13-24최석재

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1 대한응급의학회지제 21 권제 5 호 Volume 21, Number 5, October 2010 원 저 경련과실신 : 혈청검사및동맥혈가스분석검사의진단적유용성 가천의과학대학교응급의학교실, 성균관대학교의과대학삼성창원병원응급의학과 1 최석재 임용수 근 양혁준 현성열 김진주 조진성 박원빈 황성연 1 Seizure or Syncope: The Usefulness of Serum Laboratory Tests and Arterial Blood Gas Analysis for Making the Differential Diagnosis Suk Jae Choi, M.D., Yong Su Lim, M.D., Gun Lee, M.D., Hyuk Jun Yang, M.D., Sung Youl Hyun, M.D., Jin Joo Kim, M.D., Jin Seong Cho, M.D., Won Bin Park, M.D., Seong Youn Hwang, M.D. 1 (OR=9.587, 95% CI, p=0.001) and ammonia (OR=3.932, 95% CI, , p=0.014) were statistically significant independent predictive factors. Conclusion: Serum laboratory testing and ABGA, especially serum ammonia and arterial ph, may be helpful for differentiating between generalized seizure and syncope in patients who experience a transient loss of consciousness and who come to the ED within 4 hours after the appearance of symptoms. But further evaluation is needed. Purpose: To determine whether analyte levels in serum laboratory tests and arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) are helpful for differentiating between generalized seizures and syncope in the emergency department (ED). Methods: Patients over 18 years old who presented to an ED of a tertiary care hospital with a transient loss of consciousness within 4 hours were selected to be in either the seizure (n=166) or syncope groups (n=168). After exclusion for criteria, we used ROC curves to determine AUC, optimal cut-off value, sensitivity, and specificity, depending on time (4 hour, 2 hour, 1 hour and 0.5 hour). We also did multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 75 seizure group patients and 78 syncope group patients were studied. There were significant between group differences in total CO 2 content, LDH, ammonia, ph, bicarbonate and lactate. AUC (area under the curve) values for blood tests were: (tco 2 ), (LDH), (ammonia), (ph), (bicarbonate) and (lactate). All AUC values were increased as the time from symptoms to ED arrival was shortened (except for LDH). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, ph 책임저자 : 임용수인천광역시남동구구월1동가천의과학대학교응급의학교실 Tel: 032) , Fax: 032) yongem@gilhospital.com 접수일 : 2010년 9월 6일, 1차교정일 : 2010년 9월 21일게재승인일 : 2010년 10월 21일 606 Key Words: Seizures, Syncope, Ammonia, Lactic acid, Bicarbonates Department of Emergency Medicine, Gil Hospital, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea, Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea 1 서 일시적인의식소실은응급실에서흔히볼수있는증상으로응급실내원환자의 3%, 입원하는환자의 6% 가량이일시적인의식소실을주소로응급실에내원하고있다 1). 