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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 19, No. 8 pp , ISSN / eissn 김대유, 허장욱 * 금오공과대학교기계시스템공학과 Accelerated Life Test Design of Bladder Type Accumulator Assembly for Helicopter Dae-Yu Kim, Jang-Wook Hur * Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology 요약최근무기체계의개발에서핵심부품 구성품의신뢰성시험이국방전력발전업무훈령규정에반영되고각종부품의복잡도의증가로인하여서신뢰성의중요도가강조되고있고그에따라서신뢰성시험의중요성또한강조되고있다. 또한핵심구성품의수명시험비용과기간을단축하기위해서는가속수명시험기법의적절한적용이요구되어있다. 그러므로본논문에서는헬기에장착되는블래더형축압기를대상으로한신뢰성시험설계방법을연구하고신뢰성시험설계에필요한프로세스를제시하였다. 축압기의신뢰성시험을설계하기위해고장률예측, 고장모드영향분석, 고장나무분석등의기법을이용하여주요고장모드와고장메커니즘을조사하고 2-Stage QFD 를통하여서각고장모드의우선순위및중요도를체크함과동시에주요스트레스인자를분석하여적절한가속모델을선택했다. 그리고필요시료수와신뢰도수준및각각의스트레스조건에따라서무고장시험설계법을참고하여정상상태의신뢰성시험을설계하였고또한선택한가속모델을사용하여계산한가속계수에따라가속수명시험시간을계산하였다. Abstract The importance of reliability in the development of weapons systems and reliability tests has been emphasized recently. Therefore, this study evaluated a reliability test design method of a bladder type accumulator and proposed a process for reliability test design. To design the reliability test of the accumulator, the main failure modes and failure mechanisms were investigated, and the main stress factors were analyzed to select the appropriate acceleration model. A steady - state reliability test was designed according to the number of samples, and the reliability level and accelerated life test time were calculated according to the acceleration factor computed using the selected acceleration model. Keywords : Accelerated Life Test, Accumulator, Failure Mode Effect & Analysis, Fault Tree Analysis, Reliability Test, Risk Priority Number 1. 서론 군용및민수용헬기는지상장비와달리고장이나파손시인명및재산에막대한피해를초래하기때문에수명시험은매우중요하다. 따라서최근군용헬기를포함한무기체계의경우핵심구성품은일반적으로수명시험을수행하고있으며, 이를통해신뢰성을보증토록하고 있다. 신뢰성시험수행을위해서는먼저신뢰성시험설계시요구되는사전자료를수집하여야하며, 자료수집대상으로는정상시험, 고장모드및고장메커니즘의종류, 신뢰성요구조건등이있다 [1]. 또한최근급속한기술의발전은복잡한복합시스템의출현을독려하고있으며, 이로인해수명시험의중요성은더욱강조되고있다. 그러나수명시험이많은비용 본논문은 2017년도금오공과대학교학술연구비지원을받아수행된연구결과임 ( ) * Corresponding Author : Jang-Wook Hur(Kumoh National Institute of Technology) Tel: hhjw88@kumoh.ac.kr Received May 16, 2018 Revised June 25, 2018 Accepted August 3, 2018 Published August 31,

