Korean J Leg Med 2016;40: 원 저 부검실무에서사후검체를이용한 C- 반응단백질검사에대한연구 오연호 1 함석훈 1 박정우 2 김형석 3 박종태 3 나주영 1 1 국립과학
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1 Korean J Leg Med 2016;40:8-13 원 저 부검실무에서사후검체를이용한 C- 반응단백질검사에대한연구 오연호 1 함석훈 1 박정우 2 김형석 3 박종태 3 나주영 1 1 국립과학수사연구원 광주과학수사연구소법의학과 2 국립과학수사연구원 부산과학수사연구소법의학과 3 전남대학교의과대학법의학교실 Study of the Test for Postmortem C-Reactive Protein in Routine Autopsy Practice Yeon-Ho Oh 1, Suk-Hoon Ham 1, Jeong-Woo Park 2, Hyung-Seok Kim 3, Jong-Tae Park 3, Joo-Young Na 1 1 Forensic Medicine Division, National Forensic Service Gwangju Instititue, Jangseong, Korea, 2 Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Busan Instititue, Yangsan, Korea, 3 Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea Received: October 16, 2015 Revised: October 21, 2015 Accepted: February 11, 2016 Correspondence to Joo-Young Na Forensic Medicine Division, National Forensic Service Gwangju Institute, 687, Chungnyeong-ro, Seosammyeon, Jangseong 57231, Korea Tel: Fax: pdrdream@gmail.com C-Reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase response protein synthesized in the liver as a response to various inflammation. CRP is extensively used as a general marker for inflammation in clinical medicine. A forensic applications of the CRP using postmortem samples have been studied in oversea. We have compared CRP in the between antemortem and postmortem samples and studied stability of postmortem blood samples for CRP test. In 69 consecutive autopsy cases, we have analysed heart blood samples (69 cases), peripheral blood samples (33 cases), and vitreous humor samples (60 cases). Postmortem CRP was elevated in 25 cases (36.2%) and possible causes of CRP elevation were inflammatory disease except one case (unknown). Postmortem CRP test shows sensitivity 86.7%, specificity 80%, positive predictive value 92.9%, and negative predictive value 66.7% for inflammation based on 20 cases with antemortem CRP results. The postmortem CRP levels were similar in the heart blood samples and peripheral blood samples. Vitreous humor samples are not useful in postmortem CRP testing. And both whole blood and serum samples are stable in room temperature until 31 days. We conclude that serum from heart blood is best suitable sample for postmortem CRP test and postmortem CRP test is useful in routine autopsy practice to detect inflammatory disease such as