248 pissn : , eissn : Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 2018; 53:
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1 248 pissn : , eissn : Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 218; 53: 하지의국소신경차단술에서 Ropivacaine 농도 (.5%,.6%, vs..75%) 에따른효과비교 : 전향적무작위대조연구 강동훈 강찬 황득수 송재황 장민구 충남대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 The Efficacy of Different Ropivacaine Concentrations (.5%,.6%, vs..75%) for Regional Nerve Block in Lower Extremity: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Dong Hun Kang, M.D., Chan Kang, M.D., Ph.D., Deuk Soo Hwang, M.D., Ph.D., Jae Hwang Song, M.D., and Min Gu Jang, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea Purpose: There have only been a few studies on optimal usage of injection material in the regional nerve block for lower extremity operations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different concentrations of ropivacaine. Materials and Methods: A total of 339 patients underwent lower extremity surgery under ultrasound-guided nerve block (combined femoral and sciatic nerve block) at a Chungnam National University Hospital between March 216 and February 217 and were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A (.5%, 44 ml), group B (.6%, 3 ml), and group C (.75%, 3 ml). The interval between nerve block procedure and onset of the complete anesthetic effect (complete anesthetic time) was investigated. The degrees of intraoperative pain, and postoperative pain were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) score. Patient s satisfaction ( 1) was investigated. To evaluate the efficacy in accordance with the concentration under the same dose and same volume, group A and B were compared with group C respectively. Results: There were 18, 118, and 113, in groups A, B, and C, respectively; and there were no significant differences with respect to the number, age, sex, and type of operation (p>.5). The mean complete anesthetic times were 78.5, 76.4, and 58.6 minutes, respectively. The mean intraoperative VAS scores were 2.4,.62, and.24; and the mean postoperative VAS scores (6 hours/12 hours) were 2.41/4.8,.27/1.24, and.38/1.54. The mean patient s satisfactory scores were 8.53, 9.38, and 9.4, respectively. Compared with group C, group A showed significantly longer complete anesthetic time (p<.5) and higher intra, postoperative VAS scores (all p<.5). Group B showed longer complete anesthetic time (p<.5), but no significant difference of intra, postoperative VAS scores (all p>.5). Patient s satisfactory scores in both group A and B were similar to group C (p>.5, p>.5). There were no specific adverse reactions in all groups. Conclusion: Ropivacaine.6% as well as.75% are safe and effective anesthetics under the same volume (3 ml) for regional nerve block of the lower extremity. However, taking into account of the longer complete anesthetic time, the operation start time must be adjusted. Key words: femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, ultrasonography, nerve block, injectables Received August 18, 217 Revised September 12, 217 Accepted