi M, Seitz C, Schulman CC, et al. PSA, PSA density, PSA density of transition zone, free/total PSA ratio, and PSA velocity for early detection of prostate cancer in men with serum PSA 2.5 to 4.0 ng/ml. Urology 1999;54: Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, Brant LJ, Chan DW, Andres R, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA 1992;267: Antenor JA, Han M, Roehl KA, Nadler RB, Catalona WJ. Relationship between initial prostate specific antigen level and subsequent prostate cancer detection in a longitudinal screening study. J Urol 2004;172: Ito K, Yamamoto T, Ohi M, Kubota Y, Fukabori Y, Kurokawa K, et al. Usefulness of prostate-specific antigen velocity in screening for prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2002;9: Stamey TA, Kabalin JN, McNeal JE, Johnstone IM, Freiha F, Redwine EA, et al. Prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis and treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. II. Radical prostatectomy treated patients. J Urol 1989;141: Song K, Song C, Ahn H. Continuing trends of the clinical parameter migration in patients with prostate cancer in Korea. Korean J Urol 2007;48: Anderson JR, Strickland D, Corbin D, Byrnes JA, Zweiback E. Age-specific reference ranges for serum prostate-specific antigen. Urology 1995;46: Connolly D, Black A, Murray LJ, Napolitano G, Gavin A, Keane PF. Methods of calculating prostate-specific antigen velocity. Eur Urol 2007;52: Moul JW, Sun L, Hotaling JM, Fitzsimons NJ, Polascik TJ, Robertson CN, et al. Age adjusted prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen velocity cut points in prostate cancer screening. J Urol 2007;177: Kristal AR, Chi C, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Etzioni R, Thompson IM. Associations of demographic and lifestyle characteristics with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration and rate of PSA increase. Cancer 2006;106: Ciatto S, Bonardi R, Lombardi C, Zappa M, Gervasi G, Cappelli G. Analysis of PSA velocity in 1666 healthy subjects undergoing total PSA determination at two consecutive screening rounds. Int J Biol Markers 2002;17: Schroder FH, Roobol MJ, van der Kwast TH, Kranse R, Bangma CH. Does PSA velocity predict prostate cancer in pre-screened populations? Eur Urol 2006;49: Manseck A, Pilarsky C, Froschermaier S, Menschikowski M, Wirth MP. Diagnostic significance of prostate-specific antigen velocity at intermediate PSA serum levels in relation to the standard deviation of different test systems. Urol Int 1998; 60: Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Parnes HL, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med 2004;350:
전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II)
전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) 전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - vii - - viii - - ix - -
More information김범수
Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More informationIL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) l l l α β α β β α β β α β 목적 (Background/Aims): 위암의가족력과 Helicobacter pylori 감염은각각위암발생의위험인자로알려져있으나,
More information( )Kju269.hwp
만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More information590호(01-11)
T H E K O R E A N D O C T O R S W E E K L Y www.docdocdoc.co.kr I N S I D E 38 3 5 6 7 10 13 28 29 30 31 38 41 42 2 Advertisement Government & Medicine 3 Government & Medicine 4 Government & Medicine Government
More information<C0D3BBF3B0C7B0AD28C1A634B1C7C1A633C8A3292E687770>