처음발생한일시적인의식소실로응급실에내원한환자를정확하게진단하고치료방향을결정하는것은임상의에게어려운일인데이는환자가의식소실로증상발생당시의상황을기억하지못하는경우가많고보호자도현장에있지않았다면경련이있었는지잠시의식소실이있은후깨어났는지에대한정보를주지못하는경우가많기때문이다. 또한응급실에서는일시적인의식소실환자의진단을위한검사인 24시간심전도검사, 기립경사검사및뇌파검사의사용이제한된다. 따라서응급실에서는일시적인의식소실이경련성질환에의한것인지실신에의한것인지를감별하는데많은어려움이따른다. 이런이유로인해응급실에서활용이어려운검사대신문진또는혈액검사를활용하여전신성경련과실신을감별하기위한노력이있어왔다 1-8). 문진리스트를통한감별 론

2 최석재외 : 경련과실신 : 혈청검사및동맥혈가스분석검사의진단적유용성 / 607 외에혈액검사중대표적으로혈중크레아틴인산활성효소 (creatine phosphokinase, CPK) 수치를이용한연구가있었으나응급실내원당시의수치만으로는의미있는결론에도달하지못하였고시간에따른수치의변화가의미가있었다고보고하였다 4-7). 하지만이는응급실에서바로감별진단에대한정보를얻을수없어이용에제한이있었다. 그외혈중암모니아, 젖산수치등을감별진단을위해활용할수있다는가능성을제시한연구가있었다 9,10). 이에본저자는응급실을방문할당시의일부혈청검사및동맥혈가스분석검사가전신성경련과실신을진단받은환자들간에차이가있을것이라는가정하에본연구를진행하였다. 대상과방법 1. 연구대상 2009년 1월부터 12월까지 12개월간일개권역응급의료센터의응급실에내원한환자중일시적인의식소실을주소로증상발생 4시간이내에내원한 18세이상의환자를후향적으로조사하였다. 연구기간동안일시적인의식소실을주소로내원한환자는 586명이었다. 이중목격되지않아근경직이나근강직의여부를확인하기어려운 226명을제외하고목격당시 Fig. 1. Flow diagram of patients selection for study. AED: anti epileptic drug

3 608 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 21 권제 5 호 2010 근경직이나근강직증상이있었던 185명과근경직이나근강직증상이없었던 175명을일차적으로선별하고이중근경직이나근강직증상을동반한환자중에서이전에항경련제복용력이있거나입원하여신경과의사에게경련을진단받은경우 166례를경련군으로정의하고근육증상이없었던군에서실신후즉시명료하게깨어난경우 168례를실신군으로정의하였다. 이중혈액검사에영향을줄수있는기존의환자상태를최대한배제하기위해경련군에서는병력에대한정보가부정확한경우, 만성질환을가진경우 ( 말기신질환 4례, 뇌농양 3례, 만성폐질환 3례, 간암 2례, 폐암 2례, 위암 1례, 유방암 1례, 대장암 1례, 기관지확장증 1례, 부신기능부전 1 례 ), 만성알콜중독자, 간질중첩증, 임신중인경우, 약물중독, 일산화탄소중독, 혈액검사를시행하지않은경우, 총 91명을제외한 75명의환자가연구대상으로포함되었다. 실신군에서는병력에대한정보가부정확한경우, 만성질환을가진경우 ( 폐암 2례, 대장암 2례, 다발성골수종 2 례, 상악암 1례, 급성신부전 1례, 아스페르길루스종 1례, 간경화 1례, 위암 1례, 후두암 1례, 저산소성뇌손상 1례, 저나트륨혈증 1례, 만성신질환 1례 ), 만성알콜중독자, 임신중인경우, 약물중독, 혈액검사를시행하지않은경우, 총 90명을제외한 78명의환자가연구대상으로포함되었다 (Fig. 1, Table 1). 추가적으로의식소실부터응급실도착까지시간대별차이를조사하기위해 2시간이내에도착한경우 ( 경련군 71 례, 실신군 69례 ), 1시간이내에도착한경우 ( 경련군 67 례, 실신군 61례 ), 30분이내에도착한경우 ( 경련군 31례, 실신군 29례 ) 로나눠각각분석을진행하였다. 2. 연구방법 실내원당시의혈액학적검사수치를혈청검사와동맥혈가스분석검사로구분하여조사하였다. 혈청검사에사용된기기는암모니아검사장비는 DRIchem 100(Fuji film, Tokyo, Japan) 이며그외검사항목의검사장비는 TBA-200FR NEO(Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan) 였고, 동맥혈가스분석검사에사용된기기는 Gem Premier 3000(Instrumentation Laboratory, Lexington, USA) 이었다. 연구에이용된혈청검사항목으로는혈중이산화탄소농도 (total CO 2 content, tco 2), 아스파라진산아미노전이효소 (aspartate aminotransferase, AST), 알라닌아미노전이효소 (alanine aminotransferase, ALT), 젖산탈수소효소 (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), 크레아틴인산활성효소, 암모니아수치를조사하였고동맥혈가스분석검사항목으로는수소이온농도지수 (ph), 중탄산염 (bicarbonate, HCO 3- ), 젖산 (lactate) 수치를조사하였다. 