October 13, 217 Correspondence to: Chan Kang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munwha-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 3515, Korea TEL: FAX: faschan@hanmail.net ORCID: The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association Volume 53 Number Copyright 218 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 249 The Optimal Concentration for Regional Nerve Block in Lower Extremity 서론 정형외과영역에서하지수술을위한국소신경차단술은마취목적, 수술후통증조절목적으로활발히진행되고있다. 1-3) 이때주로사용되는국소마취제에는 lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, ropivacaine, levobupivacaine 등이있고, 발현시간, 무통지속시간, 안전성등을고려하여선택하게된다. 이중 ropivacaine 은지속시간이길고, 감각신경을보다더선택적으로차단하며, 심혈관계및중추신경계부작용이적은약물로많이사용되고있다. 4-6) 초음파의이용으로인한신경차단의높은성공률은국소마취제의양을감소시키고부작용을최소화할수있게하였다. 이로인하여보다적은용량으로보다안전하고효과적인신경차단을위한연구들이많이진행되었으나, 4,7-12) 하지수술을위한국소신경차단술에서 ropivacaine의적정농도 (concentration) 와투여량 (dose), 용량 (volume) 에대한연구는많지않았다. 이에저자들은 ropivacaine의농도에따른효과를전향적연구를통해마취시간, 수술중, 수술후마취효과및환자의만족도의관점에서비교하고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상환자의선정충남대학교병원의임상시험심사위원회 (institutional review board) 승인하에연구를진행하였다. 216년 3월부터 217년 2월까지초음파유도신경차단술 ( 대퇴및좌골신경동시차단 ) 시행하에하지 ( 족부, 족관절 ) 수술을시행받은환자들을대상으로하였다. 수술날짜별로 ropivacaine의농도와양을달리하여, 무작위적 (random) 으로 3군으로분류하였다 : A군 (.5% ropivacaine, 44 ml), B군 (.6% ropivacaine, 3 ml), C군 (.75% ropivacaine, 3 ml). 즉, 월요일에수술이예정된환자는 216년 3월부터 8월까지는 A군, 216 년 8월부터 217년 2월까지는 B군으로분류하였고, 목요일에예정된환자는 C군으로분류하여신경차단술을시행하였다. 모든환자들은연구가이루어지는동안본인이어느군에속하는지에대해알지못하도록하여단일맹검 (single blind) 으로진행하였다. C군 (.75%, 3 ml) 을대조군 (control) 으로하여동일투여량하에농도에따른효과 ( 저농도, 고용량 [A군] 및고농도, 저용량 [C군]) 를비교하기위하여 A군에서.5% 농도와 44 ml의용량을설정하였다. 그리고동일용량하에농도에따른효과 ( 저농도, 고투여량 [B 군 ] 및고농도, 저투여량 [C군]) 를비교하기위하여 B군에서.6% 의농도와 3 ml의용량을설정하였다 (Table 1). 외측대퇴피신경 (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve), 폐쇄신경 (obturator nerve), 후방대퇴피신경 (posterior femoral cutaneous nerve) 같은다른추가적인신경차단술을시행한환자, 당뇨족, 말초신경손상등과같이신경학적인평가를정확히할수없는환자, 연부조직염및농 양등주사부위감염이있는환자, 주사제에알레르기반응의기왕력이있는환자, 그리고국소신경차단술을거부하는환자들은연구에서제외하였다. 2. 신경차단술방법수술전초음파유도하에대퇴신경과좌골신경차단술을시행하였고, 모든시술은근골격계초음파유도하신경차단의경험이많은한명의정형외과의사에의해시행되었다. 고주파수- 선형초음파탐촉자 (high-frequency linear ultrasound probe, 1-15 MHz) (ACCUVIX XG; Samsung Medison, Seoul, Korea) 를사용하였다. 대퇴신경차단술은앙와위에서서혜인대원위부의대퇴삼각부위에서초음파로대퇴정맥, 대퇴동맥및대퇴신경의해부학적구조를확인한후탐촉자외측피부를알코올솜으로소독한후 in plane 기법으로 23 G spinal needle을삽입하여천천히국소마취제를주입하였다. 그후신경외막 (epineurium) 주위에바늘끝이위치하도록미세하게움직이면서마취제가신경주위로고이는것을확인하였다 (Fig. 1). 주사바늘의끝을조정할때마다혈액역류를확인하여혈관내로직접주입되지않도록하면서 ml의약물을주입하였다. 좌골신경차단술은앙와위에서환측고관절을 3-45도굴곡하고대퇴후방으로초음파탐촉자가접근할수있도록자세를취한뒤슬와부에서슬와동맥, 슬와정맥, 경골신경및비골신경의해부학적위치를파악한후탐촉자를대퇴근위부로이동시키면서경골신경과비골신경이좌골신경으로합쳐지는부위를확인하였다. 그후알코올소독후초음파유도하에 23 G spinal needle을장경인대후방경계부위에서대퇴외측에서내측방향으로삽입하였다. 초음파로주사바늘의끝을확인하여신경외막주위에마취제가퍼질수있도록주입하였다 (Fig. 2). 주사바늘의끝을조정할때마다혈액역류를확인하여혈관내로직접주입되지않도록하면서 ml의약물을주입하였다. 수술중불안감을호소하는환자에게는불안감해소및진정을위하여 midazolam 3 mg과 1 ml 생리식염수혼합액을정주하였다. 국소마취후수술중환자상태확인을위하여수술을종료할때까지산소포화도와심박수, 심전도, 혈압을측정하여환자상태 Table 1. Ropivacaine Regimen in 3 Groups*, Ropivacaine Group A Group B Group C Concentration (%) Volume (ml) Dose (mg) *Group A (.5%, 44 ml), group B (.6%, 3 ml), and group C (.75%, 3 ml). It shows a fixed dose in groups A and C, and fixed volume in groups B and C.