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 8 호, 2018 과장기간이소요되기때문에개발업체에서는많은부담을가지고있으며, 이로인해시험대상품목선정등에있어서소극적인자세를취하고있다. 핵심구성품의수명시험비용과기간을단축하기위해서는가속수명시험기법의적절한적용이요구되고있으며, 이와관련하여많은연구가수행되고있으나 [2, 3], 군용무기체계의경우에는관련규정에신뢰성시험중수명시험항목에가속수명시험이배제되어있는등제반여건이미흡한실정이다 [4]. 따라서본연구에서는헬기용핵심구성품으로블래더형축압기를대상으로신뢰성시험수행을위한파라미터를산출하기위한고장률예측, FTA 및 FMEA를통하여주요고장모드와고장메커니즘을조사하였으며, 2-Stage QFD를통하여주요스트레스인자를도출하여가속모델에따른가속수명시험을설계하였고, 이를통하여신뢰성시험추진방법을제시하였다. 그리고가속조건과신뢰수준에따른시험시간을계산함으로써시험시간에영향이큰파라미터들을산출하였다. 2. 블래더형축압기의고장메커니즘 2.1 블래더형축압기의기능과형상헬기에장착되는축압기는유압시스템의충격과진동을흡수하고, 유압유의온도변화에따른부피변화를제어하며, 유압펌프고장시저장된오일을공급하여일정한유량을유지하는등의기능을수행하는헬기의핵심구성품중하나이다. 압기의경우 Fig. 1 에나타낸바와같이블래더, 하우징, 가스밸브및유압포트로크게구분할수있으며, 기체 ( 질소 ) 와유압사이가완전히분리된형태로되어있다. 축압기의재질은고무 (HNBR) 를사용하는블래더를제외하고, 모든부품은스테인레스강을적용하고있으며, 블래더형축압기운용간유압은 0.98~14MPa, 질소는 3.5MPa 이다. 고장률은임의의시간구간내에서실제동작중인부품의모집단에대한고장횟수의비율로정의하며, 이는실제로장비가운용을시작한후고장이일어날수있는시점을의미한다. 고장률 Z(t) 는고장분포에따라여러가지형태로표현될수있으나, 일반적으로고장률이지수분포를갖는다고가정하면 Z(t) = λ로나타낼수있다. 이때, 신뢰도의척도는고장률의역수로서 MTBF로정의할수있으며, ARW(Airborne Rotary Wing) 환경조건과 38 온도조건을대상으로 Relex 2011을사용하여분석하였다. 축압기조립체에대한고장률및 MTBF는분석결과각각 와 45,622H가계산되었으며, 고장률예측상위 5개부품을 Table 1에나타내었다. 표로부터블래더가가장높은고장률을나타내었고, 유니온, 유체포트, 포핏이동일한고장률로예측되었으며, 이러한결과는 FTA의 Critical Path에서주요고장모드를나타내는부품과의비교를통해수명시험항목선정의기준자료로사용하였다. Table 1. Top five parts of accumulator prediction failure rate Name Failure Rate MTBF(H) Bladder ,874 Union ,369 Poppet ,000,000 Plate ,000,000 Valve ,000,000 Fig. 1. Accumulator components and installation locations 2.2 고장률예측축압기중비교적소형으로효율이높은블래더형축 2.3 고장모드및영향분석 (FMEA) FMEA(Failure Mode Effect & Analysis) 는체계또는체계의하위수준에서잠재적인고장유형을검토하고, 체계의성능에미치는고장의영향을평가하는기법으로귀납적논리과정을사용한다. 240

3 Table 2. FMEA Results of RPN failure modes RPN rank Failure mode Failure parts Failure effects RPN 1 Broken Bladder The function of preventing internal leakage of nitrogen gas in the accumulator is lost Broken Housing The function to store hydraulic oil in the accumulator is lost Broken Fluid port The function to store hydraulic oil in the accumulator is lost Leaking Bladder The function of preventing internal leakage of nitrogen gas in the accumulator is lost Seized Bladder The function of preventing internal leakage of nitrogen gas in the accumulator is lost. 40 이접근법은체계의최하위수준에서시작하여체계성능에미치는최종영향을결정하기위해상위수준으로올라가면서 bottom up 방식으로분석하며, 체계설계가완료된이후보다는체계설계의초기에적용하는것이효과적이다. FMEA를통해계산되는 RPN(Risk Priority Number) 은잠재고장모드에대한기대위험의예측치이며, 심각도, 발생도및검출도의곱으로나타낼수있다. 