대한임상건강증진학회지제 4 권제 3 호 2004 Korean J Health Promot Dis Prev Vol. 4, No. 3, 2004 [ 원저 ] 전립선암진단을위한전립선특이항원선별검사의의의 장석창 1), 손혜숙 2), 민권식 3), 엄상화 2), 이종태 2), 전진호 2) 인제대학교대학원의학과 1), 인제의과대학예방의학교실 2), 백인제기념임상연구소
More information( )Jkstro011.hwp
비인강암의방사선치료결과및생존율에관한예후인자분석 2005 2 1 2005 3 28. :, Tel: 053)250-7665, Fax: 053)250-7984 E-mail: jhkim@dsmc.or.kr 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More information2001_16_이미경.hwp
임상병리와정도관리 : 제 2 권제 호 2 J. Clin, Pathol. & Quality Control 2:2:22-225 22 한국인에서의혈청 PSA 참고범위의재평가 이미경 박윤경 박애자 중앙대학교의과대학임상병리학교실 Reevaluation of the Reference Range of Prostate-specific Antigen in Korean Men
More informationuntitled
전립샘암발견율에대한역학적특성 Epidemiologic Characteristics of Prostate Cancer Detection Kyung Soo Choi, Jong Kwan Park From the Departments of Urology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Institute for Medical
More information기관고유연구사업결과보고
기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More information386-390.hwp
386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon
More informationuntitled
전립선특이항원선별검사도입에따른전립선암의임상병리학적특성의변화 Changes in Prostate Cancer Pattern according to Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening Test Jong Kyou Kwon, In Ho Chang, Tae Hyoung Kim, Soon Chul Myung From the Department
More information황지웅
Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic
More information- 이재련. 전립선암 - 선외상 ( 자전거 ), 성관계후등에의해서도상승될수있습니다. 또한 PSA 수치가낮다고전립선암이없다라고단정지을수도없습니다 [5]. 전립선암의조기검진에가장많이사용됨에도불구하고전립선암진단에있어 PSA의정확성 (accuracy) 을논하기는무척어렵습니다.
임상강좌 _ 개원의를위한암진료지침 전립선암 울산대학교의과대학내과학교실 이재련 전립섬암, 흔하지만익숙하지는않는암전립선암은서구에흔한암종으로, 2012년한해동안미국에서 239,000명의초진환자가발생하고약 30,000명의환자가전립선암에의해사망하여남성암-발생률및암-사망률에있어 2위를차지합니다 [1]. 최근우리나라도노인인구의증가와식생활의서구화로인해전립선암이빠른속도로증가하고있습니다.
More information( )Kju225.hwp
비임균성비뇨생식기감염에서 의진단적효용성 Usefulness of the Mycofast Test (MYCOFAST Evolution 2) for the Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Genitourinary Infections Hang Ro Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Ho Jae Lee, Jea Sang Oh, Hyoung Jin
More information슬라이드 1
Proposed Korean guideline for the diagnosis of BPH Hyun Woo Kim The Catholic University of Korea BPH Guideline AHCPR guideline on BPH (1994) AUA guideline on BPH (2003) EAU guideline on BPH (2004) International
More informationCan032.hwp
Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory
More information±èÇ¥³â
533 Fig. 1. Dead zone. Nine echoes are positioned 2-10 mm below the scan surface with 1 mm distance. All nine echoes are clearly visualized. 534 Fig. 2. Vertical and horizontal measurement. 10 cm distance
More informationuntitled
Korean J Urol Oncol 2014;12(2):47-53 전립선조직검사적응증 부산대학교의학전문대학원비뇨기과학교실 구자윤ㆍ전태경ㆍ하홍구 Indication of Prostate Biopsy Ja Yoon Ku, Tae Kyung Jern, Hong Koo Ha Department of Urology, Pusan National University School
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More information저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할
저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,
More information달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있
대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More information975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호
Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology
More informationuntitled
Dutasteride 를투여받은전립선비대증환자에서전립선특이항원및전립선특이항원밀도의변화 The Change of Prostate-specific Antigen and Prostatespecific Antigen Density in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia after Dutasteride Treatment Byeong
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT
More information878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu
한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim
More information페링야간뇨소책자-내지-16
