JKSM Original Article Journal of Korean Society for Microsurgery pissn eissn J Korean Soc Microsurg 2013;22:33-37 초미세수술을이용한하지재건의기술

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1 JKSM Original Article Journal of Korean Society for Microsurgery pissn eissn J Korean Soc Microsurg 2013;22:33-37 초미세수술을이용한하지재건의기술적고찰 이희종, 김성찬, 김규남 *, 윤치선, 홍준표 * 울산대학교의과대학울산대학교병원, * 서울아산병원성형외과학교실 Techniques in Lower Extremity Reconstruction with Supermicrosurgery Hee Jong Lee, Sung Chan Kim, Kyu Nam Kim*, Chi Seon Yoon, Joon Pio Hong* Department of Plastic Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, *Asan Medical Center, Seoul, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea Received April 1, 2013 Revised May 1, 2013 Accepted May 4, 2013 Correspondence to: Joon Pio Hong Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, 388-1, Poongnap 2-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: joonphong@amc.seoul.kr Purpose: The concept and development of perforator s have led to significant advances in microsurgery. Ongoing developments in perforator surgery are aimed at reducing complications and improving surgical outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and application of supermicrosurgery in surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 267 patients with soft tissue defects of the lower extremity due to various etiologies from January, 2007 to January, The patients received either an anterolateral thigh (n=83), a superficial circumflex iliac artery (n=152), an upper medial thigh (n=19), or a superior gluteal artery perforator (n=13). Microanastomosis was performed using a perforator-toperforator technique, either end-to-end or end-to-side. Results: The mean postoperative follow up period was eight months (range: one to 16 months) and flap loss occurred in 11 cases out of 267. All cases of flap loss occurred within two weeks of surgery due to either arterial insufficiency (n=5) or venous congestion (n=6). Conclusion: Supermicrosurgery enables the selection of the most efficient perforator for microanastomosis at the defect site. It also reduces the time required for dissection of recipient vessels, and reduces the possibility of injury to major vessels. Microsurgery using a vessel of less than 1 mm has been reported to increase the risk of flap failure; however, using the most advanced surgical tools and developing experience in the technique can produce success rates similar to those found in the literature. Key Words: Supermicrosurgery, Limb salvation, Perforator 서론 미세수술에있어서새로운도구의개발과기술의발전은사지구제술의발전을이루었고그결과지난 30년에걸쳐사지구제율이효과적으로상승하였다. 1 하지재건에있어단순한연부조직재건뿐만아니라기능적인회복및미용적개선을고려하게되었으며이는미세수술을통하여가능하였다. 현재미세수술은발전을 거듭하여천공지피판과초미세수술을이용한유리피판술의개념까지확장되었고이는수술의합병증을줄이고더좋은결과를얻는것을목적으로한다. 유리피판술은복합적인결손의경우주변조직을이용하여재건할수없을때풍부한혈행성을바탕으로선택할수있는재건방법중하나이지만, 성공적인이식을위해미세수술시술자의능수능란함과믿을수있는수여부의혈관이존재해야한다. 2,3 특히적절한수여부의혈관을찾는것은기술적으 CC This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright Korean Society for Microsurgery, All rights reserved. 33