블래더형축압기의 FMEA에서 RPN이가장높게나타난상위 5개고장모드에대한결과를 Table 2에나타내었으며, 고장모드중블래더파손이가장높은 RPN을갖는것으로식별되었다 [5, 6]. 2.4 고장트리분석 (FTA) FTA(Fault Tree Analysis) 는바람직하지못한하나의특정사건을정의하고사건을일으킬수있는모든가능한고장을결정하는기법이며, 구체적으로치명적인상위사건을유발할수있는고장을식별하는데초점을두고있다. 블래더형축압기의 FTA 수행은 FMEA상에서가장높은 RPN을갖는고장모드인블래더부서짐의고장영향을정상사상으로 Fig. 2와같이나타내었다. 3. 가속모델및가속수명시험설계 3.1 주요스트레스선정 FMEA 및 FTA 수행결과도출된고장모드중축압기의성능에영향을미치는스트레스인자를식별하기위하여 QFD(Quality Function Deployment) 를수행하였다. QFD 1단계에서는 Table 3과같이블래더, 유체포트및하우징에대한각각의고장과온도, 진동, 압력, 먼지및충격의관계를나타내고있다. 표에서 RPN scale은각각의 RPN에대해최대 RPN 을나타낸 70으로나눈값으로, 잠재고장모드의기대위험예측치가상대적으로어느정도를나타내는지를표시하고있다. 또한 Score는고장모드별고장발생시상대적인영향성 ( 9점, 3점, 1점 ) 을계산한것이며, RPN score는 RPN scale과 Score의곱을나타내고, 부품의고장원인이어떤잠재고장모드로나타나는지를수치로표시한것이다. 2단계에서는효과적인시험방법을결정하는매트릭스로써 1단계에서우선적으로개선해야할부품의고장모드 / 메커니즘을확인하였다. 표에서시험점수 (Test score) 는 Table 4에서산출한 RPN score와고장모드별고장발생시상대적인영향성 ( 9점, 3점, 1점 ) 을곱한것이며, 시험순위 (Test rank) 는시험설계의고려사항을반영하여효과적인시험방법을결정토록우선순위를표시하고있다 [5, 6]. 주요스트레스인자도출결과고온이가장큰영향을미치는인자로식별되었고, 이와관련된주고장모드및메커니즘은온도에의한블래더의부서짐이며, 고장영향은블래더형축압기의질소가스내부누설방지기능의상실이다 [7, 8]. Fig. 2. FTA of Top-level RPN 241

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 8 호, 2018 Table 3. Results of Accumulator 2Stage QFD Level 1 Failure site Failure mode Failure cause Bladder Broken Leaking Seized Worn Contamination Cracked/ Fractured Fluid port Broken Broken Housing Cracked/ Fractured Aged/ Deteriorated RPN RPN scale Temperature Vibration High pressure Dust Mechanical shock Score RPN score Table 4. Results of Accumulator 2Stage QFD Level 2 Test Items Failure mechanism Gas Discharge Pressure High Vibration leakage flow rate resistance temperature Parts Failure mode RPN Score Broken 18.0 Leaking 5.7 Bladder Seized 3.4 Worn 4.0 Contamination 1.7 Cracked/Fractured 5.7 Fluid port Broken 3.0 Housing Broken 4.2 Cracked/Fractured 2.4 Aged/Deteriorated 1.0 Test score Test rank 가속모델가속수명시험은사용조건보다가혹한환경 ( 온도, 습도, 진동, 전압등 ) 수준에서시험하여고장을가속시키는시험으로가속조건에서관측된데이터로부터수명과스트레스의관계식을추정하게된다. 가속수명시험모형은수명분포와수명-스트레스관계로이루어져있고, 수명분포는지수분포, 와이블분포및대수정규분포등이있으며, 수명-스트레스관계는아레니우스, 역거듭제곱및아이링방식으로분석이가능하다. FMEA, FTA 및 QFD를통해블래더형축압기는블래더의고온열화가취약한것으로식별되었기때문에가속인자로는온도가가장적합하다. 일반적으로는온도 를파라미터로하는수명-스트레스관계는식 (1) 에나타낸바와같이아레니우스모델이주로사용되고있다 [9]. (1) 여기서, L 은수명, T 는절대온도, k 는볼츠만상수, 는활성화에너지, A는제품의구조및시험방법에따른상수이다. 식 (1) 에대해정상상태의절대온도 ( ) 와가속상태 에서의절대온도 ( ) 를반영하여정리하면식 (2) 와같 242