혈청검사의정상치는 tco 2 21 mmol/l 이상, AST, ALT 40 IU/L 이하, LDH 520 IU/L 이하, CPK 200 IU/L 이하, 암모니아 66 mic g/dl 이하로하였다. 동맥혈가스분석검사의정상치는 ph 7.35 이상, 중탄산염 18 mmol/l 이상, 젖산 2.2 mmol/l 이하로하였다. 3. 분석방법경련군과실신군의일반적특성, 각혈액검사의중앙값을비교하고, 증상발현에서응급실내원까지의시간대별 (4시간, 2시간, 1시간, 30분 ) 로각혈액검사의곡선하면적 (Area under the curve, AUC), 경계값 (cut-off value), 민감도와특이도의변화를조사하였고다변량분석을통해감별에유용한독립적혈액검사를선별하였다. 일반적인환자의특성으로응급실방문당시의의무기록을통해성별, 나이, 경련이나실신후응급실내원까지의시간, 혈압, 심박수를조사하였다. 또한환자군별로응급 4. 통계방법 통계학적분석은 SPSS window 16.0(SPSS Inc, Table 1. Exclusion criteria of seizure and syncope group Seizure group (%) Syncope group (%) Imprecise history 06 (06.59) 27 (30.00) Cancer or chronic disease 19 (20.88) 15 (16.67) Chronic alcoholism 38 (41.76) 10 (11.11) Status epilepticus 06 (06.59) 00 (00.00) Pregnant state 02 (02.20) 01 (01.11) Drug ingestion 01 (01.10) 01 (01.11) Carbon monoxide poisoning 01 (01.10) 00 (00.00) Do not laboratory test 18 (19.78) 36 (40.00) Total 91 (100)0. 90 (100)0.

4 최석재외 : 경련과실신 : 혈청검사및동맥혈가스분석검사의진단적유용성 / 609 Chicago, USA) 를이용하여분석하였고, 통계분석은범주형변수인경우빈도수와백분율 (%) 로표기하였고, 연속형변수는중앙값과사분위값 (1사분위수-3사분위수) 로표기하였다. 정규성검정은 Shapiro-Wilk 검정을시행후모든변수에서정규분포를따르지않아연속형변수분석은 Mann-Whitney U 검정을이용하였다. 범주형변수분석은카이제곱검정이나피셔의정확성검정을이용하였다. 시간대별각혈액검사의유용성을확인하기위해 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve를이용하여유용성을검정하였다. 또한혈액검사가여러임상인자들과관계없이독립적으로경련과실신을감별할수있는가를알아보기위하여다변량로지스틱회귀분석 (multivariate logistic regression analysis) 을이용하였다. 이때유의수준은 p값이 0.05 미만일때통계적으로유의한것으로정하였다. 결과 1. 일반적특성두군사이에성별, 나이, 의식소실발생으로부터응급실도착까지의시간은통계적으로유의한차이가없었으나수축기혈압 (p<0.001), 이완기혈압 (p<0.001), 평균혈압 (p<0.001), 심박수 (p=0.002) 모두경련군에서통계적으로유의하게높았다 (Table 2). 2. 두군의혈액검사결과비교 1) 중앙값비교혈청검사에서는 LDH(410 vs 354 IU/L, p<0.001), 암모니아 (82 vs 51 mic g/dl, p<0.001) 가경련군에서통계적으로유의하게높게측정되었고 tco 2(19 vs 21.3 mmol/l, p<0.001) 는경련군에서낮게측정되었다. 동맥혈 Table 2. Comparison of general characteristics between seizure and syncope group Seizure group (n=75) Syncope group (n=78) p value Sex (male, %) 46 (61.3). 45 (57.7)00 <0.647 Age, year 44 (29-56)0 50 ( ) <0.304 ED arrival time, min 38 (27-60)0 40 ( ) <0.672 SBP, mmhg 130 ( ) 115 ( )0. <0.001 DBP, mmhg 80 (70-80)0 70 (60-80)00. <0.001 MBP, mmhg 110 ( ) ( ) <0.001 HR, rate/min 82 (76-98)0 78 ( ) <0.002 ED: emergency department, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure MBP: mean arterial blood pressure, HR: heart rate Data was described by median value with interquatile range Table 3. Comparison of laboratory data between seizure and syncope group Normal range Seizure group (n=75) Syncope group (n=78) p value Serum level tco mmol/l 19 ( ) 21.3 ( ) <0.001 AST 0-40 IU/L 21 (18-28) 20.5 (17-27) <0.553 ALT 5-40 IU/L 18 (13-30) 17 ( ) <0.251 LDH IU/L0 410 ( ) 354 ( ) <0.001 CPK IU/L ( ) 103 (71-155) <0.190 Ammonia mic g/dl 82 (49-136) 51 (42-62) <0.001 ABGA ph units ( ) 7.41 ( ) <0.001 Bicarbonate mmol/l ( ) 24 ( ) <0.001 Lactate mmol/l 3.8 ( ) 1.3 ( ) <0.001 tco 2: total carbon dioxide content, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, CPK: creatine phosphokinase ABGA: aterial blood gas analysis Data was described by median value with interquatile range

5 610 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 21 권제 5 호 2010 가스분석검사에서는 ph(7.35 vs 7.41 units, p< 0.001), 중탄산염 (21.95 vs 24 mmol/l, p<0.001) 은경련군에서낮게측정되었고, 젖산 (3.8 vs 1.3 mmol/l, p<0.001) 은경련군에서높게측정되었다 (Table 3, Fig. 2). 2) ROC 곡선분석각혈액검사별 ROC 곡선분석을통한경계값, AUC 값, 민감도및특이도는각각 tco 2 는 17.8 mmol/l, 0.720, 48%, 92.31%, LDH는 332 IU/L, 0.686, 86.36%, Fig. 2. Box plot of serum laboratory test and arterial blood gas analysis. ABGA: arterial blood gas analysis tco 2: total carbon dioxide content Table 4. Cut-off value, AUC, sensitivity and specificity of each laboratory data Cut-off value p value AUC Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Serum level tco mmol/l < AST >25 IU/L < ALT >21 IU/L < LDH >332 IU/L < CPK >107 IU/L < Ammonia >64 mic g/dl < ABGA ph 7.37 units < Bicarbonate 20.5 mmol/l < Lactate >2.8 mmol/l < AUC: area under the curve, tco 2: total carbon dioxide content, AST: aspartate aminotransferase ALT: alanine aminotransferase, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, CPK: creatine phosphokinase ABGA: aterial blood gas analysis

6 최석재외 : 경련과실신 : 혈청검사및동맥혈가스분석검사의진단적유용성 / %, 암모니아는 64 mic g/dl, 0.737, 61.33%, 87.18%, 동맥혈가스분석검사에서는각각 ph는 7.37 units, 0.798, 62.86%, 84.09%, 중탄산염은 20.5 mmol/l, 0.710, 43.94%, 97.67%, 젖산은 2.8 mmol/l, 0.770, 59.70%, 95.35% 이었다 (Table 4, Fig. 3). 3) 의식소실후응급실내원까지시간에따른 AUC 변화의식소실후응급실내원까지의시간이 4시간, 2시간, 1 시간, 30분이내환자군별로각각 AUC 값을분석하였다. 혈청검사에서는 LDH(0.686, 0.690, 0.704, 0.634) 를제외한 tco2(0.720, 0.733, 0.750, 0.848), 암모니아 (0.737, 0.747, 0.741, 0.819), 동맥혈가스분석검사에서는 ph(0.798, 0.806, 0.835, 0.846), 중탄산염 (0.710, 0.718, 0.734, 0.787), 젖산 (0.770, 0.779, 0.782, 0.904) 이의식소실로부터응급실에내원한시간이짧을수록 AUC 값이증가하는경향을보였으며, 특히암모니아와젖산의경우 30 분이내의환자에서급격히증가하였다 (Table 5). 4) 다변량로지스틱회귀분석이전연구에서혈액검사상의미있다고알려진검사치를바탕으로로지스틱회귀분석을시행하였다. 혈청검사에서는 tco 2, AST, ALT, LDH, CPK, 암모니아, 동맥혈가스분석검사에서는 ph, 중탄산염, 젖산증감유무들이본분석에이용되었다. 