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1 Original ORIGINAL Article ARTICLE Korean Circulation J 6;36:99-17 ISSN c 6, The Korean Society of Circulation 심근경색증환자에있어서 Granulocytes-Colony Stimulating Factor 를이용한줄기세포치료임상연구의 6 개월추적결과 - MAGIC Cell Randomized Controlled Trial - 서울대학교병원임상의학연구소심혈관연구실, 1 심혈관센터, 2 서울대학교의과대학내과학교실, 3 핵의학교실, 4 서울대학교병원진단검사의학교실 5 강현재 1,2,3 김효수 1,2,3 나상훈 1,2,3 장서영 1,2,3 강원준 4 연태진 1,3 구본권 1,2,3 김용진 1,2,3 이동수 4 손대원 1,2,3 한규섭 5 오병희 1,2,3 박영배 1,2,3 Six Months Follow Up Results of Granulocytes-Colony Stimulating Factor Based Stem Cell Therapy in Patients with Myocardial Infarction - MAGIC Cell Randomized Controlled Trial - Hyun-Jae Kang, MD 1,2,3, Hyo-Soo Kim, MD 1,2,3, Sang-Hoon Na, MD 1,2,3, Shu-Ying Zhang, MD 1,2,3, Won Jun Kang, MD 4, Tae-Jin Youn, MD 1,3, Bon-Kwon Koo, MD 1,2,3, Yong-Jin Kim, MD 1,2,3, Dong Soo Lee, MD 4, Dae-Won Sohn, MD 1,2,3, Kyou-Sup Han, MD 5, Byung-Hee Oh, MD 1,2,3 and Young-Bae Park, MD 1,2,3 1 Cardiovascular Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, 2 Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 3 Department of Internal Medicine, 4 Nuclear Medicine and 5 Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea ABSTRACT Background and Objectives:Granulocytes-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has a stem cell mobilizing capacity and favorable effects on ventricular remodeling following a myocardial infarction. G-CSF based stem cell therapy has shown favorable results in animal studies. However, the long term outcome of G-CSF based stem cell therapy in clinical trial remains unknown. Herein, we report the six month follow up results of two different G-CSF based stem cell therapy strategies. Subjects and Methods:We compared the intra-coronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) with G-CSF (n=1), mobilization with G-CSF alone (n=16) and control percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) alone (n=15) in patients following a myocardial infarction. Results: At the six month follow up evaluations, the intra-coronary cell infusion was found to have improved the left ventricular (LV) systolic function and remodeling compared to the baseline, whereas G-CSF alone showed no improvement. Therefore, an intra-coronary cell infusion showed better improvements in the LV systolic function (p<.1) and remodeling (p<.1) than G-CSF alone. Cell infusion also showed better results than the control PCI alone group, but these did not reach statistical significance with the limited number of patients used in this study. Patients who received G-CSF administration showed a modest increase of binary restenosis (p=.185) and a greater late loss in the minimal luminal diameter at the 6 month follow up than the control group. Conclusion: An intra-coronary cell infusion