5 이표현할수있으며, 블래더열화고장메커니즘의활성화에너지, 형상모수및볼츠만상수는 Table 5와같다 [10 12]. (2) 료수 n과무고장시험시간 T를결정하게된다. 동일한신뢰수준으로백분위수명을보증하는무고장시험방식에는다양한 (n, T) 조합이존재하며, 와이블분포에서형상모수와신뢰수준, 합격판정계수및샘플수가정해질때에식 (3) 과같이카이제곱분포표를통하여보증하고자하는시험시간 (t) 을도출할수있다 [13, 14]. Table 5. Characteristic value of deterioration failure mechanism (3) Activation energy Shape parameter Boltzmann constant ev ev/k 3.3 MTBF 보증시험시험기간의단축을위하여무고장합격기준을사용하는것은허용고장수를 0 로채택한다는것을의미하고있으며, 짧은시험기간을사용하는대신완벽한신뢰성을보증한다는의미로해석된다. 무고장시험방식은요구수명을주어진신뢰수준으로보장하는시험방식들중에서적용이비교적수월하며, 상대적으로시험시간이나시료수가단축된다는장점을갖는다. 수명을보증하기위한무고장합격기준을적용하는시험에서는규정된사용수명과신뢰수준을만족하는시 여기서, 는신뢰수준, k는합격판정계수, 는형상모수, 은시료의수, MTBF는신뢰도예측값을의미한다. 시료수가각각 1개, 2개및 3개일때의신뢰수준과시험시간을 Table 6에나타내고있으며, 동일한시료수를대상으로신뢰수준을향상하거나동일한신뢰수준을대상으로시료수를축소하려면시험시간의연장이필요함을알수있다. 즉, 시료수가 1개일때신뢰수준 90% 는신뢰수준 60% 에비해 2,899H( 약 16%) 의시험시간이추가로필요하고, 신뢰수준이 90% 일때시료수 1개는시료수 3 개에비해 3,401H( 약 19%) 의시험시간이추가로필요함을제시하고있다. 그리고시료수가최소인 1개이고신뢰수준이 60% 의경우시험시간은 15,103H를표시하고있다. Table 6. Test time according to the number of reliability test samples and confidence level Number of samples Confidence level Test time(h)

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 8 호, 가속수명시험설계블래더형축압기가정상상태일때의온도는 38 이고최대압력은 14MPa이며, 이때온도만을변화시켰을때식 (2) 에의한가속계수를 Table 7과 Fig. 3에나타내었다. 표와그림으로부터가속계수는온도증가에따라증대함을알수있다. Fig. 3. Acceleration factor according to temperature change Table 7. Accelerate factor according to temperature change Temperature Accelerate factor 신뢰수준과시료수및온도변화에따른가속인자를고려하여가속수명시험시간을 Fig. 4. (a),(b) 와같이나타내었다. 따라서, MTBF 보증시험을가속수명시험으로수행시에는시료수가최소인 1개이고, 최소신뢰수준이 60% 일때, 시험온도가 100 에서최소 9,940H의시험시간이필요함을알수있다. Fig. 4. Change of test time with increasing temperature 얻어진결과를요약하면다음과같다. 1) 블래더형축압기의가장치명품목은블래더이며, 온도에매우민감함을알수있다. 2) MTBF 보증시험의경우최소한의시료수량으로신뢰수준 60% 로시험시 15,103H의시험시간이도출되었다. 3) 가속수명시험의경우최소한의시료수량으로신뢰수준 60% 및시험온도 100 로시험시 11,156H의시험시간이요구된다. References 3. 결론헬기용블래더형축압기의가속수명시험설계를위해고장률예측, FMEA, FTA를수행하였으며, 이를통하여블래더형축압기의고장모드및메커니즘을분석하여가속인자및가속수명시험을설계하였다. [1] Reliability in automotive and mechanical engineering, Bertsche, Bernd, pp , [2] K. H. Lee, W. Y. Yun, Accelerated Life Test Design for Vacuum Cleaner Motors, Journal of Applied Reliability, Vol.9, No.1, pp.47-58, [3] H. Eom, S. Wei, H. Kim, H. Lee, A Study on Accelerated Life Test Method of Blower Motor, Proceedings of KSAE Annual Spring Conference, pp , [4] Department of Defense, Defense Force Development 244

