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1 Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers Vol.55, NO.5, May ISSN (Print) / ISSN X(Online) 논문 Artificial Potential Field 와양팔조작성지수기반의 특이점및충돌회피경로계획 ( Singlarity and Collision Avoidance Path Planning based upon Artificial Potential Field and Manipulability Measure ) 박동주 *, 김동언 *, 박진현 *, 이장명 ** (Dong-Ju Park, Dong-Eon Kim, Jin-Hyun Park, and Jang-Myung Lee c ) 요 약 본논문에서는자코비안행렬에서구한조작성타원을이용하여특이점회피를하고, APF(Artificial Potential Field) 와같이적용하여말단장치 (End-Effector) 를위한경로계획을제안한다. 여유자유도가있는머니퓰레이터는특이점회피를위하여여유자유도가적절히활용되어질수있다. 직교좌표상의말단장치에대한조인트공간에대응하는관절의값은무한하게존재하게되어추가적인제약조건혹은평가함수가없이는단일해를구할수없다. 본연구에서는양팔머니퓰레이터의자유도가높아질수록말단장치에대한많은해가발생하는것을조작성지수를이용하여최적의해를선택하고이와더불어특이점을회피하는경로를생성한다. 다음으로는 APF 와병합하여장애물을회피하는최종적인경로를도출하여양팔머니퓰레이터에적용하여동작시킨다. 실제실험을통하여제안된경로계획의유용성과우수성을검증한다. Abstract Manipulators with redundant D.O.F can avoid singularity of the Jacobian matrix by using the manipulability ellipsoid. There are infinite number of joint solutions for the given end-effector position for the redundant manipulator. Therefore the joint values can not be determined uniquely, which means that a selection criterion should be applied for selecting a solution among the infinite number of joint solutions. In this paper, a path planning algorithm for the end-effector has been proposed by avoiding singularity using MM(Manipulability Measure) obtained from Jacobian matrices and by avoiding the collisions against obstacles using APF(Artificial Potential Field). The dual - arm manipulator solves this problem by using the MM and generates a path that avoids the singularity and avoids the collisions using APF. The effectiveness of the proposed path planning algorithm has been verified through real experiments. Keywords : Dual-arm, Artificial potential field, Path planning, Obstacle avoidance Ⅰ. 서론최근산업현장에서균일하고정밀한작업수행능력이요구되어짐에따라인간의작업을대신수행할수있는로봇연구에대한필요성이확대되고있다. 이러한연구중에서도불확실하고열악한환경에대해능동적인작업처리가가능하며, 인간과유사하거나상향된작업 수행능력을가져작업자를대신하여수행할수있는로봇에대한연구및개발이대두되고있다. 유연한작업을위해로봇의자유도를늘려여유자유도를가지는로봇을설계한다. 여유자유도란주어진작업공간자유도이상의관절공간자유도를보유한경우를뜻하고, 여유자유도를가지는경우발생하는대표적인문제가특이점 (Singularity) 과경로계획이다 [1]. * 학생회원, ** 평생회원, 부산대학교전자공학과 (Electrical Engineering Department, Pusan National University) c Corresponding Author( jmlee@pusan.ac.kr) 본연구는산업통상자원부의산업핵심기술개발사업의지원을받아수행된연구결과임 (No ) 본연구는산업통상자원부가지원하는산업융합ㆍ연계형로봇창의인재양성사업의연구결과로수행되었음. (N ) Received ; December 15, 2017 Revised ; March 17, 2018 Accepted ; April 26, 2018 Copyright c The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers. (653) This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 90 Artificial Potential Field 와양팔조작성지수기반의특이점및충돌회피경로계획박동주외 특이점은특정위치에서역행렬이존재하지않는경우를뜻하며, 특이점이존재하는경우특이점에서로봇의자유도가줄어로봇이움직이는데에문제가발생한다. 