3 25 Dong Hun Kang, et al. Spinal needle Femoral nerve Femoral nerve A B Sciatic nerve Sciatic nerve A C B 를 감시하였다. C Figure 1. Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block procedure. (A) Gross photograph shows ultrasound probe and spinal needle position for the right femoral nerve block with the patient positioned supine. (B) It is an ultrasound image on the right femoral triangle area (level of Fig. 1A image). (C) Ultrasound image shows the anesthetic and spinal needle around the right femoral nerve during injection. Figure 2. Ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block procedure. (A) Gross photograph shows ultrasound probe and spinal needle position for the right sciatic nerve block with patient s hip flexed in supine position. The probe is located on the posterior thigh. (B) Ultrasound image shows sciatic nerve and spinal needle more proximally than the popliteal crease level (level of Fig. 2A image). (C) Ultrasound image shows that anesthetic surrounds the right sciatic nerve after injection. 취 상태에 대한 불편함, 부작용 및 마취에 대한 두려움 정도 등 전 반적인 부분에 대한 만족도 평가였다. 그리고 시술 48시간 후 혈 3. 평가 방법 종, 감염, 신경 차단 실패(전신 혹은 척추 마취로의 전환), 신경 내 신경 차단술 후 수술을 시행할 수 있는 시간을 평가하기 위해 신 주사, 혈관 내 주사, 신경병증성 통증(neuropathic pain), 실신 등의 경 차단술을 시행한 시점으로부터 포셉(forcep)으로 수술 부위 피 부작용 발생 여부를 평가하였다. 부를 찔러 완전히 감각 신경 마취 효과가 발생하는 시간(완전 마 통계적 분석은 IBM SPSS statistics ver. 2. (IBM Co., Armonk, 취 시간) 을 조사하였다. 수술 중 통증에 대한 평가 척도로 수술 NY, USA)의 Mann Whitney s U-test 분석을 이용하였으며, 시작 1분 후 시각통증척도(visual analogue scale, VAS)를 평가하 p-value가.5 미만인 경우 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 해석하였 였고, 수술 후 통증 조절에 대한 평가 척도로 수술 종료 6, 12시간 다. 후에 VAS를 평가하였다. 또한 수술 종료 12시간 후에 환자의 만 족도를 에서 1까지 점수로 조사하였다. 이는 시술 자체의 간편 성, 안전성, 수술 중, 수술 후 통증 조절 정도, 수술 후 지속적인 마
4 251 The Optimal Concentration for Regional Nerve Block in Lower Extremity 결과 각군환자들의평균나이는 A군 51.1세 (12-79세), B군은 48.4세 (15-87세), C군 49.7세 (12-85세) 였다. A군은총 18명으로남자 53 명 (49.1%), 여자 55명 (5.9%) 이었고, B군은총 118명으로남자 68 명 (57.6%), 여자 5명 (42.4%) 이었으며, C군은총 113명으로남자 55명 (48.7%), 여자 58명 (51.3%) 이었다. 수술의종류는크게골절수술과금속제거술, 교정절골술, 연부조직수술로나눌수있었고, A군은골절수술 35예 (32.4%), 금속제거술 3예 (27.8%), 교정절골술 15예 (13.9%), 연부조직수술 28예 (25.9%), B군은골절수술 35예 (29.7%), 금속제거술 34예 (28.8%), 교정절골술 15예 (12.7%), 연부조직수술 34예 (28.8%) 를시행하였으며, C군은골절수술 37 예 (32.7%), 금속제거술 31예 (27.4%), 교정절골술 11예 (9.8%), 연부조직수술 34예 (3.1%) 를시행하였다 (Table 2). 각군별환자수, 나이, 성별, 수술의종류에따른통계적차이는유의하지않았다 ( 모두 p>.5). 