sepsis. From the view of postmortem point, we desire that this valuable test should be used in routine autopsy practice in Korea. Key Words: Autopsy; C-Reactive protein; Forensic medicine 서 C- 반응단백질 (C-reactive protein, CRP) 은면역체계활성 론 화를위한비특이적물질로활발하게이용되어지고있으며 [1], 급성기반응물질 (acute phase reactant) 로여러가지염증성질환, 만성류마티스관절염, 악성종양, 악성림프종, 화상, pissn eissn ccopyright 2016 by the Korean Society for Legal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 8
2 사후 C- 반응단백질검사 오연호외 9 외상, 급성심근경색증, 외과수술후, 항응고제투여등에의하여 6-12시간이내에상승하며약 48시간후정점에다다른후회복기에차츰소실된다 [2]. 이와같은특징을이용하여 C-반응단백질은임상에서주로염증의유무, 신생아감염증, 조기진단의지표, 항생물질투여중지와시기판정등의경과판정에이용되고있다. 최근에는사망후혈액에서 CRP 검사를실시하여패혈증을진단하는데도움이된다고알려져있으며 [3], 케토산증과 CRP의관계에대해서도연구가이루어졌다 [4]. 또한, 사망후검체에서혈액이외에도간과근육을이용하여 CRP 검사를정량함으로써혈액이외의검체에서도 CRP의검사가가능하다는연구결과가보고되었다 [1]. 이와같이 CRP는국내외임상의학에서는활발하게이용되고있지만, 국내에서부검과관련된 CRP 연구는미비한실정이다. 이에저자들은본연구를통해현재국내에서사용하고있는생화학분석기기를이용하여생전과사후 CRP 값을비교하고, 부검에서얻을수있는혈액과유리체액을이용하여 CRP 값을비교함으로써 CRP 검사에서의검체별유용성을확인하였다. 또한, 검체의보관상태및시간에따른 CRP 값의안정성변화를확인하여부검실무에서 CRP 검사의유용성을평가하고자하였다. 재료및방법 1. 연구대상본연구의대상은본기관에서 2014년 9월부터 2015년 10 월까지실시한법의부검중혈액 (whole blood) 과유리체액 (vitreous humor) 의채취가가능한 69건의시신을대상으로연구를시행하였다. 2. 재료및검사방법 (1) 혈액 CRP 검사에사용된혈액은법의부검중 69건의시신에서멸균된주사기를이용하여심장과넙다리정맥에서혈액 5 ml를채취하였으며, 채취후 1.5-mL microtube에혈액을옮긴후, 원심분리기 (Smart 15, Hanil, Incheon, Korea) 를이용하여 12,000 g에서 10분간원심분리를하였다. 이후상층액을채취하여 1.5-mL microtube에보관한후검사를실시하였다. (2) 유리체액법의부검중시신의부패가진행되지않은 60건의시신양쪽안구에서멸균된 5-mL 주사기를이용하여유리체액을채 취하였다. 채취후 1.5-mL microtube에유리체액을옮긴후, 원심분리기 (Smart 15, Hanil) 를이용하여 3,000 rpm에서 10분간원심분리를한후, 상층액을이용하여검사를실시하였다. (3) 검사방법검사는전자동생화학분석기 BT1500 (Biotecnica Instrument S.p.A., Rome, Italy) 을이용하여분석하였다. 측정방법은 immunoturbidmetric 방법으로측정하였으며, 유리체액과혈청의검체사용량은각각 500 μl를사용하였다. CRP reagent의측정원리는검체에 anti-human CRP 항체를흡착시킨 Latex 입자의부유액을혼합하면, CRP와 Latex 입자표면의 anti-human CRP 항체가결합하여 Latex 입자가응집한다. 이응집을 700 nm에서의흡광도변화량을측정함으로써기지농도의표준액을이용한검량선으로부터검체중의 CRP를정량한다. CRP의측정은표준 (standard) 설정후매검사시대조시약을이용하여참고치값을확인하였고, 최종판정은 1.0 mg/dl 이상을양성으로판정하였다. 3. 자료분석방법통계적검정은 IBM SPSS for windows ver (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) 을이용하였다. 생전과사후 CRP 값의결과를이용하여민감도 (sensitivity), 특이도 (specificity) 및양성예측도 (positive predictive value) 와음성예측도 (negative predictive value) 를산출하였다. 환자의일반적특성에대해서는평균값과표준편차로표시하였으며, 사망부터부검이시행될때까지의시간을사후경과시간 (postmortem interval, PMI) 으로정의하였고, 생전 CRP 검사가시행되었을때부터부검이시행된후 CRP 검사가시행될때까지의시간을시험적사후경과시간 (testing postmortem interval, tpmi) 으로정의하였다. 생전 CRP 검사결과와사후 CRP 검사결과는 independent t test로비교하였다. 결과 1. 연구대상자의일반적특성연구대상자의일반적특성은다음과같다. 부검중혈액을이용하여 CRP 검사를실시한 69명중남자는 49명 (71.0%), 여자는 20명 (29.0%) 으로남자가더많았고, 평균연령은 50.63±18.77세였다. 사망의종류로는외인사 25명 (36.2%), 내인사 42명 (60.9%), 불명 (unknown) 2명 (2.9%) 이었다. CRP가상승한대상자는 69명중 25명 (36.2%) 이었고,