이러한경우로봇동작의불안정성을유발하여작업자에게위험을유발한다 [2~5]. 양팔머니퓰레이터의경로계획에는특이점회피경로, 장애물회피경로, 성능지수최적화경로등다양한경로에대한연구가진행되고있다. 이러한경로중에서도양팔머니퓰레이터는왼팔, 오른팔이겹치는작업공간이있고, 이는머니퓰레이터의작업공간에서충돌의가능성이있다는것을뜻한다. 본논문에서는양팔머니퓰레이터의조작성지수를통하여특이점회피를하고, APF(Artificial Potential Field) 의목표지점으로부터작용하는인력과장애물로부터작용하는척력을이용해전위계를구성하고포텐셜유동이론 (Potential Flow Theory) 을이용하여충돌을막는충돌회피경로를계획한다 [8]. 본논문의 2절에서는조작성지수를이용한특이점회피방법을설명하고 3절에서 APF의원리에대해설명한다. 그리고 4절에서는충돌회피경로계획에대해설명하고 5절에서는사용한양팔머니퓰레이터의구성에대해설명하고 6절에서제안한기법에대한실험결과를제시한다. 마지막으로 7절에서결론으로본논문을마무리한다. Ⅱ. 특이점회피 1. 역기구학 (Inverse Kinematics) 여유자유도로봇은하나의작업공간에대해무수히많은역기구학해를가지고있고, 이에적절한조건을부여하여특이점회피등의부가적인목적을실현할수있다. 는일반적으로머니퓰레이터에대한작업공간의좌표와관절변수의관계를나타낸것이며, 말단장치의위치및방위각에대한정보를가진다. 관절각속도와말단장치의속도 ( ) 와의관계는다음과같다. 식 (2) 에대한일반해는의사역행렬을이용하여표시가되며 는원하는말단장치의속도를나타내며, 인경우에일반해는다음과같다. (3) 는단위행렬을나타내고, 는임의의벡터이다. 또한 는 의의사역행렬을나타낸다. 만약엄밀해가존재하지않는다면 식 (3) 은 를최소화하는최소자승 해를나타낸다. 마찬가지로 에대해서도전개한후정리를하면다음과같은결과를얻을수있다. 식 (4) 의각항들에대한의미는다음과같다. : 로봇말단장치의자코비안 : 충돌회피점의자코비안 : 주어진말단장치의속도 : 충돌회피점의속도충돌회피점은매순간머니퓰레이터와물체와의거리가가장가까운머니퓰레이터위의점을의미한다. 2. 양팔조작성지수 (Dual-Arm Manipulability Measure) 를이용한특이점회피양팔조작성지수는관절속도공간에서작업공간속도로의전달비를나타낸다. 자코비안행렬로부터유도된조작성타원의크기가크면, 말단장치에서원하는속도와힘을얻기위해필요한각관절의속도, 힘요구량이적어진다. 또한타원이구형태에가까워질수록임의의또는특정한방향과위치로이동하는데요구되는각 (4) (1) 식 (1) 을이용하여 i번째작업변수에대한자코비안행렬을나타낼수있다. (2) 그림 1. 양팔조작성지수 Fig. 1. Dual-Arm Manipulability Measure. (654)
3 2018 년 5 월전자공학회논문지제 55 권제 5 호 91 Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers Vol.55, NO.5, May 2018 관절의힘과속도가실제이동시소요되는각관절의속도와힘과같아진다. 따라서관절의속도벡터와작업공간의속도벡터의관계를표현하는자코비안을이용하여조작성타원 (Manipulability ellipsoid) 을유도할수있다. 식 (1) 의자코비안을이용하여직교좌표공간에서의속도로변환을하게된다. 그러면다음과같은식 (5) 로나타낼수있다. (5) 또한, 잉여자유도를가지는머니퓰레이터에대한조작성지수는다음식과같이나타낼수있다. det (6) 이는조작성타원의부피를나타내며, 이것은말단장치가모든방향으로움직일수있는능력의척도를나타낸다. 조작성지수값이 0으로가까워지는경우에는좌표로이동하기위한관절의값을구할수없고, 머니퓰레이터가특이점의난관에빠진다. 이것을이용해역기구학의무수한해를조작성지수가 0이아닌해를찾아무수히많은해의개수를줄이고 0인지점을특이점위치로판단하고회피한다. Ⅲ. Artificial Potential Fields APF는로봇과목표점사이에인력 (Attractive potential) 을발생시키고, 장애물과의사이에는척력 (repulsive potential) 을발생시키는가상의역장이다. 인력과척력의합으로표현되는역장에의해발생되는힘으로인하여장애물과의충돌을피하는경로계획을하게된다. 머니퓰레이터의말단좌표를 로정의하고머니퓰레이터를구동하기위한 APF( ) 에의해발생하는힘은 APF의좌표 에서의 APF Gradient vector로표현된다. (7) 목표지점으로는머니퓰레이터의말단장치를끌어당기고, 반대로장애물로부터밀어내기위한 APF 두개의기본적인 APF 함수의합으로표현된다. (8) 그림 2. APF의인력과척럭 Fig. 2. The attraction and repulsion of APF. 그림 2와같이 는머니퓰레이터를장애물로부터밀어내는척력을발생시키는것을나타내고, 는머니퓰레이터의말단장치를원하는목표지점까지끌어당기는인력을발생시키는것을나타낸다. APF에의해발생하는힘은다음과같다. (9) 1. 인력및척력 (Attractive and Repulsive) 인력은포물선형태로간단히정의가되고척력은장애물영역주위를둘러싸는일종의전위장벽을형성하는것이다. (10) 식 (10) 은현재말단장치의위치를목표지점으로끌어당기는인공전위를형성하는함수이다. 은인력의크기를결정하는계수이며, 커질수록목표지점에의한 인력이커지는것을나타낸다. 는현재위치로부터목표지점까지의유클리드거리로표현되고목표지점에가까울수록 0으로수렴한다. if (11) if 식 (11) 은척력을나타내는식으로 는장애물에의한척력의크기를나타내는계수로써커질수록척력이커진다. 또한 를통해로봇이동작중에있을때돌발 (655)