세군에서평균완전마취시간은각각 78.5분 (73-84분), 76.4분 (72-81분), 58.6분 (54-65분) 이었고, 수술중평균 VAS 점수는각각 2.4 (-5),.62 (-3),.24 (-2) 였다. 수술후 6시간평균 VAS 점수는각각 2.41 (-5),.27 (-2),.38 (-2) 이었으며, 수술후 12 시간평균 VAS 점수는각각 4.8 (-7), 1.24 (-4), 1.54 (-3) 였다. 환자의평균만족도는각각 8.53 (5-1), 9.38 (6-1), 9.4 (6-1) 이었다 (Table 3). C군과비교했을때, 동일투여하에서 A군은유의하게긴완전마취시간 (p<.5) 과수술중, 수술후에유의하게높은 VAS 점수 ( 수술중, 수술후 6, 12시간모두 p<.5) 를보였고 (Fig. 3), 동일용량하에서 B군은유의하게긴완전마취시간 (p <.5) 을보였으나수술중, 수술후에유의한 VAS 점수차이는보이지않았다 ( 수술중, 수술후 6, 12시간모두 p>.5). 그리고 Table 2. Patient s Profiles in the 3 Groups* Characteristic Group A Group B Group C Age (yr) 51.1 (12 79) 48.4 (15 87) 49.7 (12 85) Sex Male 53 (49.1) 68 (57.6) 55 (48.7) Female 55 (5.9) 5 (42.4) 58 (51.3) Total Type of operation Fracture 35 (32.4) 35 (29.7) 37 (32.7) Metal removal 3 (27.8) 34 (28.8) 31 (27.4) Corrective osteotomy 15 (13.9) 15 (12.7) 11 (9.8) Soft tissue operation 28 (25.9) 34 (28.8) 34 (3.1) Values are presented as median (range) or number (%). *Group A (.5%, 44 ml), group B (.6%, 3 ml), and group C (.75%, 3 ml). A, B군모두 C군과통계적으로유사한만족도를보였다 (p>.5, p>.5) (Fig. 4). 모든군에서혈종, 감염, 신경차단실패, 신경내주사, 혈관내주사, 신경병증성통증, 실신등의부작용은발견되지않았다. 고찰 하지수술에대한초음파유도하국소신경차단술은쉽고간편하며전신마취, 척추마취에비해안전하기때문에정형외과영역에서점점더각광을받고있다. 1) Baddoo 13) 와 Mohan 3) 은당뇨족하지절단술및슬관절전치환술시행시국소신경차단술이심혈관계의안정성뿐만아니라수술후진통효과도뛰어난방법임을보고하였고, 저자들의이전연구에서도족관절골절수술및하지수술을위한초음파유도하대퇴, 좌골신경차단술의유용성에대하여보고한바있다. 1,2) 성공적인국소신경차단술은 적절한위치 (right place) 에 적절한약물 (right drug) 을 적절한양 (right dose) 으로투여할때가능하다. 14) 그만큼다양한해부학, 생리학, 약리학, 인적요소들이관여한다. 15) 초음파의발달로 적절한위치 를보다잘찾을수있게되었다. 국소마취제에는다양한약제들이있고, 저자들은이전까지.75% ropivacaine과 1% lidocaine 혼합액을사용해왔으나 1,2) 지속시간이길고, 감각신경을조금더선택적으로차단하며, 심혈관계및중추신경계부작용이적은 ropivacaine을보다 적절한약물 에가까운약제로생각하게되었다. 4-6) 하지만 얼마만큼의농도, 용량및투여량이적절한가? 에대한결론은아직까지명확하지않다. 적정농도, 용량및투여량에대한연구는하지의신경차단술보다는주로상완신경총차단술 (brachial plexus block, BPB) 등에서이루어져왔으나명백한결론이나와있지는않은실정이다. 4,7-12) Fredrickson 등 9) 과 Marhofer 등 1) 은많은용량을주입할수록발현및지속시간이향상된다고보고한반면, Nader 등 16) 과 O Donnell 등 11) 은같은농도에서용량을늘려도의미있는차이가없다고하였다. 그리고 Klein 등 4) 은사각근간 BPB에서동일한용량 Table 3. Mean Complete Anesthetic Time, Intraoperatvie VAS, Postoperative VAS, and Patient s Satisfaction in 3 Groups* Variable Group A Group B Group C Complete anesthetic time (min) Intraoperative VAS Postoperative VAS (6 h) Postoperative VAS (12 h) Patient s satisfaction Values are presented as mean only. *Group A (.5%, 44 ml), group B (.6%, 3 ml), and group C (.75%, 3 ml). VAS, visual analogue scale.
