대한안신경의학회지 : 제 3 권제 1 호 Clin Neuroophthalmol 3(1):7-14, June 2013 ISSN: REVIEW 시신경유두부종과특발성두개내압상승 양태호 1 오선영 1,2 전북대학교의학전문대학원신경과학교실 1, 전북대학교병원신
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1 대한안신경의학회지 : 제 3 권제 1 호 ISSN: REVIEW 시신경유두부종과특발성두개내압상승 양태호 1 오선영 1,2 전북대학교의학전문대학원신경과학교실 1, 전북대학교병원신경과. 임상의학연구소 2 Papilledema and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Tae-Ho Yang, MD 1, Sun-Young Oh, MD 1,2 1 Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, Chonbuk National Hospital, 2 Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea Papilledema is a term describing optic nerve swelling from raised intracranial pressure. Many disorders can produce optic nerve head swelling, including primary optic neuropathies and papilledema. In this review, clinical features and causes of papilledema, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension are described. Keywords: Papilledema; Disc swelling; Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 서론시신경유두부종 (papilledema) 은여러가지원인에의하여발생한시신경유두종창 (optic disc swelling, optic disc edema) 가운데특히뇌내압의증가에의한것을지칭한다. 즉, 증가된두개강내압력에의한시신경유두종창만을지칭하는용어이다. 시신경유두종창이생기는기전은증가된뇌압이시신경의거미막밑공간을따라전달되고, 이로인하여정상적으로존재하는축삭의축삭형질흐름 (axoplasmic flow) 이시신경유두부위에서저류되어축삭내의부종이발생하게되며이것이시신경부종으로관찰되는것이다 시신경유두부종의원인질환시신경병이나신생유두부종같은많은질환들이시신경유두종창을발생시킬수있다 (Table 1). 유두부종은만성적으로뇌압이항진되었음을알려주는신뢰있는지표이다. 4 유두부종을유발하는질환으로는뇌종양, 뇌농양, 결핵이나매독으로인한육아종과같은공간점유병변, 뇌수막염및뇌염에기인한미만성대뇌부종, 뇌척수액흡수 장애, 두개내출혈및혈종을유발하는두부외상, 그리고특발성두개내압상승등이있다 (Table 1) 시신경유두부종의증상과소견 1) 비시각적증상뇌압이증가되어시신경유두부종이발생한환자는초기에는일반적으로시각증상보다는비시각적증상을주로호소한다. 2 비시각적인증상은대개두통이첫증상이지만어떤경우에는뇌압이상당히증가했어도두통이없기도한다. 흔히전반적인통증을호소하지만편측성이나박동성의양상을보이기도하고, 지속적혹은간헐적일수도있으며, 흔히기침하거나힘을줄때심해진다. 오심과구토가흔히동반되고눈부심도나타나는데, 때로는이증상들이첫증상으로나타나는경우도있다. 두개내종괴, 선천이상, 이전의외상과연관된시신경유두부종의경우에는뇌척수액비루가나타날수있다. 2) 시각증상초기에는보통시각증상을느끼지못하며, 심한시신경유두부종 Correspondence to: Sun-Young Oh, MD Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University Hospital, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju , Korea Tel: ; Fax: ; ohsun@jbnu.ac.kr Received: Apr. 10, 2013 / Accepted: May 2, 2013 Copyright 2013 The Korean Society of Neuro-Ophthalmology 7