야간뇨의진단과치료 - 실제적접근 - Reference 1. Choo MS, Ku JH, Park CH et al. Prevalence of Nocturia in a Korean Population Aged 40 to 89 Years. Neurourol Urodyn 2008; 27:60-64. 2. Weiss JP. Prevalence
More informationA 617
Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
More informationJkbcs032.hwp
Clinical Correlation of HER-2/neu Overexpression in Patients with Breast Cancer Sung Yong Kim, Tae Yoon Kim, Jae Jun Kim, Chang Ho Kim, Ok Pyung Song, Min Hyuk Lee, Eui Han Kim 1, and Moo Sik Cho Departments
More informationKbcs002.hwp
Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,
More information#Ȳ¿ë¼®
http://www.kbc.go.kr/ A B yk u δ = 2u k 1 = yk u = 0. 659 2nu k = 1 k k 1 n yk k Abstract Web Repertoire and Concentration Rate : Analysing Web Traffic Data Yong - Suk Hwang (Research
More informationKaes025.hwp
고위험군유두상갑상선암환자에대한방사성옥소최대허용선량측정법및치료법의검증 Verification of Measurement Methods and Therapeutic Efficacy of Maximum Permissible Dose of I-131 in High Risk Patients with Differentiated Papillary Thyroid Cancer
More information歯1.PDF
200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)
More informationAnalyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong
Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling
More informationAbstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
More information대한진단검사의학회지 : 제 25 권제 6 호 2005 Korean J Lab Med 2005; 25: 임상화학 전립선암진단에있어서 Architect 총 PSA 화학발광면역검사법의유용성평가 서소연 조성은 홍기숙 이화여자대학교의과대학부속동대문병원진단검사의학과
대한진단검사의학회지 : 제 25 권제 6 호 2005 Korean J Lab Med 2005; 25: 389-93 임상화학 전립선암진단에있어서 Architect 총 PSA 화학발광면역검사법의유용성평가 서소연 조성은 홍기숙 이화여자대학교의과대학부속동대문병원진단검사의학과 Evaluation of Architect Total PSA Chemiluminescence
More information노인정신의학회보14-1호
제14권 1호 통권 제23호 www.kagp.or.kr 발행인 : 정인과 / 편집인 : 이동우 / 발행처 : 정인과 (152-703) 서울특별시 구로구 구로동 80번지 고려대학교 구로병원 정신과 / TEL : 02-818-6608 / FAX : 02-852-1937 발행일 : 2008년 4월 30일 / 제 작 : (주)엠엘커뮤니케이션 140-846 서울특별시
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and
More information(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re
EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information00약제부봄호c03逞풚
경희대학교 동서신의학병원 약품 정보지 2 0 0 7. S P R I N G. V O L. 0 1 신약 소개 02 Journal Review 03 Special Subject 04 복약 지도 06 의약품 안전성 정보 07 약제부 알림 07 약제부 업무 소개 08 E A S T - W E S T N E O M E D I C A L C E N T E R 본 약품
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although
More informationKinematic analysis of success strategy of YANG Hak Seon technique Joo-Ho Song 1, Jong-Hoon Park 2, & Jin-Sun Kim 3 * 1 Korea Institute of Sport Scienc
Kinematic analysis of success strategy of technique JooHo Song 1, JongHoon Park 2, & JinSun Kim 3 * 1 Korea Institute of Sport Science, 2 Catholic Kwandong University, 3 Yonsei University [Purpose] [Methods]
More information슬라이드 1
대한의료관련감염관리학회학술대회 2016년 5월 26일 ( 목 ) 15:40-17:40 서울아산병원동관 6층대강당서울성심병원김지형 기능, 가격, 모든것을종합 1 Excel 자료정리 2 SPSS 학교에서준다면설치 3 통계시작 : dbstat 4 Web-R : 표만들기, 메타분석 5 R SPSS www.cbgstat.com dbstat 직접 dbstat 길들이기
More informationSheu HM, et al., British J Dermatol 1997; 136: Kao JS, et al., J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:
Sheu HM, et al., British J Dermatol 1997; 136:884-890 Kao JS, et al., J Invest Dermatol 03; 1:446-464 1 10 0 3 Day Normal MLE Lotion Lotion MLE Cream Cream 80 7 70 6 3 Day Normal MLE Lotion Lotion MLE
More information서론
- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -
More informationuntitled
Korean J Urol Oncol 2007;5(3):138-143 성인에서혈청전립선특이항원과비만지표, 나이와의관련성 을지대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실, 1 가정의학교실 김은탁ㆍ김상환 1 ㆍ최희정 1 The Association between Obesity, Age and Prostate-specific Antigen in Adults Eun Tak Kim, Sang