5 252 Dong Hun Kang, et al. A B C Group A Group C Anesthetic time (min) 5 Patient's satisfaction 5 VAS 2 Group A Group C Group A Group C I P6 P12 Figure 3. Comparison of the mean complete anesthetic time, patient s satisfaction, and VAS score in groups A and C. (A) Compared with group C, group A shows a significantly longer complete anesthetic time. (B) Group A shows a statistically similar patient s satisfaction to group C. (C) Compared with group C, group A shows significantly higher intra, postoperative (6 h/12 h) VAS scores. VAS, visual analogue scale; I, intraoperative; P6, postoperative 6 hours; P12, postoperative 12 hours. A B C Group B Group C Anesthetic time (min) 5 Patient's satisfaction 5 VAS 2 Group B Group C Group B Group C I P6 P12 Figure 4. Comparison of mean complete anesthetic time, patient s satisfaction, and VAS score in groups B and C. (A) Compared with group C, group B shows a significantly longer complete anesthetic time. (B) Group B shows a statistically similar patient s satisfaction to group C. (C) Group B shows similar intraoperative, postoperative (6 h/12 h) VAS scores statistically. VAS, visual analogue scale; I, intraoperative; P6, postoperative 6 hours; P12, postoperative 12 hours. (3 ml) 의다른농도 (.5%,.75%) 의 ropivacaine을주입했을때, 발현및지속시간의차이가없다고하였으나, Zhai 등 7) 은같은투여량 (5 mg) 에서다른농도와용량 (.75%, 6.7 ml;.5%, 1 ml;.25%, 2 ml) 의 ropivacaine 중.75% 에서가장빠른발현시간을보였다고하였다. 이론적으로높은농도는국소마취제분자에의한신경으로의침투 (neural penetration) 를향상시키기때문에발현시간을단축시키고, 7,17) 높은용량은신경주변으로의확산을촉진시키기때문에발현시간을단축시킨다. 7,18) 이러한이론적근거에따르면성공적인신경차단은농도와용량을높일수록좋으나이는약물자체의독성 (toxicity), 부작용을야기할수있기때문에 8,19-21) 마취효과를달성하면가능한농도와용량을낮추는것이중요하다. Wong 등 21) 에의하면.1% 에비해.2% ropivacaine 주입시불과.1% 차이에도폐기능을더손상시킬수있다고하였다. 본연구에서저자들은동일투여량하저농도, 고용량의 A군 (.5%, 44 ml, 22 mg) 과고농도, 저용량의 C군 (.75%, 3 ml, 225 mg) 을비교하여저농도, 고용량 ropivacaine의효과를연구하고자하였고환자만족도에서는차이가없었으나저농도, 고용량군에서보다긴완전마취시간및높은수술중과수술후통증을보였다. 또한저자들은 B군 (.6%, 3 ml, 18 mg) 과 C군을비교하여같은용량을주입하였을때농도에따른효과의차이를알아보고자하였고, B군에서비슷한신경차단효과와만족도를보였으나완전마취시간은더길었다. 여러상지신경차단술의연구결과들과비교할때, 저자들의연구결과가고농도에서완전마취시간이더짧고통증조절효과가더나은이유는느슨한 (loose) 결체조직에둘러싸여있는상완신경총에비해하지신경은보다치밀한 (dense) 조직들로둘러싸여있어확산보다는국소마취제분자에의한신경으로의직접적인침투가더주요한요인이기때문으로생각된다. 8) 본연구에서는 C군 (.75%) 에서특별한부작용없이빠른완전마취시간과좋은임상적결과를보였으나타연구에서간지럼, 화끈거림, 저린감등의이상피부감각을보고하였고, 8) 마취효과
6 253 The Optimal Concentration for Regional Nerve Block in Lower Extremity 를달성하면가능한농도와용량을낮추는것이좋다는근거에따라.6%, 3 ml ropivacaine 또한수술시작시간만잘조율한다면하지수술을위한신경차단술에적절하고안전한농도및용량의약제로생각된다. 저자들의연구는상지신경차단술에비해연구가부족한하지신경차단술의약제용법에대한많은증례수를가진임상적연구라는데서의미가있고, 정형외과영역에서대두되고있는하지신경차단술에서기술적인영역을넘어약제의적정용법을다룬보다깊이있는연구라는데서의의가있다. 하지만저자들의연구에는몇가지제한점이있다. 첫째, 임상적결과평가방법이완전마취시간, VAS 및환자만족도로국한되어보다객관적이고다양한평가가이루어지지못했다. 둘째, 부작용발생여부를 48시간후에판정하여, 감염이나신경병증성통증같은지연성으로나타날수있는부분에대해더긴추시기간을갖지못하였다. 셋째, 수술중진정을위하여약 1% 의환자에게투여한 midazolam이연구결과에영향을미칠수있다고생각되지만연구결과에반영되지않았다. 마지막으로같은투여량하에 A군과 C군을비교하고자하였지만, 실제 A군은 22 mg, C 군은 225 mg으로 5 mg의차이를차이가나지않는것으로간주하였다. 