3 10 Korean Journal of Legal Medicine 2016;40:8-13 CRP가상승하였던증례중 CRP 평균값은 11.12±7.61 mg/ dl이며, 최소값은 1.53 mg/dl, 최대값은 30.1 mg/dl이었다. CRP가상승하게된추정원인으로는폐렴 9예 (36.0%), 복막염 3예 (12.0%), 폐혈전색전증 2예 (8.0%), 상기도염 2예 (8.0%), 수술부위감염 2예 (8.0%), 감염심내막염 1예 (4.0%), 비브리오패혈증 1예 (4.0%), 요로감염 1예 (4.0%), 아래턱및목부위염증 1예 (4.0%), 심근염 1예 (4.0%), 자궁근염 1예 (4.0%), 불명확 1예 (4.0%) 이었다 (Table 1). 2. 생전 CRP 검사와사후 CRP 검사결과의비교연구대상자 69명중생전 CRP 검사결과를확인할수있는경우는 20예였다. 생전과사후 CRP 검사를비교한결과사망전 CRP가상승하였던 15명연구대상자중 13명이사망후 에도양성이었으며, 나머지 2명은사망전에비하여값이하락하여음성의결과를나타내었다. 또한, 사망전 CRP 검사에서음성이었던 5명중사망후에도 4명은똑같이음성을나타내었지만, 1명은 CRP 값이상승하여양성으로나타났다. 이들 20예의 PMI는 61.1±53.09시간이었고, tpmi는 ± 시간이었다. 이들 20예의 CRP 검사결과의평균값은생전검사의경우 ±9.13 mg/dl이었고, 사후검사의경우 6.14±5.22 mg/dl로통계적으로유의미한차이가없었다 (P=0.13) (Table 2). 생전검사에서 CRP가상승하였던예중사후 CRP 검사결과에서도상승하여일치한비율을나타내는양성예측도는 92.9%, 민감도는 86.7% 로나타났다. 사망전 CRP가상승하지않았던예에서사후 CRP 검사에서도상승하지않은비율을나타내는음성예측도는 66.7%, 특이도는 80% 이었다. Table 1. Cases of positive postmortem C-Reactive protein (CRP) Case No. Cause of death Possible cause of CRP elevation PMI (hr) Postmortem CRP (mg/dl) Heart blood Peripheral blood 1 Vibrio sepsis Vibrio sepsis No test 2 PTE PTE No test 5 Infective endocarditis Infective endocarditis No test 6 ARDS Upper respiratory infection No test 7 Pneumonia Pneumonia No test 11 Sudden cardiac death Urinary tract infection Myocardial infarction Pneumonia No test 30 Sepsis Peritonitis PTE Pneumonia Sepsis Peritonitis No test 44 Liver cirrhosis Unknown Pneumonia Pneumonia Myocardial infarction Upper respiratory infection Ludwig angina Ludwig angina No test 51 PTE PTE No test 53 Myocarditis Myocarditis Sepsis Operation site infection No test 56 PTE Operation site infection No test 58 Acetic acid intoxication Pneumonia No test 59 Hypovolemic shock after C-section Myometritis No test 60 DCMP Pneumonia No test 61 Myocardial infarction Pneumonia No test 62 Sepsis Peritonitis No test 63 MOF after TA Pneumonia No test 67 Intoxication of agricultural chemical Pneumonia No test PMI, postmortem interval; PTE, pulmonary thromboembolism; ARDS, adult respiratory distress syndrome; DCMP, dilated cardiomyopathy; MOF, multiorgan failure; TA, traffic accident.