2 Yang T-H, et al. Papilledema and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Table 1. Differential diagnosis of true disc swelling Elevated intracranial pressure (papilledema) Inflammatory optic neuropathy Demyelinating Sarcoidosis or other inflammatory diseases Infectious Vascular optic neuropathy Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (arteritic and nonarteritic) Central retinal vein occlusion Carotid-cavernous fistula Malignant systemic hypertension Compressive optic neuropathy Neoplastic Meningioma Hemangioma, lymphangioma Non-neoplastic Thyroid ophthalmopathy Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor Infiltrative optic neuropathy Neoplastic Leukemia Lymphoma Glioma Non-neoplastic Sarcoidosis Toxic / Metabolic / Nutritional deficiencies Traumatic optic neuropathy Intraocular hypotony 4) 시야장애생리적암점의확대가가장흔한시야손상이고, 많은경우에있어서유일한시야손상이다. 2 원인기전은시신경유두주변의망막이유두부종에의해박리혹은압박되거나, 주변으로밀리면서발생하는것으로생각되고있다. 그러나확연한망막박리나이동이없어도암점이확대될수있는데, 이는시신경유두주변의망막이융기되면서국소적으로원시가발생하기때문으로생각된다. 10 5) 중심시력감소만성으로진행하여충분한양의신경섬유손상이일어나면중심시력도저하된다. 2 그러나급성시신경유두부종에서중심시력저하나변시증 (metamorphopsia) 이흔하게관찰되지는않는다. 만약나타나게된다면거의항상시신경유두부종에기인한병터가황반을침범한경우에나타나기때문이다. 6) 복시가장흔한복시의증상으로서편측혹은양측의갓돌림신경마비를나타나게되는데, 이는두개의기저부 (skull base) 에서뇌바닥동맥 (basilar artery) 의분지에의해압박되어발생하기때문이다. 2,11 드물게는도르래신경마비도발생할수있는데이는활차신경도등쪽중뇌나신경자체가눌려서마비되어발생되기때문이며, 스큐편위로오인될수있어빌쇼스키머리기울임검사등을시행하여감별해야한다. 3 이있어도시각증상을호소하지않을수있다. 2 흔히검사에서발견되는유일한이상은생리적암점의확대이지만, 어떤환자들은확대된암점을인지하기도하고다양한정도의시력감소나시야의소실을호소하기도한다. 망막출혈이나유리체출혈이있으면시력을떨어뜨릴수있고, 두개내종괴에의한시신경유두부종인경우에는종괴가두개내에서시각전달경로를압박하거나침습해서시력또는시야감소를유발하기도한다. 3) 일시적시각장애단안혹은양안성으로일시적으로시력이감소되는현상이발생할수있는데대개수초간시력장애가있다가회복되고심한경우에는하루에수십번발생하기도한다. 2 이것은자세의영향을받는데특히허리를구부렸을때잘발생하며, 9 이러한현상은자세변화에의한시신경의일시적인압박이나허혈에의한것으로기인한다고하며, 다른원인에의한시신경유두의부종에서도관찰할수있다. 3. 시신경유두부종의진행초기에는확장된모세혈관들로인하여충혈되어보이고시신경유두의함몰부에서자연적으로관찰할수있는정맥의박동 (spontaneous venous pulsation) 이소실된다. 망막의모세혈관에서정맥으로유입되는혈액량은일정하지만, 망막정맥으로부터배출되어나가는혈액량은심장의수축과이완에따라서증감하기때문에자발정맥박동이일어난다. 항진된뇌압은망막정맥의배출을저해하므로자발정맥박동의소실이발생한다. 정상성인에서 12-20% 에서는정상적으로도자발정맥박동이관찰되지않을수있으며, 3 성인환자의시신경유두부위에서자발정맥박동이존재한다는사실은뇌척수액압력이약 220 mmh 2O 미만임을시사한다. 12,13 시신경유두부종은위와아래에먼저나타나고이어서코쪽과측두쪽의순서로진행하는데, 이는망막신경섬유층의두께차이때문에두꺼운순서대로부종이나타나기때문이다. 14 신경섬유층의부종이진행하면시신경유두의경계가불분명해지고유두륜 (peripapillary halo) 이나타난다. 2 신경섬유층의부종에의해이차적으로혈관에변화가발생하는데모세혈관과소정맥들이압박을받아미세혈관류 (microaneurysm) 나선상출혈 (splinter 8