of mobilized PBSCs using G-CSF was found to be better than G-CSF alone at the six month follow up evaluation. G-CSF was also found to increase the potential risk of restenosis, especially when administered prior to stent implantation. The efficacy of an intra-coronary infusion of mobilized PBSCs should be evaluated in a large randomized controlled trial. (Korean Circulation J 6;36:99-17) KEY WORDS:G-CSF;Myocardial infarction;coronary restenosis. 논문접수일 :5 년 11 월 23 일심사완료일 :5 년 12 월 29 일교신저자 : 김효수, 서울종로구연건동 28 서울대학교병원임상의학연구소심혈관연구실, 심혈관센터, 서울대학교의과대학내과학교실전화 :(2) 전송 :(2) hyosoo@snu.ac.kr 99
2 1 Korean Circulation J 6;36:99-17 서 최근의골수줄기세포를이용한심근경색의줄기세포치료초기임상연구는좋은임상경과를보고하고있다. 1-4) 골수줄기세포를이용한줄기세포치료법은효과적이며현재가장널리이용되고있는줄기세포치료법이다. 그러나골수줄기세포를이용한줄기세포치료법은침습적인골수채취의과정을요하며이는임상적용에있어중요한제한점이되고있다. Granulocytes-colony stimulating factor(g-csf) 는잘알려진골수줄기세포의동원유도제로서동물실험에서는그자체만으로심기능을호전시킬수있음이보고되어있다. 5)6) 최근에는 G-CSF 투여가단순히줄기세포동원을통한기전이외에도심근경색증후의심근의병적인재형성과정을저해하고치유를촉진하며, 심근세포의고사를억제하는효과등부가적인작용기전이알려지고있다. 7-9) 이같은연구결과들을바탕으로 G-CSF 는줄기세포치료에이용될수있는가장유용한싸이토카인의하나로주목받고있다. 최근의소수연구에서 G-CSF 투여만으로급성심근경색증환자에서심기능이호전되고임상경과가호전된다는보고가있다. 1-12) 그러나대조군연구를통한장기간추적연구결과는매우부족한상태이며, G-CSF 를이용하여동원된줄기세포를모집하여국소투여하는치료법을평가한연구는전무한상태이다. 저자들은별다른조작없이순환혈액내의줄기세포가허혈심근에회귀하여결합될확률은매우낮으므로이를향상시키기위한국소투여법이단순동원법에비해나은효과를보일것으로판단하고이를비교평가하기위해 G-CSF 를이용한단순줄기세포동원치료군, G-CSF 론 를이용하여동원된줄기세포를모집하여고농도로관동맥내에주입하는세포주입군, 그리고기존의표준적인치료만을시행한대조군을비교하는연구를진행하였다. 본연구진은연구의중간결과발표를통해 G-CSF 를이용한줄기세포치료법이심기능을호전시키고심근허혈과환자의운동능력을호전시킬수있음을보고한바있다. 13) G- CSF 투여가관동맥의재협착을유발하거나 13) 난치성협심증환자에게서허혈을유발할수있다는잠재적인부작용과이로인한임상연구의조기중단사례에대한보고 14) 에도불구하고, G-CSF 를이용한줄기세포치료법은여전히매력적인치료법으로받아들여지고있으며 G-CSF 를이용한다수의임상연구가진행되고있는상태이다. 저자들은 the Myocardial Regeneration and Angiogenesis in Myocardial Infarction with G-CSF and Intra-Coronary Stem Cell Infusion(MA- GIC Cell) trial 연구에참여하였던환자들의 6개월임상추적을완료하여이를보고한다. 대상및방법 방법본연구는무작위대조군 2상임상연구로진행되었다. 서울대학교병원기관윤리위원회 (IRB) 에서연구계획서를승인받은후시행되었으며, 대상자들에게는연구의과정과가능한위험성등을설명한후동의서를득하였다. 전체적인연구의진행은 Fig. 1에도시하였다. 본연구는 MAGIC Cell-1 과 -2로명명된 2개의연구로진행되었다. 연구의진행방법은기존의중간보고에서자 MI patients with<12hours after onset of AMI (MAGIC Cell 1 trial) No Medical treatment for stabilization Yes (MAGIC Cell-2 trial) Coronary angiography: Feasible for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) n=1 Primary PCI n=1 Control group (n=9) G-CSF group (n=1) Cell infusion group (n=1) G-CSF group (n=6) Control group (n=6) Thallium/MIBI SPECT G-CSF injection for 4days Apheresis PCI, Coronary flow reserve Cell infusion Dobutamine stress echocardiography, treadmill test 6months follow up evaluation Coronary angiography, thallium/mibi SPECT, echocardiography, treadmill test Fig. 1. Profile of the study. AMI: acute myocardial infarction, G-CSF: granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, MI: myocardial infarction, SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography.