2 J Korean Soc Microsurg Vol. 22, No. 1, May 2013 로나 환자의 상태에 따라 어려울 수 있으며 경우에 따라 추가적인 angiograms of the lower extremity)을 시행하였고, 인공물에 정맥이식이 필요할 수 있다. 이와 같은 상황에서 초미세수술을 하 의한 음영이 발생하여 결과의 지장을 초래할 경우 고식적인 혈 나의 해결책으로 제시할 수 있다. 관조영술을 시행하여 주요 혈관의 개통성을 확인하였다. 비개통 초미세수술은 직경 0.8 mm 미만의 미세혈관을 현미경을 이용 성 혈류를 보이는 경우에는 경피적 혈관성형술 및 혈관이식우 4-7 이는 림프부종 환자의 치료에 회로술을 시행하여 말초의 혈류개선을 도모하였다. 초음파 도 서 림프관-정맥 입환술에 주로 이용되었고 그 외에 특정 적응증 플러 검사법으로 연부조직 결손 주변부의 수여부가 될 만한 천 에 한하여 연부조직의 재건에 산발적으로 이용되었지만 이를 하 공지들과 공여부 피판의 천공지들을 표지하고 그 크기로 신호 지재건에 이용한 문헌적 고찰은 없었다.6-12 본 연구는 하지재건 의 강도를 함께 나타내었다. 이후 이면성 초음파검사법(duplex 시 초미세수술을 이용한 유리피판술의 효용성 및 적용을 평가하 ultrasonography)으로 공여부와 수여부 천공지의 혈류속도를 측 고자 하였다. 정하여 15~20 cm/sec 이상인 천공지를 선택적으로 표지하였다 하여 문합하는 것으로 정의한다. (Fig. 1). 대상 및 방법 수술 기법 연부조직의 결손으로 서울아산병원 성형외과에 내원하여 치료 수술 전 적절한 변연절제술로 결손부의 준비가 필요하며 그 범 를 받은 총 267명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자들은 초미 위는 뼈를 포함하기도 한다. 만약 정형외과적인 뼈 고정술이 필요 세수술을 시행받았고 하지재건을 전방외측대퇴부천공지 유리피 할 경우 이는 연부조직 재건술을 시행하기 전에 마쳤다. 초음파 판술(anterolateral thigh perforator ; 83예), 얕은엉덩휘 검사법을 이용하여 수여부와 공여부의 천공지들을 다시 한 번 확 돌이동맥천공지 유리피판술(superficial circumflex iliac artery 인하여 수술 준비를 마친 후에는 두 개의 팀으로 나눠 동시에 수 perforator ; 152예), 상방내측대퇴부천공지 유리피판술 술을 진행하였다. 우선 광학확대경을 통해 수여부 천공지 주변의 (uppermedial thigh perforator ; 19예), 상둔동맥천공 박리를 시작하며 그 위치가 확인된 경우 현미경을 이용하여 박리 지 유리피판술(superior gluteal artery perforator ; 13예) 를 계속하였다. 이후 문합에 이용할 천공지를 선택할 때 손상 부 이 이용되었으며 미세혈관 문합은 천공지와 천공지를 단-단 문합 위(zone of injury)에 포함되는지 여부보다는 맥박(pulse)이 강한 (211예), 단-측 문합(56예)으로 하였다. 것을 우선으로 선택하였다. 만약 천공지의 내경이 작을 경우 근 막 아래로 추가적인 박리를 시행하여 적절한 내경을 확보할 수 있 수술 전 평가 다. 수여부 천공지의 깊이에 따라 공여부 피판경(pedicle)의 길이 수술 전 하지 결손의 평가에 있어 이학적 검사를 가장 먼저 시 가 결정되는 것이다. 대개 천공지에 동반하는 정맥을 환류에 이용 행하는데 결손부의 위치, 크기, 깊이 등을 관찰하여 그 윤곽을 인 하지만 만약 천공지 박리 과정 중에 표층 정맥이 발견된다면 이 지하고 원인에 따른 손상 부위(zone of injury)를 평가한다. 공 를 이용할 수 있으므로 조심스레 분리확보해 두는 것이 좋다. 동 여부와 수여부의 천공지 및 주요 혈관의 평가를 위해 모든 환자 시에 두 번째 팀은 공여부의 천공지피판을 거상하며, 필요에 따라 에게 하지혈관 조영 컴퓨터 단층 촬영(computed tomography 수여부와 마찬가지로 근막 아래로 추가적인 박리를 시행할 수 있 Fig. 1. (A) Pedicle artery is traced using duplex ultrasonography, color mode. The image shows the cursor placed to the traced pedicle artery. (B) Using the doppler mode, the flow is visualized and the peak velocity is calculated after freezing the test. 34