3 시신경유두부종과특발성두개내압상승 양태호외 hemorrhage) 이시신경유두나유두주위에발생할수있다. 3 또한표면혈관들이혼탁한신경섬유층에의해서가려지고면화반점 (cotton wool spot), 주변망막주름 (circumferential retinal fold, Paton s line), 황반출혈, 삼출물이생기기도한다. 삼출물은황반근처에부채혹은별모양으로나타나기도하는데, 이는중심와의코쪽에서더뚜렷이나타난다. 변화반 (cotton-wool patch) 은신경섬유층의허혈을시사한다. 중심망막정맥도압박을받아망막정맥의확장과구불거림이흔히나타난다. 2,4,15 뇌압이급격하게상승하면서유리체밑 (subhyaloid) 출혈이생기기도한다. 3 더진행하면전체시신경유두가융기되고확장되어경계를알아볼수없게되고생리적함몰인중심함몰도사라진다. 악화되는시신경유두부종은중심함몰을소실시키고, 이후에는시신경의머리부분이망막위로솟아올라유두가현저히융기된다. 더욱심한경우부종은망막전체로퍼질수있으며황반을침범할수있다. 만성적인시신경유두부종이있게되면시신경위축이발생한다. 이후기단계에선유두의융기가가라앉고, 발적이되었던유두가창백해지며, 동맥은초기단계보다더욱가늘어진다. 최종적으로시신경유두는창백하고평평해지며유두경계는예전보다훨씬불분명하면서생리적함몰이소실되는상태에이른다. 4 시신경유두부종의초기단계에서는명확하게식별가능한시각증상이일어나지는않는다. 하지만뇌압의항진이지속되고그로인해발생한유두부종이장기간지속되면, 시야가협착되기시작하면서좁고불규칙적인동심원형의시야를보이게된다. 이는시신경섬유가손상되면서나타나는증상이다. 시야변화외에시력이저하되어심하면실명에이르는것또한시신경유두부종의후기증상이다. 오랜기간유지되어오던시력이짧은시간안에급격히나빠지는경우도가끔볼수있다. 3 유두부종이계속악화되어비가역적인시신경위축이일어나기전에유두부종을일으키는근본원인질환에대한적극적인치료가필요하다 시신경유두부종이의심되는환자에대한검사시신경유두부종소견이관찰되면두개내종괴나출혈, 수두증, 정맥혈전증 (venous thrombosis) 등두개강내에문제가있는지감별하기위해응급으로뇌영상검사가필요하다. 조영증강이된두부자기공명영상 (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) 은대뇌정맥혈전증등과같은두개강내종괴, 침윤성질환, 뇌수막질환등을감별하기위해서는가장이상적이면서민감도가있는검사이다. 조영없는두부컴퓨터단층촬영 (computed topography, CT) 도시행하게되는데이는단지두개강내출혈, 수두증, 거대한종물등만감별이가능하고, 나머지두개강내병터들은감별할수없는단점이있다. 만약두부 CT상정상소견을보이더라도자세한검사를위해서는 두부 MRI가필요하다. 시신경유두부종이있는환자에서두부 MRI 가정상소견이라면, 이는증가된두개강내압력의원인으로는뇌수막질환, 정맥성고혈압, 혹은특발성두개내압상승등을의심해볼수있다하겠다 (Fig. 1). 뇌압상승의원인으로정맥혈전 (venous thrombosis) 이의심되면자기공명정맥촬영술 (magnetic resonance venography, MRV) 을시행하고, 16 경막의동정맥기형이의심되면자기공명혈관촬영술 (magnetic resonance angiography, MRA) 을고려한다. 만약, 두부 MRI나 MRA, MRV 등뇌영상검사상정상소견이라면뇌척수액의개방압력과중추신경계감염여부등을분석하기위하여요추천자가항상필요하다. 정상뇌척수액압의범위는보통성인에서 mmh 2O이고, 비만한경우 250 mmh 2O까지이다. 17 유아에서는이보다낮아서 mmh 2O인데 8세이후로는성인과동일하다 시신경유두부종의감별진단과특징적인소견시신경유두부종은기본적으로양안성이다. 따라서한쪽에만부종이있으면시신경유두부종이아닐가능성이높지만비대칭적인부종이보이는경우도흔하다. 편측시신경유두부종인것처럼보이는대부분의환자는잘살펴보면정상인것처럼보이는눈에서도가벼운정도의시신경유두의충혈, 부종, 흐려진신경섬유층등을관찰할수있다. 18 시신경유두를자세히관찰하는것외에도형광안저혈관조영술이판단에도웅이될수있다. 2 이마엽이나후각고랑 (olfactory groove) 에종양이있고그종양이뇌압을상승시킬정도로충분히크면한쪽의시신경을압박하여그쪽의시신경위축을유발하는동시에반대쪽에만시신경유두부종을유발할수있는데이것을포스터케네디증후군 (Foster Kennedy syndrome) 이라한다. 2 또한지주막하공간으로부터시신경주위수막공간으로항진된뇌압이전달되는통로가한쪽만차단되는경우에일측성시신경유두부종이나타나게된다. 4 시신경유두부종으로가장흔히오인되는것이시신경병증으로인한시신경유두의부종 (optic disc edema) 과거짓유두부종 (pseudo papilledema) 이다. 이들은병력청취와시기능의평가, 시신경유두외형의자세한관찰, 필요하면보조적인검사를함으로써구분이가능하다. 시신경염이나허혈시신경병증같은시신경병증은대개단안성이고특징적으로갑작스러운중심시력감소나시야소실, 색각이상, 상대들신경동공결손 (relative afferent pupillary defect, RAPD) 등의시기능이상을동반한다. 이에반하여시신경유두부종은대개양안성이고, 만성적이거나부종이주변의망막을침범한것이아니라면시기능의이상은없거나가벼운것이일반적이다. 거짓유두부종은검안경에서유두부종과유사한형태를보이는각종시신경유두의변이이 9