3 Hyun-Jae Kang, et al:g-csf in Myocardial Infarction 11 세히기술하였으므로간략히소개한다. 13) MAGIC Cell-1 연구는급성및진구성심근경색증환자를모두연구대상으로포함하였으며, 이들을 1) 세포주입군 (cell infusion: G- CSF 를이용하여말초혈액으로동원한줄기세포를채집하여관동맥성형술후경색유발관동맥내로주입하는치료군 ), 2) G-CSF 단독투여군 ( 관동맥성형술과 G-CSF 투여만을받은치료군 ) 과 3) 대조군 ( 관동맥성형술및표준적인치료를받은군 ) 으로무작위배정하였다. 세포주입군과 G-CSF 단독투여군은관동맥성형술전 4일간매일 1 μg/kg의 G- CSF(Dong-A pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea) 를피하로투여받았다. G-CSF 투여후모든환자들은심근경색증의원인혈관에스텐트삽입술을시행받았다. 세포주입군은관동맥성형술직후미리채집된줄기세포를심근경색증의원인혈관내로주입받았으며, 대조군에대한위약투여는이루어지지않았다. MAGIC Cell-2 연구는급성심근경색증발생 12시간내에성공적으로스텐트삽입술을시행받은급성심근경색증환자를대상으로진행되었으며, 대상자는 G-CSF 단독투여군과대조군으로무작위배정되었다. G-CSF 단독투여군은적어도관동맥성형술 24시간이후부터 4일간매일 1 μg/ kg의 G-CSF 를피하로투여받았다. MAGIC Cell-1, 2 연구는 MAGIC Cell-1 연구의중간평가 13) 에서보고된관동맥재협착의증가가능성으로인해조기모집중단하였으나, 대상자에대한추적관찰은예정대로진행하여 6개월까지의추적관찰을완료하였다. 본연구의제외대상은 1) 지속적인진행된심부전 (Killip class II 이상혹은좌심실구혈율 <25%); 2) 조절되지않는심근허혈이나심실성빈맥 ; 3) 심근경색의원인관동맥이관동맥성형술에적합하지않은경우나성공적으로관동맥성형술이이루어지지못한경우 ; 4) 75세이상 ; 5) 악성종양 ; 6) 심각한감염이나혈액질환 ; 그리고 7) 기대여명이 1년이하인경우로하였다. 안전성평가를위해중대심혈관계이상반응의발생 (major adverse cardiovascular events; 사망, 새로운심근경색증의발생, 관동맥성형술이나관동맥우회로술의시행, 심근허혈이나심부전의악화로인한입원 ) 을평가하였으며, G-CSF 투여와관련된통증, 호흡곤란, 흉통, CK-MB, C-reactive protein(crp) 등의혈액학적검사, 심전도, 관동맥혈류예비력 (coronary flow reserve) 을함께평가하였다. 연구의 1 차적평가목표는 thallium/mibi 심근스펙트 (SPECT) 를이용하여측정한좌심실구혈율 (LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction) 의변화로하였으며, 이차적평가목표는좌심실용적, 심근관류, 운동능력의변화와중대심혈관계이상반응의발생으로하였다. 심근스펙트로측정된좌심실구혈율과좌심실용적은심초음파를이용하여신뢰도를확인하였다. 심근의관류는심근스펙트, 도부타민부하심초음파로평가하였다. 운동능력은 modified Bruce protocol 을이 용하여 treadmill 로측정하였다. 대상군의수는 G-CSF 투여와관동맥내세포주입이좌심실구혈율에호전시킬수있는지를평가하기위해기존의연구결과를바탕으로정하였다. 2) 좌심실구혈율의 7% 변화를확인하기위해 8% 의통계적검정력과 5% 의 α-error를허용하였으며, 이를위해서는각연구군당 16명의대상자가필요하였다. 추적평가의탈락율을 25% 로가정하여각연구군당 명의환자를모집하기로계획하였다. 대상자의모집 MAGIC Cell-1 연구는 3년 1월, MAGIC Cell-2 연구는 3 년 5월에서울대학교병원에서시작되었다. 대상자모집은전술한바와같이중간평가에서제기된재협착의위험도증가에대한우려로 3 년 12월중단되었으나, 대조군의평가를위해 2명의대상자를추후 IRB 의승인하에대조군에추가모집하였다. 세포의채집및투여세포주입군에서는관동맥성형술시행당일 COBE spectra apheresis system(cobe BCT. Inc., Lakewood, CO, USA) 을이용한단핵구모집법으로말초혈액의줄기세포를채집하였다. 채집된세포는 over-the-wire angioplasty balloon catheter 를이용하여관동맥성형술후에관동맥내로투여되었다. 채집과정이외에추가적인세포에대한처치는가하지않았으며, 개의채집된단핵세포가관동맥내로투여되었다. 이는최소한 CD34+ 세포투여를보장하기위하여정해진세포수이다. 세포주입은 nicorandil (Choongwae pharma corp. Seoul, Korea) 및 nitroglycerin 전처치하에투여되었으며, 시술중 activated clotting time 을 25 초이상으로유지하였다. Thallium/MIBI 스펙트 (SPECT) 측정법은전술한바와같이시행하였으며, 13)15) 안정시 1 Tldipyridamole, 부하시 99m Tc-sestamibi gated SPECT를관동맥성형술전및추적관동맥조영술전에시행하였다. 좌심실용적과구혈율은 AutoQUANT(ADAC labs., CA, USA) 를이용하여측정하였다. Dobutamine stress echocardiography 관동맥성형술후표준적인경흉부심초음파검사와저용량도부타민부하심초음파를시행하였다 (Sequoia, Siemens, Mountain View, CA). 부하심초음파에서는경색부위의생존심근여부를평가하기위해 1 ug/kg/min 의도부타민을투여하면서검사를진행하였다. 13)16) Wall motion score index (WMSI) 는각부위의안정시및부하시 wall motion score 의평균치를이용하여구하였다. 좌심실의용적및구혈율은 biplane modified Simpson s method 방법으로측정하