4 92 Artificial Potential Field 와양팔조작성지수기반의특이점및충돌회피경로계획박동주외 변수등장애요소들이발생하였는지를파악할수있다. 는장애물의영향력을나타내고, 장애물에의해머니퓰레이터가행동반경을넘어동작하지못하도록 까지만척력이작용한다. 간의충돌을회피하기위한방법으로, APF를이용하여원하는목표지점까지양팔머니퓰레이터가충돌하지않는경로계획을수행한다. min (12) 식 (12) 는장애물영역으로부터머니퓰레이터현재위치까지의거리를나타내는함수이다. Ⅳ. 충돌회피경로생성 1. 거리함수 (Distance Function) APF의척력에서이용되어지는장애물까지의거리함수는일반적으로식 (13) 의형태이다. (13) 일반적인운동계획에서는식 (13) 이주로이용되지만, 여기서는다른한쪽팔의기구학특징을고려한거리함수를적용시켰다. 그림 3. 거리함수 Fig. 3. Distance function. min (14) 식 (14) 는그림 3에적용된거리함수를나타낸식이다. 이식을이용하여충돌가능성이높은최단거리를이용해머니퓰레이터를동작한다. 2. 충돌회피경로계획 (Collision avoidance path planning) 본논문에서사용된충돌회피경로계획은공통된작업공간내의양팔머니퓰레이터가작업을할때서로 그림 4. 충돌회피경로계획블록다이어그램 Fig. 4. Collision avoidance path planning block diagram. 그림 4는충돌회피경로계획에대한알고리즘을나타낸블록다이어그램이다. 양팔머니퓰레이터의초기자세는그림 6의모습과같다. 목표지점에대한좌표를받아역기구학과식 (6) 을이용하여도출한양팔조작성지수를통해특이점을회피하는경로를생성한다. 만약이경로가특이점회피를하지못한다면처음부터다시연산하고특이점회피하는것이가능하다면, 생성된특이점회피경로들중에서기구학적인제한때문에사용한거리함수를적용시켜가장충돌가능성이높은최단거리를가진경로를선택한다. 그후양팔머니퓰레이터의위치및속도를확인하고 APF 알고리즘을연산을한다. 만약경로수행중충돌또는돌발변수가발생한다거나목표위치에도착하지않는다면, APF에서인력과척력에대한연산이올바르지않다판단하여 APF 알고리즘부터다시연산하고양팔머니퓰레이터를경로수행전자세로되돌린다. 최종적으로목표지점에도착하면경로수행이성공하였다판단하고경로계획알고리즘을종료한다. Ⅴ. 시스템구성아래의그림 5는로봇의전체적인시스템구성을나 (656)
5 2018 년 5 월전자공학회논문지제 55 권제 5 호 93 Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers Vol.55, NO.5, May 2018 타내는그림이다. PC에서알고리즘을연산하고 USART 통신을통하여 TMS320F28335에연산결과를전송한다. 그후각각의모터에해당하는모터드라이브에연산결과에따른 PWM을전송하여모터를제어한다. 모터의엔코더데이터는 MCU에전송되어 PC로재전송후 PC에서알고리즘연산을한뒤, 다시제어한다. 제어알고리즘은 10 ms의제어주기를가지며통신 Baud rate는 115,200 bps 이다. 표 1. 경로에따른조작성지수 Table1. Manipulability measure of the path. 경로 조작성지수 ( ) xy xz yz 수를이용하여도출하였고경로 1~7은특이점을회피한경로 7가지를나타낸것이다. 그림 5. 시스템구성 Fig. 5. System configuration. 그림 6는실제사용한로봇으로 6개의관절을가지고있으며, 손은 3개의손가락을가지고있다. 아래의그림엔각관절에대한회전을나타내었다. 표 2. 이상적인경로와실제경로의거리데이터 Table2. Distance data of ideal path and actual path. 경로 shortest distance(mm) 시뮬레이션 (Simulation) 표 2는특이점회피후 7가지경로에대한최단거리거리를나타낸표이다.,,, 의모든최단거리가제일가까운경로 3을이용하여시뮬레이션및실험을진행하였다. 그림 6. 로봇의구성및모델링 Fig. 6. Robot configuration and modelling. Ⅵ. 실험 시뮬레이션및실험에앞서특이점회피를위한조작성지수와충돌가능성이높은최단거리를구하였고, 아래의표에나타내었다. 표 1은양팔머니퓰레이터의조작성지수를도출한표이다. 조작성지수는 2절에서설명한양팔조작성지 그림 7. APF가적용되지않고특이점회피만적용된양 팔머니퓰레이터의경로 Fig. 7. Path of dual-arm manipulator not applied APF and singularity avoidance only. (657)