3 Hee Jong Lee, et al. Techniques in Lower Extremity Reconstruction with Supermicrosurgery 지만이경우원천동맥 (source artery) 까지박리하는경우는드물다. 13,14 공여부의피판경을절단하기전에반드시수여부의천공지를먼저절단하여강한박동성의혈류흐름을확인하였다. 초미세수술용확장기 (dilator) 를이용하여미세문합전에천공지의내경을 0.5~0.8 mm의너비로확보한후 50- 에서 30-µm 바늘 (11-0 또는 12-0 나일론 ) 로봉합하였으며천공지의내경이 0.5 mm 이하일경우에는 12-0 나일론으로봉합하였다 (Fig. 2). 봉합은천공지단면의둘레를따라최소 6땀 ( 평균 9땀 ) 시행하며봉합과정중에혈관의연축 (spasm) 을예방하기위해 4% lidocaine solution 을피판경에수시로분사하였다. 바늘의굵기가가늘기때문에초미세수술에적합한정교한수술기구를이용해야하며혈관의연축 (spasm) 이발생할수있으므로천공지를 다룰때는각별한주의가필요하다. 문합을끝낸다음피판변연부에서의출혈정도와그색을확인한후문합부위의긴장상태가없는상태에서결손부위를주의하여덮어주었다 (Fig. 3). 수술후지방-프로스타글란딘 E1 (Eglandin; Welfide, Seoul, Korea) 10 µg을 5% 포도당용액에섞은후네시간이상에걸쳐 5일동안정맥주입했으며, 3,800 IU의저분자량헤파린 (Fraxiparin; Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France) 도 5일동안피하주입하였다. 환자뼈의상태에따라보행은수술후 5일에서 7일사이에허용하고특별한문제가없는경우 10일이내에퇴원하였다. 보행을시작할무렵까지 8시간간격으로하루세차례이면성초음파검사법으로미세문합혈관의혈류속도를측정하여그값이수술전과비교하여유사한값을가지는지확인하였다. 결과 Fig. 2. Left : dilator for microsurgery, right : dilator for supermicrosurgery. 환자들의나이범주는 16세부터 82세 ( 평균 45세 ) 였으며결손의원인은당뇨발을포함한혈관인성궤양 (144예), 외상 (51예), 종양절제 (38예), 화상 (14예) 으로인해발생한반흔구축의제거등이었다. 피판의평균면적은 11 7 cm이었다 ( 범위, 7 4 cm~30 16 cm). 수여부천공지를박리하는데소요된시간은기존의고식적유리피판술보다약 10분에서 30분감소하였고공여부의피판경을박리하는데소요된시간은기존보다약 20분에서 40분감소하였다. 미세문합은단-단문합, 단-측문합으로이루어졌으며공여부와수여부의천공지에각각동반하는정맥을서로미세문합하였고경우에따라수여부의천공지에동반하는정맥이아닌표면 Fig. 3. (A) The application of supermicrosurgery (perforator to perforator anastomosis) on the lower extremity is shown. A patient with chronic osteomyelitis is seen after debridement. Arrows remark perforator vessels around the defect. (B) A recipient perforator was located adjacent to the defect margin piercing the fascia with a good visual pulse. (C) After the elevation of anterolateral thigh with a short perforator pedicle segment, anastomosis is performed. (D) The flap is shown to have good contour without recurrence of infection. 35

4 J Korean Soc Microsurg Vol. 22, No. 1, May 2013 Table 1. Total failure rate and cause Flap Cause Total Arterial Venous failure insufficiency congestion Superficial circumflex (3.9) 2 4 iliac artery perforator Anterolateral thigh perforator 83 4 (4.8) 2 2 Uppermedial thigh perforator 19 1 (5.3) 1 0 Superior gluteal artery perforator Total (4.1) 5 6 Values are presented as number (%) or number only. 정맥과문합하기도하였다. 결손부위와그주변에는적어도 3개 이상의천공지가존재하였다. 천공지는초미세수술용확장기를이용하여그내강을확장하 였고미세문합전측정한직경의평균길이는 0.4~0.9 mm의범 위에있었으며동반하는정맥직경의평균길이는 0.4~1.2 mm의 범위에있었다. 하지연부조직재건의평균수술시간은 3시간 10 분 (2시간 30분 ~8시간 ) 이었다. 수술후평균경과관찰기간은 8개월이었고 (1~16개월), 총 267예중 11예에서전체피판괴사가발생하였다. 이는모두수술 후 2주이내에발생하였으며원인은동맥부전이 5예, 정맥울혈이 6예였다 (Table 1). 고찰 재건사다리 (reconstructive ladder) 를통한연부조직의재건은그접근방법이크게정도를벗어나지않아좋은가이드라인으로제시될수있지만해부학적지식과미세수술의기법이날로발전함에따라중증외상과같은특정경우에유리피판술을이용한미세수술이일차선택의방법으로여겨지기도한다 국소피판술도많은발전이이루어져왔고박리과정중에발생할수있는주요혈관의손상과생착실패의위험성이낮은점, 짧은수술시간, 박리의용이함등의장점이뚜렷하지만, 광범위한결손을재건하는경우기능적회복과동시에우수한미용적인결과를추구해야하므로그한계가분명하다. 18 그러므로국소피판술의장점을함께가지는유리피판술이이상적인재건의방향으로제시될수있는것이다. 수술전시행하는하지혈관조영컴퓨터단층촬영을통해많은정보를얻을수있다. 공여부의천공지를확인하는것은물론 근막위지방조직이부족하고주요혈관으로부터분지되는천공지의길이가짧아추적하기어려운수여부의천공지까지확인할수있다. 또한주요혈관의상태를평가하는데도많은정보를제공하는데, 하지로향하는주요혈관에서어떠한원인에의해폐색또는협착이관찰될경우박리과정중에손상이발생하지않도록주의해야하며특히죽상경화증이동반된경우에는더욱그러하다. 실제초미세수술을이용한재건대상환자들가운데도상당수는주요혈관의죽상경화증이동반되어있었다. 