4 12 Korean Circulation J 6;36:99-17 였고, 2명의전문가에의해검증되었다. Treadmill test 환자에게가능한최대한의운동을시행하도록하면서검사를시행하였으며 (symptom-limited treadmill test), modified Bruce protocol 을이용하였다. 운동시간, 증상, 심전도변화, 및유의한부정맥의발생여부를평가하였다. 대상자중운동을제한하는비심혈관계질환을가진환자는없었다. Quantitative coronary angiography(qca) QCA 는연구결과나대상군에대한정보가없는독립적인전문가에의해시행되었으며, Quantcor QCA V4. program (Pie medical imaging, Netherlands) 을이용하였다. 재협착 (Binary restenosis) 은 5% 이상의내경감소로정의하였다. 자료수집및환자의추적관찰모든대상자는연구시작후 1, 2, 4, 6개월시점에서임상경과, 부작용의발생여부와투약력에대하여평가하였다. 6개월시점에추적관동맥조영술과심근스펙트, 부하심초음파, 운동부하검사등이이루어졌다. 재협착병변에대한관동맥성형술여부는시술자의결정에맡겨졌다. 통계분석통계분석은안정성은 intention-to-treat 원칙에의해, 효과는 per-protocol 원칙하에이루어졌다. 연속변수는평균 ± 표준편차로표시하였다. 대상군내의연속변수의분석을위해서는 paired t-test 를적용하였고, 대상군간의비교를위해서는 Student s t-test 나 one way ANOVA 를적용하였다. 비연속변수에대해서는 chi-square test 나 Fisher s exact test 를이용하였다. 변수간의상관관계는 Pearson test 를이용하였고, 통계적인유의성은 p<.5 로하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS(version 11., SPSS Inc) 을이용하였다. 결과 대상자의특성은 Table 1에표시하였으며, 연구의조기모집중단에도불구하고대상군간에유의한특성의차이는없었다. 시술전후및입원기간의경과시술전후시점에서 G-CSF 투여와연관된중대한부작용은없었다. 5명의환자 (19%) 가 G-CSF 투여와관련된골통을호소하였으나, 이는쉽게진통제로조절되었고 G-CSF 투여중단후소실되었다. G-CSF 투여기간중이나입원기간중허혈의악화나, 중대한부정맥의발생등은관찰되지않았다. 또한 G-CSF 투여에도불구하고유의한염증의악화소견은관찰되지않았다 (CRP at baseline: 2.1±2.8 mg/ dl vs. after G-CSF: 1.9±1.5 mg/dl, p=.728). 혈전성합병증또한관찰되지않았다. 전술한바와같이 1.7± 의수집된세포 ( 단핵구기 Table1. Baseline characteristics of patients Cell infusion group G-CSF group Control group p n=1 (%) n=16 n=15 Age (years) 59.4± ± ± Male : Female 19:1 15:1 13:2.82 AMI : OMI 16:4 1:6 12:3.469 Thrombolysis or primary PCI 4 (4%) 16 (138) 1 (167).218 Elective PCI : Primary PCI 1: 1:6 19:6 Infarct related artery (LAD : LCx : RCA) 4:3:3 7:3:6 5:1:9.455 PCI to non-infarct related artery 13 (13) 13 (119) 14 (127).783 LVEF (%) at baseline 48.9± ± ± CRP (mg/dl) 1.5± ± ± Risk factors Hypertension 15 (15) 19 (156) 17 (147).864 Diabetes mellitus 13 (13) 15 (131) 13 (1).753 Hypercholesterolemia 14 (14) 17 (144) 16 (14).972 Current cigarette smoking 13 (13) 18 (15) 18 (153).682 Medication Aspirin+clopidogrel 1 (1) 16 (1) 15 (1) 1. Statin 14 (14) 17 (144) 19 (16).542 β-blocker 1 (1) 15 (194) 13 (187).446 ACEI /AT-II receptor blocker 19 (19) 16 (1) 13 (187).338 AMI: acute myocardial infarction, OMI: old myocardial infarction, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, LAD: left anterior descending coronary artery, LCx: left circumflex coronary artery, RCA: right coronary artery, CRP: C-reactive protein, ACE: angiotension converting enzyme inhibitor, AT: angiotensin, G-CSF: granulocytes-colony stimulating factor
5 Hyun-Jae Kang, et al:g-csf in Myocardial Infarction 13 준 : , 9.±3. ml) 를투여하였으며, 이는 8.3± 1.2% CD34+ 세포를포함하고있었다. 13) 세포의관동맥투여후경도의심근효소상승이관찰되었으나 (CK-MB 세포주입전 : 3.4±3. IU/L vs. 세포주입 12시간후 : 5.6±4.4 IU/L, p=.12), 임상적으로유의한심근허혈이나심부전의악화, 부정맥의소견은관찰되지않았으며, 혈류예비력으로평가한관동맥미세순환의악화도관찰되지않았다. 또한입원중중대한심혈관계이상반응은관찰되지않았다. G-CSF 단독투여 vs. 관동맥내세포주입 (Table 2, Fig 2) 통계적검증력을높이기위해 G-CSF 단독투여군과대조군에대해서는 MAGIC Cell-1, 2의결과를통합하여분석을시행하였다. 이들대상군의특성이나임상경과는 MAGIC Cell-1, 2간의비교에서유사한양상을보여이들을함께분석하여도단독분석한경우와비교하여연구결과의변화는관찰되지않았다. 세포주입군은 6개월추적평가시기저치에비하여좌심실의구혈율이유의하게호전되고 ( 기저치 : 48.9±9. % vs. 6 Table 2. Results of 6 months follow up evaluation with myocardial SPECT, treadmill test and echocardiography Cell infusion group G-CSF group Control group LVEF (%) At baseline 48.9± ± ±9.1 At 6months 55.1± ± ±9.7*. LVEDV (ml) At baseline 133.