4 사후 C- 반응단백질검사 오연호외 11 Table 2. C-Reactive protein (CRP) concentration in antemortem and postmortem Case No. Cause of death PMI (hr) tpmi (hr) Antemortem CRP (mg/dl) Postmortem CRP (mg/dl) P-value a) 2 PTE Sudden cardiac death Aortic dissection PTE Sepsis Sepsis Myocardial infarction Pneumonia Multiorgan failure Myocardial infarction Ludwig s angina PTE Poisoning Sepsis PTE PTE Multiorgan failure DCMP Myocardial infarction Multiorgan failure Total (mean±sd) 9.21± ± PMI, postmortem interval; tpmi, testing postmortem interval; PTE, pulmonary thromboembolism; DCMP, dilated cardiomyopathy; SD, standard deviation. a) A difference of results between antemortem and postmortem CRP. The difference between the two is rejected. 3. 사후검체사이에서 CRP 검사결과비교전체 69예중사후 CRP 검사상심혈과말초혈이모두검사된경우는 33예였고, 이들의평균값은심혈 1.99 mg/dl, 말초혈 2.00 mg/dl으로차이가나지않았으며, 같은증례에서양성과음성의차이가확인되는증례는없었다. 심혈과유리체액이함께검사된증례는 60예였고, 각각의평균값은심혈 3.82 mg/dl, 유리체액 0.16 mg/dl으로유의한차이가확인되었으며, 유리체액에서는모든증례에서음성으로검출되었다. 4. 검체별보관장소및시간에따른 CRP 농도비교검체의보관조건및시간에따른 CRP 검사결과차이를확인하기위해사후 CRP가증가한 1예와증가하지않은 1예를각각의조건과시간에따라반복실험하였다. 사후 CRP 검사결과의기준은부검후바로채취한심혈을이용한검사결과로하였다. 보관조건은전혈과혈청을각각냉장보관, 실온 보관하여일주일과한달후에다시검사하였다. 그결과사후 CRP가상승하였던증례의경우전혈과혈청모두에서사후 CRP 검사결과를확인할수있었고, 사후 CRP 검사결과는조금씩감소하는경향을보였으며, 특히전혈을실온에 31일간보관한후실험한경우에서크게감소하였다. 그러나모든검사에서위음성은확인되지않았다. 반면사후 CRP의검사결과가음성이었던증례에서는각각의경우에서불규칙적으로증가또는감소의경향을보였으나, 역시모든경우에서위양성은확인되지않았다 (Fig. 1). 고찰 C-반응단백질은염증및감염후 6-12시간이내에상승하는급성기반응물질로임상영역에서활발히이용되고있고, 법의학적영역에서도사용이시도되고있다 [1]. 국내에서역시몇몇증례보고를통해사후 CRP 검사결과가사인의진단에이용되었다 [5,6]. 그러나국내에서는일반적인부검실무에서사후 CRP 검사의유용성에대한개괄적인연구가이루어지지
5 12 Korean Journal of Legal Medicine 2016;40:8-13 CRP (mg/dl) CRP (mg/dl) Day Day A B Fig. 1. (A) This graph shows postmortem C-reactive protein (CRP) level is decreased according to time of storage in positive result case. (B) This graph shows that the change of postmortem CRP is irregular in negative result case. (A, B) X indicates results of whole blood which was stored at room temperature ; indicates results of whole blood which was kept refrigerated ; indicates results of serum which was stored at room temperature ; indicates results of serum which was kept refrigerated. 않았던바, 저자들은생전및사후 CRP 검사결과를비교하고, 부검시채취되는검체중사후 CRP 검사를위한유용한검체를확인하며, 검체의보관등에관한연구를진행함으로써사후 CRP 검사의유용성에대해확인하고자하였다. 