6 94 Artificial Potential Field 와양팔조작성지수기반의특이점및충돌회피경로계획박동주외 양팔머니퓰레이터에말단장치의목표좌표를준후 APF가적용되지않은상태에서시뮬레이션을하고, APF가적용된상태의시뮬레이션을한다. 그림 7은 APF가적용되기전의머니퓰레이터경로에대한시뮬레이션으로충돌회피에대한방비가적용되어있지않다. 그림 7의시뮬레이션을통해똑같은위치에서두팔의위치가교차하는것을볼수있고, 이것은머니퓰레이터가충돌을한다는것을나타낸다. 그림 8. APF와특이점회피가적용된양팔머니퓰레이 터의이상적인경로 Fig. 8. The Ideal Path of APF and Singularity Avoidance on Dual-arm Manipulator. 그림 10. APF 적용전특이점회피만사용된실제엔코더데이터기반의경로 Fig. 10. Path of the actual encoder data base used only for the singularity avoidance before APF application. 그림 10은 APF가적용되지않아로봇이충돌을일으켰기때문에양팔을동시에동작한것이아니라, 각각따로동작시켜얻은데이터로그린경로그래프이다. 그림을확인하면오른팔과왼팔의경로가겹쳐충돌이일어나는것을알수있다. 그림 8은그림 7과똑같은경로에서 APF가적용되었을때의시뮬레이션으로충돌회피경로를나타낸다. 회피경로를가시적으로표현하기위해오른팔의분해능을높게잡아더자세하게경로를나타내었다. 2. 실험 (Experiment) 그림 6의양팔머니퓰레이터를실제로사용하여그림 9의알고리즘을적용하여동작시킨다. 각관절에 PID제어기를사용하여속도위치제어를하였다. 그림 11. 특이점회피와 APF가적용된실제엔코더데이터기반의경로 Fig. 11. The path of the actual encoder data base with singularity avoidance and APF. 그림 11은각관절에위치제어기가적용되어있는로봇을이용하여각관절에피드백받은엔코더데이터기반으로그린로봇의위치그래프이다. APF가적용된후그림 8이랑비교를하면비슷하게머니퓰레이터가충돌을회피하며목표지점까지가는것을볼수있다. 그림 9. PID제어블록다이어그램 Fig. 9. PID control block diagram. Ⅶ. 결론 그림 9은 PID제어블록다이어그램이다. Gain 값을조정하여오차율 0.2% 의위치, 속도제어를사용했다. 실험에서왼팔보다오른팔에우선순위를주어오른팔을위주로실험하였다. 만약오른팔보다왼쪽팔의동작반경이더크다면왼팔에우선순위를주어동작시킨다. 전세계적으로 Human Robot Interaction이활발히연구되고있는가운데, 인간형서비스로봇에대한최적자세, 안정성, 정확성에대한연구가다방면으로이루어지고있다. 그에대한연구의일환으로본논문에서는자유도가높아질수록말단장치에대한많은해가발생하는것을조작성지수를이용하여최적의해를선택 (658)
7 2018 년 5 월전자공학회논문지제 55 권제 5 호 95 Journal of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers Vol.55, NO.5, May 2018 하고이와더불어특이점을회피하는경로를도출하였다. 이특이점을회피하는경로를이용해장애물을회피하는경로를도출하여양팔머니퓰레이터에적용시켰고, 이것을기반으로실험을하여경로계획의유용성과우수성을검증하였다. 머니퓰레이터의특이점난관은여유자유도가있는머니퓰레이터의자유도를줄이고, 충돌회피는작업자의안전과머니퓰레이터의내구성등협업에있어매우중요한요소이기때문에제안한특이점회피와충돌회피연구는지속되어야할필요가있다. REFERENCES [1] S. W. Lee and Y. S. Nam, An Algorithm for Collision avoidance of two-arm Robot Manipulator Using Redundancy, The Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering, Vol. 7, no. 5, pp , October [2] J. Lee, J. Kim, J. Lee, D. Kim, H. Lim, and S. Ryu, Inverse kinematics solution and optimal motion planning for industrial robots with redundancy, Journal of Korea Robotics Society, vol. 7, no. 1, pp , [3] J. K. Guldner and V. I. Utkin, Sliding Mode Control for Gradient tracking and robot navigation using artificial potential fields, IEEE Trans. on R&A, Vol.11, No. 2, pp , [4] C. H. Man, X. Fan, C. R. Li and Z. H. Zhao, Kinematics analysis based on screw theory of a humanoid robot, Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp.49 52, [5] L. Nie and Q. Huang, Inverse kinematics for 6-DOF manipulator by the method of sequential