4 Yang T-H, et al. Papilledema and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Fig. 1. Diagram illustrating the diagnosis of disc edema. 다. 시신경유두의드루젠이가장흔한원인으로생각되고있지만, 선천이상, 기울어진유두 (tilted disc), 시신경형성부전 (optic nerve hypoplasia), 밀집된원시성유두 (crowded hyperopic disc), 시신경유두과오종 (optic disc hamartoma), 말이집신경섬유 (myelinated nerve fiber) 등도포함된다. 2,19 이두질환들은안저검사로감별이가능하다. 거짓유두부종은안저검사상망막혈관이시신경유두에서비정상적인분기를보이는경우가많고유두에중심오목 (central cup) 이없거나경계가불규칙하거나, 혈관이유두위를지나갈때부종에의해가려지지않는양상을보인다. 또한시신경유두부종에비하여부종이덜하여덜융기되는경향을보이고출혈, 삼출물등의시신경유두부종에서동반될수있는현상은관찰되지않는것이일반적이다. 2 자발적인정맥박동을관찰할수있다면그것또한거짓유두부종을좀더시사하는소견이고, 형광안저혈관조영술 (fluorescent fundus angiography, FAG) 의소견상거짓유두부종은형광누출이없는반면시신경유두부종의경우형광누출이있는것을관찰할수있다 특발성두개내압상승특발성두개내압상승 (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) 은정상 CSF 조성소견을보이며, 수두증과종괴등뇌에기질적인병변없이두개내압이상승하는질환으로, 뇌거짓종양 (pseudotumor cerebri) 및양성두개강내고혈압 (benign intracranial hypertension) 20,21 으로도불 렸으며, 두통, 어지럼, 이명, 구역, 시력감소, 복시같은증상들을나타날수있고, 안저검사상시신경유두부종의소견이보이는질환이다. 이와는달리뇌압을상승시킬수있는중추신경계의기질적병변때문에생기는두개내압상승을이차성두개내압상승 (secondary intracranial hypertension) 이라한다. 22 원인은알려져있지않지만, 대부분의젊은비만여성과다른요인과관련되어있다고한다. 원인들중 특발성 이라는것은원인이없는것이아니라정확한원인이아직규명되지않은것을의미한다. 진단기준은 Table 5와같고, 지금까지알려진원인인지와가능한기전들을살펴보면 (Table 3) 2 다음과같다. 1) 뇌척수액의흡수감소 23 2) 두개내정맥압상승 (intracranial venous hypertension) 24 3) 비타민 A 특발두개내압상승환자의뇌척수액에서레티놀의농도가증가된것이보고된이후, 비타민 A와특발두개내압상승의관련에대한많은연구가이루어지고있다 아직까지비타민 A가가역적으로뇌압을상승시키는기전은밝혀지지않았지만, 최근연구에따르면비타민 A가뇌척수액분비와흡수에관여하는유전자의전사를증가시 10
5 시신경유두부종과특발성두개내압상승 양태호외 킴으로써두개내압의상승을초래하는것으로보인다고하였고, retinol binding protein 이뇌척수액의분비나흡수를변화시키는신호전달물질이라는보고가있다. 4) 정맥굴 (venous sinus) 협착정맥굴협착이두개내압상승의원인이며많은특발성두개내압상승환자에서정맥굴협착이관찰되며스텐트삽입을이용한치료후에두개내압상승증상들이호전된다는보고들이있으나아직논쟁이되고있다 ) 대사및신경내분비원인비만, 인슐린당대사성호르몬, 글루코코르티코이드, 지방, 유리지방산의비정상적조절이두개내압상승을초래할수있으나아직명확히밝혀져있지않다. 35 최근수면무호흡증과의연관성에관심이높아지고있는데, 수면무호흡증에서폐포저환기 (alveolar hypoventilation) 와야간저산소증이두개내압을상승시키는것으로생각된다. 36,37 앞서언급한대로원인이알려져있지않으므로, 두개내압을상승시키는다른원인이배제되면서변형된 Dandy 진단기준에부합되면특발성두개내압상승의진단할수있다 (Table 2). 38,39 Table 2. Diagnostic criteria of the syndrome of increased intracranial pressure without hydrocephalus or mass lesion and with normal CSF composition (previously referred to as pseudotumor cerebri) and now called idiopathic intracranial hypertension Signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. 