대개천공지는이환부위와멀리위치하고서로이어주는미세혈관들이풍부하여혈류가유지되므로미세문합에큰영향을미치지않는다는보고가있으나, 주요혈관의폐색또는협착이가역적인경우수술전경피적혈관성형술및혈관이식우회로술을통해천공지까지의관류압 (perfusion pressure) 을정상값으로유지하고자하였다. 기존의주요혈관을이용한유리피판술은혈관확보를위해근육층까지박리해야하므로주요혈관의손상가능성을높이고이로인한하지원위부의혈류감소를가져오기도한다. 근육층의박리또한손상을유발하여수술후부종을일으키는데, 이는외상에의한혈관손상의경우더심하게나타나고보행시기도늦춰환자의회복에좋지않다. 19,20 결손부위주변의천공지를수여부로문합할경우이는손상부위밖에위치한혈관을문합에이용해야한다는통념에반할수있으나주요혈관을노출시키지않아도되므로손상의위험과수술부위의부종또한줄일수있다. 초미세수술에있어수여부천공지의중요한선택기준으로손상부위와의위치관계보다는혈관의유연성 (pliability) 과단면절단시관찰되는풍부한혈류가우선되어야한다. 21 결손부위마다면적과특히그깊이가다르므로모든경우에초미세수술이추천되는것은아니다. 만약깊이위치한주요혈관에접근이용이하다면고식적인유리피판술이기술적인면에서더유리할것이다. 따라서수술방법은환자의요구와결손부위의상태에따라정해져야하며주요혈관의상태가좋지않거나박리를위한접근이어려운경우초미세수술은도움이될것이다. 고식적인유리피판술의경우피판경의길이가충분히확보되어야한다. 주요혈관원위부의혈류흐름을유지하기위해대개단-측문합을시행하는데이때공여부의피판경을길게확보할필요가있으며이는결과적으로공여부의합병증발생가능성을증가시킨다. 천공지를수여부로할경우에는공여부피판경의길이가길지않아합병증발생가능성이감소하는것이다. 외상환자의연부조직재건은외부고정장치 (Ilizarov and modified Ilizarov) 가설치되어있는경우가많아깊은위치에서의미세혈관문합이용이하지않다. 22,23 초미세수술의경우결손부위주변에위치한여러개의천공지중에미세혈관문합에가장용이한것을선택할수있는장점이있다

5 Hee Jong Lee, et al. Techniques in Lower Extremity Reconstruction with Supermicrosurgery 미세수술을이용한사지구제 (limb salvage) 는많은발전을거 듭해왔으며성공적인재건을가능하게하였고, 이제는이식부위 뿐만아니라공여부의이환율 (morbidity) 및우수한미용적결과 와재건의효율성까지고려하여야한다 일부에서는직경 1 mm 미만의혈관을이용한미세문합이피판생착실패율을증가 시킨다는보고가있지만도구및기술의발전과함께수술자의숙 련도가갖추어졌을때다른문헌에서와비슷한성공률의하지재 건을성취할수있음을확인하였다. 2,15,18 초미세수술은가장적절 한수여부혈관을선택할수있도록하고, 문합을위한박리에소 모되는시간을줄이고고식적인유리피판술의장점을그대로가 진다는점에서의의가있다. REFERENCES 1. Heller L, Levin LS. Lower extremity microsurgical reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108: Khouri RK. Avoiding failure. Clin Plast Surg 1992; 19: Hong JP. The use of supermicrosurgery in lower extremity reconstruction: the next step in evolution. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009;123: Koshima I, Inagawa K, Yamamoto M, Moriguchi T. New microsurgical breast reconstruction using free paraumbilical perforator adiposal flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;106: Koshima I, Nanba Y, Takahasi Y, Tuskino A, Kishimoto K. Future of supramicro surgery as it relates to breast reconstruction: Free paraumbilical perforator adiposal flap. Semin Plast Surg 2002;16: Koshima I, Nanba Y, Tsutsui T, Takahashi Y, Itoh S, Fujitsu M. Minimal invasive lymphaticovenular anastomosis under local anesthesia for leg lymphedema: is it effective for stage III and IV? Ann Plast Surg 2004;53: Hong JP, Koshima I. Using perforators as recipient vessels (supermicrosurgery) for reconstruction of the knee region. Ann Plast Surg 2010;64: Koshima I, Nanba Y, Tsutsui T, Takahashi Y. Medial plantar perforator flaps with supermicrosurgery. Clin Plast Surg 2003; 30: Schoeller T, Bauer T, Gurunluoglu R, Hussl H, Otto-Schoeller A, Piza-Katzer H, et al. Modified free paraumbilical perforator flap: the next logical step in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111: Kompatscher