본연구에서는총 69예의부검증례를대상으로하였다. 이중사후 CRP가 1.0 mg/dl 이상으로양성을보인증례는 25 예 (36.2%) 이었다. 이전보고에의하면사후 CRP의경우감염및심근경색증과같은염증성반응의표시자로서사후검시에있어서유용하다고보고하였고 [1], Fujita 등 [2] 은손상후생존시간을추정하는데에도사후 CRP가유용하다고보고하였다. 본연구에서는사후 CRP가증가하였던 25예의대부분에서부검을통해폐렴 9예, 복막염 3예등염증의소견이확인되었으나, 손상으로인한상승은확인되지않았다. 또한폐혈전색전증 2예에서사후 CRP의증가가확인되었으며, 1예에서는사후 CRP의증가원인을찾지못하였다. 본연구에서도급성심근경색증의증례가 3예있었으나, 모든경우에서폐렴및상기도염의소견이확인되어이들증례에서 CRP 가증가된원인을급성심근경색증으로단정할수는없었다. 본연구에서생존 CRP 검사결과를확인할수있었던증례는 20예였다. 이중에서사후 CRP 검사결과가생전 CRP 검사결과보다높았던경우는 2예밖에없었던바, 사후 CRP 검사결과는생전 CRP 검사결과에비해일반적으로감소하는것으로생각되고, 이는이전보고와동일하였다 [7]. 특히이들증례에서사후 CRP 검사결과는평균 6.14±5.22 mg/dl 로생전 CRP 검사결과에비해 33.4% 가감소하였는데, 이러한감소폭역시이전보고와동일하였다 [7]. 이러한결과는위양성의오류를감소시키기때문에부검등사후검사에서염증에대한선별검사로서사후 CRP 검사의장점으로판단 하였다. 본연구에서는생전 CRP 검사결과와사후 CRP 검사결과를비교하여민감도및특이도검사를시행하였다. 생전 CRP 검사결과가양성이었던 15예중에서사후 CRP 검사결과가일치하는경우는 13예였고, 생전 CRP 검사결과가음성이었던 5예중에서사후 CRP 검사결과가음성으로일치하는경우는 4예로사후 CRP 검사의민감도와특이도는각각 86.7%, 80% 이었고, 양성예측도와음성예측도는각각 92.9%, 66.7% 이었다. 그러나저자들은사후 CRP 검사의민감도및특이도와양성예측도및음성예측도가더욱높을것으로추정하였는데, 그이유는본연구에서위음성의결과가확인되었던 29번과 46번증례의경우생전 CRP 결과값이상대적으로높지않았고, tpmi가상대적으로길었으며, 두증례모두치료중사망하였기때문에사후 CRP 검사결과가참결과일가능성을고려해야할것으로생각하였다. 또한, 본연구에서음성예측도가상대적으로더욱낮았던이유는생전 CRP 검사결과가음성이었던증례가많지않았기때문으로생각하였다. 특히위양성으로결과가확인되었던 30 번증례의경우복통과변비를주소 (chief complaint) 로병원에내원하여관장을시행받고, 약 45분후에시행된 CRP 검사결과는 0.07 mg/dl로음성이었으나, 관장을시행받고약 16시간후사망하였다. 부검결과사인은구불결장천공에의한복막염과패혈증으로판단되었다. 따라서이러한결과는 CRP가염증후 6-12시간이내에상승한다는점을고려할때, 사후 CRP 검사결과가참결과일것으로판단되었다. 따라서이러한점들을고려하면사후 CRP 검사의정확도는더욱증가할것으로생각된다. 부검시채취한사후검체에서사후 CRP 검사를위하여심혈, 말초혈, 유리체액을비교하였다. 말초혈의경우 33예에서
6 사후 C- 반응단백질검사 오연호외 13 심혈과비교할수있었고, 이들사이에서차이가확인되지않아사후 CRP 검사를하는데에있어비교적양이많고채취가용이한심혈을이용하는것이좋을것으로판단하였다. 또한유리체액의경우부패가진행된경우나과도한손상으로인해혈액을채취하기어려운경우유용할수있는바, 본연구에서심혈과유리체액을이용하여 60예에서사후 CRP 검사를시행하였다. 그러나모든예의유리체액에서 CRP 검사결과가음성으로검출되어유리체액은사후 CRP 검사의검체로적합하지않은것으로판단하였다. 검체의보관조건및사후 CRP 검사의안정성을평가하기위해전혈과혈청을실온보관및냉장보관하여각각일주일과한달후다시검사하였다. 사후 CRP 검사상양성이었던증례에서부검시채취한혈액을이용한최초 CRP 검사결과는 9.04 mg/dl이었고, 혈청을냉장에서보관하여 7일차와 31일차를비교한 CRP 검사결과는각각 8.43 mg/dl와 8.56 mg/dl로 5%-6% 하락하였지만, 큰값의차이는없었다. 혈청을실온에서보관하여 7일차와 31일차를비교한 CRP 검사결과는각각 8.61 mg/dl와 8.44 mg/dl로측정되어혈청의경우보관온도에따른차이는보이지않았다. 전혈을냉장에서 7일과 31일동안보관한후시행한 CRP 검사결과는각각 8.42 mg/dl와 8.46 mg/dl로냉장에서보관한혈청과비슷하게검출되었지만, 전혈을실온에서 7일과 31일로구분하여보관한후시행한 CRP 검사결과는각각 8.25 mg/dl 와 6.7 mg/dl로감소하였다. 