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
More information<31372DB9DABAB4C8A32E687770>
김경환 박병호 충북대학교 도시공학과 (2010. 5. 27. 접수 / 2011. 11. 23. 채택) Developing the Traffic Severity by Type Kyung-Hwan Kim Byung Ho Park Department of Urban Engineering, Chungbuk National University (Received May
More informationA Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer
More informationJkcs022(89-113).hwp
대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo
More information05-08 087ÀÌÁÖÈñ.hwp
산별교섭에 대한 평가 및 만족도의 영향요인 분석(이주희) ꌙ 87 노 동 정 책 연 구 2005. 제5권 제2호 pp. 87118 c 한 국 노 동 연 구 원 산별교섭에 대한 평가 및 만족도의 영향요인 분석: 보건의료노조의 사례 이주희 * 2004,,,.. 1990. : 2005 4 7, :4 7, :6 10 * (jlee@ewha.ac.kr) 88 ꌙ 노동정책연구
More informationMicrosoft Word - KSR2016S168
2016 년도 한국철도학회 춘계학술대회 논문집 KSR2016S168 GPR 을 이용한 자갈궤도 파울링층 파악을 위한 실내실험적 접근 Evaluation of Applicability of GPR to Detect Fouled Layer in Ballast Using Laboratory Tests 신지훈 *, 최영태 **, 장승엽 *** Ji-hoon. Shin
More information歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF
********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder
More informationK O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 41 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 10 12 5 41 ISSN:2005-811X Comparison of drug-susceptibility test to the anti-tuberculosis
More information(
317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,
More informationuntitled
확대전립선생검을통해저위험성으로확인된국소전립선암의근치적전립선적출술후병리학적결과 Pathologic Outcome of Unilateral Low Risk Prostate Cancers on Multicore Prostate Biopsy after Radical Prostatectomy 대한비뇨기과학회지제 49 권제 10 호 2008 Jae-Seung Chung,
More information03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö
25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More information<313430333033C6AFC1FD28C3E0B1B8292E687770>
스포츠와 물리학: 구기운동 안티-싸커 와 간접-축구 DOI: 10.3938/PhiT.23.005 이 인 호 Anti-soccer and Indirect Soccer 편성은 없다고 장담한다. 벨기에(FIFA 랭킹 11위), 러시아 (FIFA 랭킹 22위), 알제리(FIFA 랭킹 26위), 그리고 한국(FIFA 랭킹 61위)으로 이어지는 H조 편성 결과이다. 이
More informationJkbcs016(92-97).hwp
Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean
More information???? 1
The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial
More information歯14.양돈규.hwp
: The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net
More information(01) hwp
Journal of Life Science 2013 Vol. 23. No. 2. 157~166 ISSN (Print) 1225-9918 ISSN (Online) 2287-3406 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2013.23.2.157 α μ δ κ 158 생명과학회지 2013, Vol. 23. No. 2 Journal of
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales
More informationVol.259 C O N T E N T S M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M
2018.01 Vol.259 C O N T E N T S 02 06 28 61 69 99 104 120 M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M 2 2018.1 3 4 2018.1 1) 2) 6 2018.1 3) 4) 7 5) 6) 7) 8) 8 2018.1 9 10 2018.1 11 2003.08 2005.08
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social
More informationTreatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy
Treatment and Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy Chung-Ang University Hospital Chee Jeong Kim 7.2 5.3 6.4 5.6 7.3 5.5 1 1 2 3 4 10 11 7 34 49 122 123 1.0 - - 10. 2001 1998 1998 Improvement of postmenopausal
More information歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF
The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)
More informationISO17025.PDF
ISO/IEC 17025 1999-12-15 1 2 3 4 41 42 43 44, 45 / 46 47 48 49 / 410 411 412 413 414 5 51 52 53 54 / 55 56 57 58 / 59 / 510 A( ) ISO/IEC 17025 ISO 9001:1994 ISO 9002:1994 B( ) 1 11 /, / 12 / 1, 2, 3/ (