7 Business instruction, pp.62-63, [5] M. Seo, Y. Yoo, H. Lee, Y. Cho, Oil hydraulic system diaphragm type accumulator for construction machinery, Proceedings of KSAE Annual Spring Conference, pp , [6] S. J. Lee, Y. K. Kim, C. H. Lee, H. W. Im, How to determine reliability test items first through FMEA and QFD, Proceedings of the Korea Reliability Society Conference, pp.74-81, [7] M. S. Chang, D. C. Baek, J. H. Lee, J. W. Park, B. O. Choi, C. H. Ahn, Reliability Analysis of Rubber Parts Using Accelerated Degradation Test, Proceedings of KSME Annual Spring Conference, pp.13-13, [8] Agency for Technology and standards, Oil Hydraulic System-Bladder Type Accumulator, pp.5-9, [9] G. S. Yu, N. R. Lee, Y. H. Yeo, B. C. Lee, Accelerated Life Prediction of the Rubber for Combat Boots, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, Vol.16, No.12, pp , DOI: [10] G. C. Lee, Y. B. Lee, B. O. Choi, K. S. Lee, J. S. Choi, A study of improving the life characteristic for hydraulic hose assembly, Proceedings of KSME Annual Spring Conference, pp , [11] C. S. Woo, H. S. Park, D. H. Joe, Y. S. Jeon, J. Y. Kim, Useful Lifetime Prediction of Rubber Material by Using Accelerated Test, Proceedings of KSME Annual Spring Conference, pp , [12] J. Park, S. Lee, H. Jang, G. S. Kim, J. Yang, Prediction of Characteristics Life of the Rubber Gasket, Journal of Applied Reliability, Vol.10, No.4, pp , UCI: [13] A. Kleyner, J. Boyle, Demonstrating Product Reliability Theory and Application, pp.1-5, [14] I. Y. Yang, J. G. Kang, S. W. Yu, G. T. Oh, Y. G. Na, Development of Accelerated Life Test Method for Constant Electrical Potential Electrolysis Gas Sensor, Journal of Applied Reliability, Vol.16, No.3, pp , UCI: 허장욱 (Jang-Wook Hur) [ 정회원 ] 1989 년 2 월 : 한국과학기술원생산공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1995 년 9 월 : 일본동경공대 (TIT) 기계우주공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1987 년 3 월 ~ 2012 년 8 월 : 국방부 ( 육군대령 ) 2012 년 9 월 ~ 현재 : 금오공과대학교기계시스템공학과교수 < 관심분야 > 무기체계, 신뢰성공학, 시스템엔지니어링 김대유 (Dae-Yu Kim) [ 정회원 ] 2017 년 2 월 : 금오공과대학교기계시스템공학과 ( 공학학사 ) 2017 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 금오공과대학교기계시스템공학과대학원 < 관심분야 > 신뢰성공학 245

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