향후보다더통제된조건하에, 다양한임상평가와긴추시기간을가진연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 또한약제의효과를늘리고용량을줄이기위한방법으로신경차단시 Sodium bicarbonate, Epinephrine, Tramadol, Buprenorphine, Dexamethasone, Clonidine, Dexmedetomidine 등과같은첨가약제 (additives) 를혼합하는연구들도많이진행되고, 22-24) 그효과가인정되고있는바, 보다안전한약물사용을위해이에대한추가적인비교연구또한필요할것으로생각된다. 결론 하지의국소신경차단술시, 동일용량 (3 ml) 하에서.75% 뿐만아니라.6% ropivacaine도안전하고효과적인농도의약물이다. 다만완전마취시간이더길다는점을고려해서수술시작시간을조율해야할것이다. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors have nothing to disclose REFERENCES 1. Kang C, Hwang DS, Kim YM, et al. Ultrasound-guided femorosciatic nerve block by orthopaedist for ankle fracture operation. J Korean Foot Ankle Soc. 21;14: Kang C. Ultrasound-guided regional nerve block in lower extremity. J Korean Orthop US Soc. 212;1: Mohan V. TKR under combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks. Kerala J Orthop. 215;27: Klein SM, Greengrass RA, Steele SM, et al. A comparison of.5% bupivacaine,.5% ropivacaine, and.75% ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 1998;87: McClure JH. Ropivacaine. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76: McClellan KJ, Faulds D. Ropivacaine: an update of its use in regional anaesthesia. Drugs. 2;6: Zhai W, Wang X, Rong Y, Li M, Wang H. Effects of a fixed low-dose ropivacaine with different volume and concentrations on interscalene brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 216;16:8. 8. Su Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Shi W. Efficacy of ropivacaine by the concentration of.25%,.5%, and.75% on surgical performance, postoperative analgesia, and patient's satisfaction in inguinal hernioplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Prefer Adherence. 215;9: Fredrickson MJ, Abeysekera A, White R. Randomized study of the effect of local anesthetic volume and concentration on the duration of peripheral nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 212;37: Marhofer P, Eichenberger U, Stöckli S, et al. Ultrasonographic guided axillary plexus blocks with low volumes of local anaesthetics: a crossover volunteer study. Anaesthesia. 21;65: O'Donnell B, Riordan J, Ahmad I, Iohom G. Brief reports: a clinical evaluation of block characteristics using one milliliter 2% lidocaine in ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 21;111: Wank W, Büttner J, Maier KR, Emanuelson BM, Selander D. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of 4 ml ropivacaine 7.5 mg/ ml (3 mg), for axillary brachial plexus block--an open pilot study. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 22;27: Baddoo H. A preliminary report on the use of peripheral nerve blocks for lower limb amputations. Ghana Med J. 29;43: Denny NM, Harrop-Griffiths W. Editorial I: Location, location, location! Ultrasound imaging in regional anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 25;94: O'Donnell BD, Szűcs S. Peripheral nerve block and local anaesthetic dose, how much is enough? Anaesthesia.