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
한국소음진동공학회 2015추계학술대회논문집년 Study of Noise Pattern and Psycho-acoustics Characteristic of Household Refrigerator * * ** ** Kyung-Soo Kong, Dae-Sik Shin, Weui-Bong Jeong, Tae-Hoon Kim and Se-Jin Ahn Key Words
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: : * Research Subject
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.91-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.91 : * Research Subject Trend Analysis on Educational Innovation with Network
More information14.531~539(08-037).fm
G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More information<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>
주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율
More information02신현화
Yonsei Business Review Vol. 47, No. 1 (Fall 2010), 151-179 David vs. Goliath: M&A of HaiTai Confectionery and Foods Co. by Crown Confectionery Co. Hyun-Han Shin** 2004 10 Korea Confectionary Holdings NV
More information139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ
2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,
More informationγ
경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical
More information내시경 conference
부울경소화기내시경학회 6월집담회 고신대학교복음병원소화기내과전임의서광일 F/63 CASE C.C) epigastric pain for 2 wks P. I) 2014.04.16 EGD at LMC adm via OPD for further evaluation. P. Hx) CASE HTN/DM/Hepatitis/Tbc (+/+/-/-) S. Hx) N-S ROS)
More informationDIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 SUMMARY About 3.2 million Korean people (10.1%) aged over 30 years or older had diabetes in 2010. Based on fasting g
DIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) / Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) DIABETES FACT SHEET IN KOREA 2012 SUMMARY About 3.2 million Korean people (10.1%)
More information04-다시_고속철도61~80p
Approach for Value Improvement to Increase High-speed Railway Speed An effective way to develop a highly competitive system is to create a new market place that can create new values. Creating tools and
More information원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현
원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 지도김석원교수 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함
More information4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 조 희 영 선 생 님 고 맙 습 니 다 16 17 18 19 가정간호 장선미 간호사님 감사합니다 20 21 22 23 24 25 U l 26 27 p SEOUL MEDICAL CENTER NEWS 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 홍보실장이란 신동규 원고를 기다립니다
More information한국 출산력의 저하 요인에 관한 연구
가족계획실천율 가족계획실천자 세 유배우부인 조출생률 년간 총출생아수 연앙인구수 일반출산율 년간 총출생아수 가임연령 여자연앙인구수 합계출산율 세 연령층 여성이 출산한 출생아수 세 연령층 여성의 연앙인구수 즉 합계출산율 합 6 계 출 산 율 5 4 3 2 1 1960 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities
More information<Brief Communication> 한국인전립선및신장암의과진단에대한역학적근거 Epidemiological Evidences about Overdiagnosis of Prostate and Kidney Cancer in Korean 배종면 Jong-Myon Bae 제
한국인전립선및신장암의과진단에대한역학적근거 Epidemiological Evidences about Overdiagnosis of Prostate and Kidney Cancer in Korean 배종면 Jong-Myon Bae 제주대학교의학전문대학원예방의학교실 Department of Preventive Medicine,
More information<31372DB9CCB7A1C1F6C7E22E687770>
미래지향 고령친화 주거디자인을 위한 예비노인층의 라이프스타일 특성 Characteristics of Lifestyle of the Pre-Elderly for Future Elderly-friendly Housing Design 류 혜 지 청운대학교 인테리어디자인학과 교수 Ryu hye-ji Dept. of Interior Design, Chungwoon University
More informationECG & EP CASES Young-Keun On, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Cardiac & Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea A case of
More information