retrieval, In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, pp , [6] J. Iqbal, R. ul Islam and H. Khan, Modeling and Analysis of a 6 DOF Robotic Arm Manipulator, Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 3, pp , [7] G. Tevatia and S. Schaal, Inverse kinematics for humanoid robots, In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), San Francisco, pp , [8] S. H. On and H. T. Jeon, Determination of the Minimum Number of Intermediate Points for the Robot Manipulator Cartesian Straight Motion, THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS OF KOREA, No. 2, vol. 25, pp , [9] Y. W. Sung and B. S. Chu, Optimal motion planning in sealing robot, THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS OF KOREA, pp , [10] J. H. Suh and K. S. Lee, A Study on Adaptive Tracking Control of a Mobile Manipulator for Contour Following, The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, pp , [11] Y. S. Nam, B. H. Lee and N. Y. Ko, A View Time Based Artificial Potential Field Method for Moving Obstacle Avoidance, THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS OF KOREA, pp.44-49, [12] Charles W. Warren, Global Path Planning Using Artificial Potential Fields, Robotics and Automation, IEEE International Conference on, [13] A. Shukla, E. Singla, P. Wahi and B. Dasgupta, A direct variational method for planning monotonically optimal paths for redundant manipulators in constrained workspaces, Robotics and Autonomous Systems pp , [14] A. G. Banerjee and S. K. Gupta, Research in Automated Planning and Control for Micromanipulation, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, VOL. 10, NO. 3, pp , JULY [15] B. Lacevic, P. Rocco and A. M. Zanchettin, Safety Assessment and Control of Robotic Manipulators Using Danger Field, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS, VOL. 29, NO. 5, October, 2013 (659)
8 96 Artificial Potential Field 와양팔조작성지수기반의특이점및충돌회피경로계획박동주외 저자소개 박동주 ( 학생회원 ) 2016 년인제대학교전자지능로봇공학과졸업 년부산대학교대학원전기전자컴퓨터공학부전자공학과석사졸업. < 주관심분야 : 로봇제어, 통신, 신호처리 > 김동언 ( 학생회원 ) 2015 년인제대학교전자지능로봇공학과졸업 년부산대학교대학원전기전자컴퓨터공학부전자공학과석사졸업 년 ~ 현재부산대학교대학원전기전자컴퓨터공학부전자공학과박사과정재학중. < 주관심분야 : 지능로봇시스템제어, 강인제어, 마이크로프로세서응용 > 박진현 ( 학생회원 ) 2014 년동의대학교전자공학과학사졸업 년 ~ 현재부산대학교대학원전기전자컴퓨터공학부전자공학과석사과정재학중. < 주관심분야 : 지능로봇시스템설계및제어, 로봇제어, 통신, 마이크로프로세서응용 > 이장명 ( 평생회원 ) 1980 년서울대학교전자공학과졸업 년서울대학교대학원전자공학과석사졸업 년 University of Southem California 컴퓨터공학과박사졸업. < 주관심분야 : 지능로봇시스템설계및제어, 마이크로프로세서응용, 특수환경 Navigation and Localization> (660)
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