이중전혈을실온에서한달간보관한경우에 CRP 값이 6.7 mg/dl로약 25.9% 크게감소하였으나, 위음성의결과는확인되지않아혈액을이용한사후 CRP 검사는매우안정적인것으로판단하였다. 또한, 55 번증례의경우 tpmi가 271시간으로사망한후약 12일후에부검이시행되었으나, 생전 CRP 검사결과와비교하여사후 CRP 검사결과가생전결과의약 53.3% 로검출되어기존연구에서 PMI 6일보다긴 PMI에서도사후 CRP 검사가안정적임을확인할수있었다 [7]. 또한사후 CRP 검사결과가음성이었던증례에서상기한바와같이보관한후다시시행한검사에서는각각의경우에서불규칙적으로증가또는감소하는경향을보였으나, 모든경우에서위양성은확인되지않았다. 이러한불규칙적인변화는음성인낮은 CRP 농도에서발생한측정의변이로생각하였다. 결론적으로사후 CRP 검사를위한검체는약 31일까지는큰값의차이는없었지만, 전혈을보관하는것보다는혈청을분리하여냉장보관하는것이보다적합할것으로판단된다. 또한 1번증례의경우사인이비브리오패혈증인증례이고, 사후 CRP 검사결과 28.6 mg/dl로측정되었는데, 사후 CRP 검사가시행된검체는부검당시채취한혈액을혈청으로분리한후영하 80 에서약 7개월동안보관한후사용된검체였다. 따라서초저온에서보관한혈청검체의경우사후 CRP 검사를위해보다오랫동안안정적으로보관할수있을것으로판단된다. 본연구를통해사후 CRP 검사는생전 CRP 검사결과와매우높은일치율을보였고, 높은민감도, 특이도및양성예측도와음성예측도를보였다. 또한, 실온에서한달간보관한혈액을이용한경우에도위음성을보이지않을정도로안정적임을확인할수있었고, 초저온으로보관하는경우에는 7 개월후에도위음성의결과를보이지않았다. 따라서패혈증등전신적염증성질환을사후진단함에있어사후 CRP 검사는매우안정적이고, 유용한검사로판단된다. 또한, CRP 검사의경우혈액이채취된이후검사에소요되는시간이 1시간미만으로검사시간이짧아부검중또는부검후빠른시간안에염증성질환에대한선별검사로서매우유용한검사로판단된다. 특별히본연구보고를통해본기관에서경험하였던사후 CRP 검사의경험을공유할수있을것으로생각하고, 국내에서현재임상화학검사를위해사용하고있는생화학분석기기를이용하여사후 CRP 검사도가능함을확인함으로써부검등국내법의학감정에도움이될수있을것으로생각한다. Conflicts of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. References 1. Astrup BS, Thomsen JL. The routine use of C-reactive protein in forensic investigations. Forensic Sci Int 2007;172: Fujita MQ, Zhu BL, Ishida K, et al. Serum C-reactive protein levels in postmortem blood: an analysis with special reference to the cause of death and survival time. Forensic Sci Int 2002;130: Tsokos M, Reichelt U, Jung R, et al. Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein serum levels in sepsis-related fatalities during the early postmortem period. Forensic Sci Int 2001;119: Lindroos-Jokinen K, Keltanen T, Vanhala T, et al. Postmortem measurement of C-reactive protein and interpretation of results in ketoacidosis. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2012;14: Na JY, Cho WY, Park JW, et al. Infective endocarditis: an autopsy case report with literature review. Korean J Leg Med 2014;38: Na JY, Park JW, Oh YH, et al. Vibrio vulnificus sepsis: an autopsy case. Korean J Leg Med 2015;39: Uhlin-Hansen L. C-reactive protein (CRP), a comparison of preand post-mortem blood levels. Forensic Sci Int 2001;124:32-5.
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