7 254 Dong Hun Kang, et al. 214;69: Nader A, Kendall MC, De Oliveira GS Jr, et al. A dose-ranging study of.5% bupivacaine or ropivacaine on the success and duration of the ultrasound-guided, nerve-stimulator-assisted sciatic nerve block: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 213;38: Markham A, Faulds D. Ropivacaine. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in regional anaesthesia. Drugs. 1996;52: Krenn H, Deusch E, Balogh B, et al. Increasing the injection volume by dilution improves the onset of motor blockade, but not sensory blockade of ropivacaine for brachial plexus block. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 23;2: Kimura Y, Kamada Y, Kimura A, Orimo K. Ropivacaine-induced toxicity with overdose suspected after axillary brachial plexus block. J Anesth. 27;21: Satsumae T, Tanaka M, Saito S, Inomata S. Convulsions after ropivacaine 3 mg for brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth. 28;11: Wong AK, Keeney LG, Chen L, Williams R, Liu J, Elkassabany NM. Effect of local anesthetic concentration (.2% vs.1% ropivacaine) on pulmonary function, and analgesia after ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled study. Pain Med. 216;17: Schoenmakers KP, Fenten MG, Louwerens JW, Scheffer GJ, Stienstra R. The effects of adding epinephrine to ropivacaine for popliteal nerve block on the duration of postoperative analgesia: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 215;15: Bailard NS, Ortiz J, Flores RA. Additives to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve blocks: evidence, limitations, and recommendations. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 214;71: Marhofer D, Kettner SC, Marhofer P, Pils S, Weber M, Zeitlinger M. Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine prolongs peripheral nerve block: a volunteer study. Br J Anaesth. 213;11:
8 255 pissn : , eissn : Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 218; 53: 하지의국소신경차단술에서 Ropivacaine 농도 (.5%,.6%, vs..75%) 에따른효과비교 : 전향적무작위대조연구 강동훈 강찬 황득수 송재황 장민구 충남대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 목적 : 정형외과영역에서하지수술의국소신경차단술의비중은증가하고있으나주사제의최적의농도 (concentration), 투여량 (dose), 용량 (volume) 에대한연구는많지않았다. 이연구에서는 ropivacaine 의농도에따른효과를마취시간, 수술중, 수술후통증및환자의만족도의관점에서비교하고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 216년 3월부터 217년 2월까지충남대학교병원에서초음파유도신경차단술 ( 대퇴및좌골신경동시차단 ) 하에하지수술예정인환자를무작위적으로 3군으로분류하였다 : A군 (.5%, 44 ml), B군 (.6%, 3 ml), C군 (.75%, 3 ml). 신경차단술을시행한시점부터완전히마취효과가발생하는시간 ( 완전마취시간 ) 을조사하였다. 시각통증척도 (visual analogue scale, VAS) 를이용하여수술중 ( 수술시작 1분후 ) 및수술후 ( 수술종료 6, 12시간후 ) 통증정도를평가하였다. 또한, 수술종료 12시간후에환자의만족도 (-1) 를조사하였다. 동일투여량및동일용량하에서마취제농도에따른효과를평가하기위해 A, B군을각각 C군과비교하였다. 결과 : A, B, C 군별환자수는 18, 118, 113명으로환자수, 나이, 성별, 수술종류에대한유의한차이는없었다 (p>.5). 세군의평균완전마취시간은 78.5, 76.4, 58.6분이었다. 평균수술중 VAS 점수는 2.4,.62,.24였고, 평균수술후 (6/12시간) VAS 점수는 2.41/4.8,.27/1.24,.38/1.54이었다. 환자의만족도는평균적으로 8.53, 9.38, 9.4이었다. C군과비교했을때, A군은유의하게긴완전마취시간 (p<.5) 과높은수술중, 수술후 VAS 점수를보였고 ( 모두 p<.5), B군은유의하게긴완전마취시간 (p<.5) 을보였으나수술중, 수술후에유의한 VAS 점수차이를보이지않았다 ( 모두 p>.5). A, B군모두 C군과통계적으로유사한만족도를보였다 (p>.5, p>.5). 모든군에서특별한부작용은발견되지않았다. 결론 : 하지의국소신경차단술시, 동일용량 (3 ml) 하에서.75% 뿐만아니라.6% ropivacaine 도안전하고효과적인농도의약물이다. 다만완전마취시간이더길다는점을고려해서수술시작시간을조율해야할것이다. 색인단어 : 대퇴신경, 좌골신경, 초음파, 신경차단술, 주사제 접수일 217 년 8 월 18 일수정일 217 년 9 월 12 일게재확정일 217 년 1 월 13 일책임저자강찬 3515, 대전시중구문화로 266, 충남대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 TEL , FAX , faschan@hanmail.net ORCID 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 53권제 3호 218 Copyright 218 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 Program 1 ANESTHESIA (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuou
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