2. No localizing neurologic signs, in an alert patient, other than abducens nerve paresis. 3. Normal neuroimaging studies except for small ventricules or empty sella (neuroimaging should include a good quality MRI +/- MRV or CTV to rule-out cerebral venous thrombosis). 4. Documented increased opening pressure (250 mm of water or more) but normal cerebrospinal fluid composition. 5. Primary structural or systemic causes of elevated intracranial venous sinus pressure excluded (for example, chronic meningitis or cerebral venous thrombosis). 7. 특발성두개내압상승의치료치료의일차목표는시력보전과두통과복시등의증상교정이다. 치료방법의선택은두통등증상의경중, 시력저하의유무와진행속도, 시신경부종의정도, 비만이나고혈압과의연관성에달려있다 (Fig. 2). 원칙적으로체중감량과 acetazolamide가 1차치료제로사용되고있다. 2 Table 3. Main factors associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension - Obesity, recent weight gain - Sleep apnea syndrome - Chronic anemia - Medications (vitamin A, isoretinoid, tetracycline, cyclosporine) Fig. 2. Management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. 11
6 Yang T-H, et al. Papilledema and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Table 4. Poor prognostic factors associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension - Male gender - Black race - Severe obesity - Sleep apnea syndrome - Anemia - Fulminant onset Table 5. Modified Dandy criteria Signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (headaches, nausea, vomiting, transient obscurations of vision, papilledema). 2. No localizing neurologic signs otherwise, with the single exception being unilateral or bilateral VI nerve paresis. 3. CSF can show increased pressure, but no cytologic or chemical abnormalities otherwise. 4. Normal to small symmetric ventricles must be demonstrated (originally required ventriculography, but now demonstrated by CT). 8. 비수술적치료 먼저비만, 빈혈, 수면무호흡증, 약물등여러연관된인자들의조정 이우선이고, Acetazolamide 등 ( 경구로매일 1-2 g) 약물치료를시행할 수있다. 2 또한, 진단적과정으로시행하는요추천자는두개내압을일시적으 로즉시낮추는치료의첫단계이기도하다. 요추천자를시행했음에 도불구하고, 일시적으로라도나아지지않는두통이라면증가된두개 강내압력으로기인한것만이아닐수있기때문에, 다른긴장형두통, 편두통, 약물유발성두통등과의감별이필요하다. 만일시야검사상생리적암점의확대외에다른증상이없고유두 부종만있다면체중감량만으로도충분할수있다. 저염식등체중감 량프로그램으로치료하여대개 5-10% 의체중감량으로도호전되는 결과가보고되고있지만, 그이상추가체중감량이두개내압상승을 더호전시키지는않는다고보고되고있다. 