유의한변수부터하나씩선택하는전진단계선택우도비로검증한결과 ph 감소 (OR=9.587, 95% CI, , p=0.001), 암모니아상승 (OR=3.932, 95% CI, , p=0.014) 가통계학적으로유의한독립적인예측인자로나타났다 (Table 6). 고찰일시적인의식소실로응급실을내원하는환자는원인에따라세부검사및치료방법과예후가달라지므로응급실에서초기에원인을감별진단하는것이중요하다. 일반적으로문진과심전도, 혈액검사중 LDH, CPK 수치등을참고하여원인감별을하나진단적유용성이낮아어려움이있었다. tco 2 ammonia ph lactate Fig. 3. ROC curve of serum laboratory test and arterial blood gas analysis. abga: Arterial blood gas analysis tco 2: total carbon dioxide content

7 612 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 21 권제 5 호 2010 Table 5. The changes of cut-off value and AUC according to ED arrival time ED arrival 4 hr ED arrival 2 hr ED arrival 1 hr ED arrival 30 min Cut-off AUC p value Cut-off AUC p value Cut-off AUC p value Cut-off AUC p value Serum level tco < < < < AST > < > > < > < ALT > < > < > < > < LDH > < > > < > < CPK > < > < > < > < Ammonia > < > < > < > < ABGA ph < < < < Bicarbonate < < < < Lactate > < > < > < > < ED: emergency department, AUC: area under the curve, tco2: total carbon dioxide content, AST: aspartate aminotransferase ALT: alanine aminotransferase, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, CPK: creatine phosphokinase, ABGA: aterial blood gas analysis 따라서전신성경련과실신을응급실에서감별하기위한방법을찾기위해많은노력이있었으나응급실검사의한계로인해그방법의적용에어려움이있어왔다. 입원하여충분한시간을두고비디오-뇌파-심전도검사를시행해야하거나 4시간또는 24시간간격으로혈액검사를시행하여두수치간변화를이용하는방법이제안되었으나응급실에서바로적용할수없는단점이있었다 1-8). 본연구에서는혈청 tco 2, 암모니아와동맥혈가스분석검사의 ph, 중탄산염, 젖산을이용하여응급실내원당시한번의혈액검사로일시적인의식소실의원인을감별하는데유용한정보를얻을수있다는가능성을제시하였다는데의의가있다고할수있다. 고암모니아혈증의주요원인은간경화와전격성간염이다. 이는간세포손상과문맥전신순환션트에의해간의암모니아제거능력이저하되는데에기인한다. 변비, 위장관출혈또한고암모니아혈증의원인이다. 그외에드문원인으로버드-키아리증후군, 선천성요소회로장애, 콩팥뇨세관산증, 레이증후군, 비뇨기계감염, 다발성골수염이나백혈병과같은혈액질환이있을수있다 11). 이외에경련등과격한근육운동은고암모니아혈증을일으킬수있다. 과격한근육운동이고암모니아혈증을일으키는기전은운동을할때골격근에있는퓨린-누클레오타이드회로 (purine nucleotide cycle) 의활성화에의해혈중암모니아농도가올라가고조직간에는밀도와산염기농도차에의해이동하게되는데이때문에경련등의근육운동시혈중암모니아농도가올라가는것으로보고되고있다 12). Yanagawa 등 10) 은 17명의전신성경련환자를대상으로암모니아를포함한혈액검사를조사하였다. 이중혈중암모니아수치가첫째날 (196±172 mic g/dl) 과비교해둘째날 (69±18 mic g/dl) 감소한것과관련해전신성경련과관련이있다고보고하였으나실신을진단받은환자와의대조가이뤄지지않아두환자군의감별에도움이되는지는확인되지않았다. 본연구에서는경련군에서혈중암모니아수치가중앙값 82 mic g/dl(iqr ), 평균값 ±15.52 mic g/dl로보다낮게측정되었는데이는환자군을선별하는방법이다르고경련부터응급실내원까지의시간이차이가나기때문으로추정된다. 다변량분석상혈중암모니아의교차비는 3.932, 95% 신뢰구간은 으로의미있는독립변수로확인되었다. 혈중암모니아는간질환이없는건강한성인의경우체내농도가반으로줄어드는시간이약 10분정도로짧은것으로알려져있다 13). 따라서경련후응급실방문까지의시간이짧을수록감별점으로서의역할이더커질것으로예상된다. 실제로본연구에서는일시적인의식소실로부터응급실내원까지의시간을 4시간 (AUC=0.737) 을기준으