P, Manestar M, Schuster A, Lang A, Beer GM. The thoracoacromial vessels as recipient vessels in microsurgery and supermicrosurgery: an anatomical and sonographic study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115: Kim JS, Choi TH, Kim NG, Lee KS, Han KH, Son DG, et al. The replantation of an amputated tongue by supermicrosurgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007;60: Guzzetti T, Thione A. Successful breast reconstruction with a perforator to deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Ann Plast Surg 2001;46: Hallock GG. Muscle perforator flaps. Ann Plast Surg 2007;58: Batchelor JS, Moss AL. The relationship between fasciocutaneous perforators and their fascial branches: an anatomical study in human cadaver lower legs. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95: Khouri RK, Shaw WW. Reconstruction of the lower extremity with microvascular s: a 10-year experience with 304 consecutive cases. J Trauma 1989;29: Knobloch K, Vogt PM. Integra, negative-pressure wound therapy, triple-nerve decompression, and the reconstructive ladder in diabetic patients with ulcerations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127: Hong JP. Reconstructive surgery: Lower extremity coverage. In: Neligan PC, Song DH, editors. Plastic surgery, volume 4. 3rd ed. New York: Elsevier Saunders; p Parrett BM, Matros E, Pribaz JJ, Orgill DP. Lower extremity trauma: trends in the management of soft-tissue reconstruction of open tibia-fibula fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117: ; discussion Acland RD. Refinements in lower extremity surgery. Clin Plast Surg 1990;17: Muramatsu K, Shigetomi M, Ihara K, Kawai S, Doi K. Vascular complication in free tissue transfer to the leg. Microsurgery 2001;21: Isenberg JS, Sherman R. Zone of injury: a valid concept in microvascular reconstruction of the traumatized lower limb? Ann Plast Surg 1996;36: Hallock GG. Salvage of total knee arthroplasty with local fasciocutaneous flaps. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72: Park S, Han SH, Lee TJ. Algorithm for recipient vessel selection in free tissue transfer to the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103: Taylor GI, Palmer JH. The vascular territories (angiosomes) of the body: experimental study and clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg 1987;40: Mathes SJ, Feng LJ, Hunt TK. Coverage of the infected wound. Ann Surg 1983;198: Mathes SJ, Alpert BS, Chang N. Use of the muscle flap in chronic osteomyelitis: experimental and clinical correlation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;69: Ger R. Muscle transposition for treatment and prevention of chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977;59:

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