약물치료로는탄산탈수효소억제제 (acetazolamide, methazolamide, topiramate), 이뇨제 (furosemide, chlorthalidone) 가있다. Acetazolamide 는맥락얼기 (choroid plexus) 에서뇌척수액의생성을억제시 키는기전으로, 대개하루 g 에서시작하여호전이보일때까지, 혹은하루 3-4 g 까지증량할수있다. Topiramate 는부분적인탄산탈 수효소억제제로편두통같은일차두통에서효과적이고체중도감 량되는데, acetazolamide 보다더효과적이지는않다고한다. 25,40 Furosemide 는대개이차약물로쓰이고있다. 두통증상의치료로는매우소량의삼환계항우울제, topiramate 등 을사용해볼수있고비스테로이드성소염제는반동두통 (rebound headache) 을일으킬수있으므로주당며칠로사용을제한해야한다. Table 6. Surgical treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension CSF shunting procedures CSF shunting procedures (performed by neurosurgeons) - Lumbo-peritoneal shunt or ventriculoperitoneal shunt - Preferred when headaches are severe - Obstruction or disconnection require a revision in about 50% of lumboperitoneal shunts 만일환자의시야가정상화되고유두부종이회복되었음에도불구하 고두통을호소하면, 두통의다른원인 ( 진통제과용 ) 을감별하여치료 한다. 전신적스테로이드는수술적처치가예정되어있는상황에서, 시력 저하가진행할때긴급하게시도할수있다. 만일고혈압이동반되어 있다면시력예후가안좋으므로적절히조절해야한다. 단기간투여 하는스테로이드정맥주사는사용시도움이될수있지만, 체중증가 및반효과때문에, 스테로이드는특발성두개내압상승에서일반적으 로장기적으로추천되는치료는아니다. 만일내과적치료에도불구하고증세가악화되고유두부종이진 행한다면정주스테로이드, 정주 acetazolamide, 또는응급으로수술 을시행해야한다. 9. 수술적치료 Optic nerve sheath fenestration (performed by ophthalmologists) - Decompression of the optic nerve by making a window into its dural sheath from a transconjunctival medial or lateral approach. - Done on the eye with worst visual function first - often needs second eye surgery - Preferred when visual loss is predominant and headaches mild - The fenestration fails in 1/3 of cases within 3 years 수술적처치는심한유두부종과시력저하혹은내과적치료가듣 지않을때난치성두통이나시기능검사를할수없는환자에서시행 한다 (Table 6). 뇌척수액지름술 (shunt), 시신경집감압술 (optic nerve sheath decompression) 이주요방법이고환자상태에따라수술방법 을결정한다. 즉시신경집감압술은심한유두부종이황반까지침범 하여시력저하를초래하고두통은심하지않을때선호되는반면, 뇌 척수액지름술은심한두통이주된증상일때시행한다 (Table 6). 2 시신경집감압술은안구바로뒤쪽시신경경질막집 (dural sheath) 에 다수의창을내는수술로시신경에가해지는압력을즉각적으로낮 추어시기능을호전시키는효과가있다. 대개는양안에수술이필요 하다. 시신경집감압술의효과가오래유지되는것은경질막과시신경 사이에섬유성반흔이생기면서두개내압에대해시신경의앞쪽을보 호하는방벽역할을하기때문이다. 시신경집감압술은대개뇌척수압 에는영향을미치지않으며, 수술후시력저하, 복시, 감염등합병증이 발생할수있다. 대부분의환자에서는시신경집감압술후시력이호 12