8 최석재외 : 경련과실신 : 혈청검사및동맥혈가스분석검사의진단적유용성 / 613 로자료를수집하였으나 2시간 (AUC=0.747) 과 1시간 (AUC=0.741), 30분 (AUC=0.819) 으로점점응급실도착까지의시간을짧게제한하여조사해보았을때전신성경련과실신을감별하기위한암모니아의유용성이높아지는것을확인할수있었다. Helzberg와 Spiro 14) 는 AST, ALT, ALP, CPK, LDH와같은세포내효소들이근육과뇌세포등체세포곳곳에분포하고있어경련이후에상승하게된다고주장하였다. 본연구에서는이효소들또한응급실에서검사가가능하므로경련으로내원한환자와실신으로내원한환자의감별진단에유용하게이용할수있을것으로예상하고분석을진행하였으나 LDH 외에는통계적유의성을찾을수없었다. Goksu 등 5) 은의식소실로부터 4시간이내에응급실에내원한 37명의실신군과 26명의전신성경련군환자를대상으로응급실내원당시의 CPK 수치와내원후 4시간뒤에확인한 CPK 수치를비교하였을때전신성경련과실신을감별할수있다고하였다. 또한 Neufeld 등 6) 은 16명의전신성경련환자와 17명의혈관미주신경실신 (vasovagal syncope) 환자를대상으로응급실내원당시와 24~26시간뒤에측정한 CPK 수치를비교하여두수치중한번이라도 200 mu/ml 이상이거나둘째날 15 mu/ml 이상상승하였을때전신성경련을진단하는데유용함을보고하였다. 하지만두연구모두응급실내원당시의수치만으로는의미있는결론에도달하지못하였는데이는본연구에서응급실내원당시의 CPK 결과는통계적유의성이없었던것과상통하는결과이다. Orringer 등 9) 은전신성경련이후에젖산산증 (lactic acidosis) 이발생한다고보고하였다. 젖산산증을응급실에서확인하기위해서는동맥혈가스분석검사를시행하여야하는데동맥혈가스분석검사결과가혈청검사보다빨리나오기때문에응급실에서전신성경련과실신의감별진단에더도움이될것으로예상된다. 이번연구에서도또한동맥혈가스분석검사에서 ph, 중탄산염, 젖산이전신성경련과실신을감별하는데유용하다는것을확인할수있었다. 젖산의경우쇽에의한저혈압과저산소증, 저관류에의해상승할수있다는보고가있었으나경련군에서실신군보다통계적으로유의하게혈압이높은것으로확인되어쇽에의한저혈압이아닌경련과정에서발생한호흡장애와근육운동으로인한저산소증과저관류가젖산의상승원인이라는것을추정할수있었다 15). Hazouard 등 16) 은전신성경련이있는환자 (4.3±0.5 mmol/l) 에서경련이없는의식소실로응급실에내원한환자 (1.64±0.1 mmol/l) 보다젖산이상승해있음을확인하였다. 그이유로이논문에서도마찬가지로호흡성, 대사성산증을원인으로보고있었고발생 2시간이내에확인한젖산이전신성경련과실신을감별하는데유용하다고설명하였다. 본연구에서는 4시간, 2시간, 1시간, 30분이내로일시적인의식소실로부터응급실도착까지의시간을짧게제한하여조사해보았을때전신성경련과실신을감별하기위한혈청암모니아와동맥혈가스분석검사의 ph, 중탄산염, 젖산의유용성이높아지는것을확인할수있었다. 다변량분석으로확인한동맥혈 ph의교차비는 9.587, 95% 신뢰구간은 으로의미있는독립변수로확인되었다. 혈청 tco 2 는중탄산염농도와혈중에녹아있는이산화탄소의농도로계산된다. 이중중탄산염농도가 95% 가량을차지하므로중탄산염농도와연관성이크다 17). ph 또한중탄산염농도와혈중이산화탄소분압으로계산되므로중탄산염농도와연관성이크다 18). 본연구에서도혈청 tco 2, ph, 중탄산염이각각감별점으로서의미있게확인되었다. 일시적인의식소실로내원한환자에서동맥혈가스분석검사를시행하지않은경우혈청 tco 2 를이용하는것이도움이될것으로예상된다. 본연구의제한점으로는첫째로일개센터에서후향적으로조사되었다는점이있다. 향후다양한병원에서전향적인방법으로검사의유용성을확인해볼필요가있다. 둘째로대상환자를선별하고경련군과실신군을선정함에있어서질환의특성상확정적으로선정할수있는방법은없었다는점이있다. 또한이과정에서근강직이나근경련이있었는지를보호자와목격자로부터정보를얻었는데이는부정확할가능성이있다는점에서제한점이될수있다. 추후이를보완한연구가필요할것으로보인다. 결론증상발생후 4시간이내에응급실에내원한일시적인의식소실환자에서전신성경련과실신을구별하기어려운경우일부혈청검사와동맥혈가스분석검사결과가두군간에의미있게차이가있으며특히혈청암모니아수치가경련군에서의미있게높았고동맥혈 ph는낮아감별에도움이되었다. 추후전향적대단위연구가필요할것으로생각한다. Table 6. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression test Variable p value Odds ratio 95% CI ph ( 7.35) Ammonia (>66 mic g/dl)

9 614 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 21 권제 5 호 2010 참고문헌 01. Kapoor WN. Workup and management of patients with syncope. Med Clin North Am 1995;79: Day SC, Cook EF, Funkenstein H, Goldman L. Evaluation and outcome of emergency room patients with transient loss of consciousness. Am J Med 1982;73: Hoefnagels WA, Padberg GW, Overweg J, Roos RA. Syncope or seizure? A matter of opinion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1992;94: Sheldon R, Rose S, Ritchie D, Connolly SJ, Koshman ML, Lee MA, et al. Historical criteria that distinguish syncope from seizures. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40: Goksu E, Oktay C, Kilicaslan I, Kartal M. Seizure or syncope: the diagnostic value of serum creatine kinase and myoglobin levels. Eur J Emerg Med 2009;16: Neufeld MY, Treves TA, Chistik V, Korczyn AD. Sequential serum creatine kinase determination differentiates vaso-vagal syncope from generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Acta Neurol Scand 1997;95: Libman MD, Potvin L, Coupal L, Grover SA. Seizure vs. syncope: measuring serum creatine kinase in the emergency department. J Gen Intern Med 1991;6: Britton JW. Syncope and seizures-differential diagnosis and evaluation. Clin Auton Res 2004;14: Orringer CE, Eustace JC, Wunsch CD, Gardner LB. Natural history of lactic acidosis after grand-mal seizures. A model for the study of an anion-gap acidosis not associated with hyperkalemia. N Engl J Med 1977;297: Yanagawa Y, Nishi K, Sakamoto T. Hyperammonemia is associated with generalized convulsion. Intern Med 2008;47: Hawkes ND, Thomas GA, Jurewicz A, Williams OM, Hillier CE, McQueen IN, et al. Non-hepatic hyperammonaemia: an important, potentially reversible cause of encephalopathy. Postgrad Med J 2001;77: Banister EW, Cameron BJ. Exercise-induced hyperammonemia: peripheral and central effects. Int J Sports Med 1990;11 Suppl 2:S Lockwood AH, McDonald JM, Reiman RE, Gelbard AS, Laughlin JS, Duffy TE, et al. The dynamics of ammonia metabolism in man. Effects of liver disease and hyperammonemia. J Clin Invest 1979;63: Helzberg JH, Spiro HM. LFTs test more than the liver. JAMA 1986;256: Levy B. Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006;12: Hazouard E, Dequin PF, Lanotte R, Legras A, Ferrandière M, Perrotin D. Losing consciousness: role of the venous lactate levels in the diagnosis of convulsive crises. Presse Med 1998;27: Van Slyke DD, Sendroy JJ, Hastings AB, Neill JM. Studies of gas and electrolyte equilibria in blood. XV. Line charts for graphic calculations by the Henderson- Hasselbalch equation, and for calculating plasma carbon dioxide content from whole blood content. J Biol Chem 1928;78: Martin MJ, FitzSullivan E, Salim A, Berne TV, Towfigh S. Use of serum bicarbonate measurement in place of arterial base deficit in the surgical intensive care unit. Arch Surg 2005;140:

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