7 시신경유두부종과특발성두개내압상승 양태호외 전되고유지되지만, 일부환자에서는수개월이나수년후시력이악화되어다시수술을받는경우도있다. 뇌실복강지름술 (ventriculoperitoneal shunt) 과허리복강지름술 (lumboperitoneal shunt) 로도뇌척수압을효과적으로조절할수있다. 뇌실복강지름술은뇌실이커져있지않으면기술적으로어려울수도있다. 허리복강지름술은좀더쉽게할수있으나두개내압저하, 소뇌편도탈출 (tonsilar herniation) 같은심한합병증이발생할수있다. 지름술은뇌척수압을정상화시키고유두부종을완화시키며시기능을회복시킨다. 하지만지름길폐쇄, 두개강내저혈압, 감염, 복통등의합병증이발생하여잦은교정이필요한상황이초래될수있다. 이중지름길기능장애는전체합병증중 50% 를보이고있으며, 합병증중 1% 정도로드물지만심각한부작용인감염도있다. 최근에는지름술수술시사용되는기구의발전으로, 뇌척수액흐름을신체외부에서자유롭게조절할수있는 programmable valve가일반화되어예전과같은두개강내저혈압등의부작용은크게줄었으며, 허리복강지름술시에도적용가능하다. 허리부수술을받은환자에서는허리복강지름술이어려울수있으며, 이경우뇌실복강지름술을해야한다. 뇌실이작아서수술이어렵다면 image-guided surgery ( 또는 navigation-guided surgery) 를이용하여수술을할수도있다 횡단성정맥동협착의스텐트삽입술은대뇌정맥압력을감소시키고, 두개강내압력을감소시키며, 선택된특발성두개내압상승환자에서증상을개선시킬수있다고알려져있다. 하지만, 관혈적정맥동스텐트삽입술은스텐트이탈, 정맥동천공, 스텐트내색전증, 경막내출혈, 스텐트삽입부위근위부에즉각적인협착의재발등여러심각한합병증을유발시킬수있다. 젊은특발성두개내압상승환자에게서정맥에스텐트삽입술의안전성과장기적인치료결과에대해더많은연구자료가축적될때까지, 정맥내스텐트삽입술은양측성횡단성정맥동협착증이나증가된두개강내압력환자에서전통적인수술적치료가실패하거나시도할수없는환자중에서불응성증상과징후가있을때등선택된환자에대해서만제한적으로시행되어야한다 예후특발두개내압상승은대개저절로호전되는높은자연관해율을보이는질환이나, 4-31% 환자에서시력이저하되고, 5% 에서는실명이초래될수도있다. 또한추적관찰기간에따라다르지만, 10-40% 에서는재발하고, 일부환자들은유두부종이호전된경우에도심지어수년안에악화되거나재발한경우도있다. 47 또한많은환자들에서수년동안뇌척수액의압력이상승되어있을수있으므로특발성두개내압상승은장기적경과관찰이필요한만성질환이라고할수있다. 2 추적관찰의간격은주로시력소실의위험도에달려있다. 가장중요 한두가지인자는현재시력저하와시신경부종의정도이다. 시력저 하가진행될위험도가낮다면, 진단후 1-2 개월간격으로다시방문하 도록한다. 그리고또괜찮으면 4 개월후방문하도록한다. 특발두개내 압상승은고혈압처럼평생동안지속될수있기때문에완화된환자 의경우에도 1-2 년마다경과관찰하여야한다. 경과관찰시가장중요 한점은체중의변화, 증상의변화, 시야검사결과, 유두부종의정도인 데, 가장중요한척도는시야검사와안저검사이다. 시신경유두황반다 발이말기까지유지되기때문에시력측정으로는진행여부를알수 는없다. 최근에빛간섭촬영기 (optical coherence tomography, OCT) 를 이용하여경과를관찰한연구가보고되고있다. 2 예후인자는 Table 4 에정리하였다. 결론 이상으로두개내압상승으로인한시신경유두부종에대한원인, 감 별진단, 치료등에대해알아보았다. 두개내압상승으로인한시신경유 두부종이의미하는바에대해확인이필요하고, 시신경유두부종이있 을때이에대한감별진단및원인을치료하는것이중요할것이다. REFERENCES 1. Wirtschafter JD, Rizzo FI, Smiley BC. Optic nerve axoplasm and papilledema. Surv Ophthalmol 1975;20: 김지수, 황정민. 문답으로풀어가는신경안과진료. 1 판. 서울 : 이퍼블릭 2010; Kim SJ. Papilledema and other causes of disc swelling. Clin Neuroophthalmol 2011;1(2): Kim SH, Park KD. funduscopic findings in neurologic intensive care unit: with the focus on papilledema. J Neurocrit Care 2012;5: Tajunisah I, Patel DK. Malignant hypertension with papilledema. J Emerg Med 2011;44: Katz JM, Bruno MK, Winterkorn JM, Nealon N. The pathogenesis and treatment of optic disc swelling in neurosarcoidosis: a unique therapeutic response to infliximab. Arch Neurol 2003;60: Waseem M, Sheikh MM. Bilateral optic disc swelling with headache turns out to be a case of optic disc drusen. J Surg Pak 2010;15: El-Shereef RR, Mohamed AS, Hamdy L. Ocular manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int [Epub ahead of print] 9. Cogan DG. Blackouts not obviously due to carotid occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 1961;66: Corbett JJ, Jacobson DM, Mauer RC, Thompson Hs. Enlargement of the blind spot caused by papilledema. Am J Ophthalmol 1988; 105: Keane JR. Bilateral sixth nerve palsy. Arch Neurol 1976;33: Agarwal AK, Yadav P, Sharma RK, Kanwar RS. Papilloedema (Choked Disc). J Indian Acad Clin Med 2000;1: Avery RA, Licht DJ, Shah SS, Huh JW, Seiden JA, Boswinkel J, et al. CSF opening pressure in children with optic nerve head edema. Neurology 2011;76:
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Whence pseudotumor cerebri? J Clin Neuro-ophthalmol 1985; 5: Celevisoy N, Gokcay F, Sirin H, Akyurekli O. Treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: topiramate vs acetazolamide, an open label study. Acta Neurol Scand 2007;116: Abu-Serieh B, Ghassempour K, Duprez T, Raftopoulos C. Stereotactic ventriculo-peritoneal shunting for refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurosurgery 2007;60: Abubaker K, Ali Z, Raza K, Bolger C, Rawluk D, O Brien D. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: lumboperitoneal shunts versus ventriculoperitoneal shunts-case series and literature review. Br J Neurosurg 2011;25: Ball AK, Howman A, Wheatley K, Burdon MA, Matthews T, Jacks AS. A randomized controlled trial of treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurol 2011;258: Ahmed RM, Wilkinson M, Parker GD, Thurtell MJ, Macdonald J, Mc- Cluskey PJ. Transverse sinus stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A review of 52 patients and of model predictions. AJNR (in press). 45. Ahmed R, Friedman DI, Halmagyi GM. Stenting of the transverse sinuses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Point Counter-Point. J Neuroophthalmol 2011;31: Kumpe DA, Bennett JL, Seinfeld J, Pelak VS, Chawla A, Tierney M. Dural sinus stent placement for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 2012;116: Shah VA, Kardon RH, Lee AG, Corbett JJ, Wall M. Long-term follow-up of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the Iowa experience. Neurology 2008;70:
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