± ± ±48.9 At 6months.117.4±37.9*.113.4± ±47.1. LVESV (ml) At baseline 7.3± ± ±35.61 At 6months 54.6± ± ±31.5 Perfusion defect (%) At baseline 19.± ± ±1.4 At 6months 15.1±4. 9.6±1.7* 117.9±9.61 Exercise duration (sec) At baseline.478±17 518± ±1531 At 6months.626±142 `69± ±171* RWMSI At baseline 1.43± ± ±.. At 6months 1.4±.24* 1.47± ±.18* All the enrolled patients completed baseline evaluation and 6 months follow up evaluation. *: p<.5 compared with baseline value, : p<.1 compared with baseline value. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume, LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume, RWMSI: regional wall motion score index, NA: not available, G-CSF: granulocytes-colony stimulating factor, SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography 8 7 p< LVEF (%) LVEF (%) A Baseline 6 months follow up Cell infusion Baseline 6 months follow up G-CSF p< LVESV (ml) LVESV (ml) B Baseline 6 months follow up Cell infusion Baseline 6 months follow up Cell infusion Fig. 2. Change of left ventricular ejection fraction and volume at six months follow up. The patients in the cell infusion group showed improved left ventricular systolic function and remodeling at 6 months follow up compared to baseline. However, G-CSF mobilization alone did not improve left ventricular systolic function and remodeling at all. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume, G-CSF: granulocytes-colony stimulating factor.
6 14 Korean Circulation J 6;36:99-17 Change of LVEF at 6 m from baseline (%) 1-1 r=-.585 p=.2 Change of LVEF at 6 m from baseline (%) 1-1 r=-.239 p=.392 A Baseline LVEF (%) G-CSF treated group B Baseline LVEF (%) Control group Fig. 3. Relationship between baseline left ventricular systolic function and change of left ventricular systolic function. A: the improvement of left ventricular systolic function in patients who had been treated with G-CSF showed inverse correlation with baseline left ventricular systolic function. In multivariate analysis, only baseline left ventricular ejection fraction was related with the change of left ventricular ejection fraction at 6 months follow up (filled box: the cell infusion group, empty box: the G-CSF group). B: in the control group, however, baseline left ventricular ejection fraction was not related with the change of left ventricular ejection fraction in 6 months follow up. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, G-CSF: granulocytes-colony stimulating factor. Table 3. Effects of G-CSF on restenosis A. Comparison of effects of G-CSF between G-CSF treated patients and control patients G-CSF treated Control group group (n=26) (n=15) p Lesion type : 2 : 11 : 13 : 1 : 4 : (A : B1 : B2 : C) Reference diameter (mm) 3.1±.5 3.4±.4.59 Lesion length (mm) 22.8± ± MLD at post-pci (mm) 2.9±.5 3.2±.5.3 MLD at 6months follow 1.6±1. 2.2±.9.39 up (mm) Loss of MLD (mm) 1.3±1. 1.± Diameter stenosis at 51±27 35± months follow up (%) Binary restenosis (n) 12 (46%) 4 (27%).185 B. Comparison of effects of G-CSF between pre-pci and post-pci G-CSF administration on restenosis Pre-PCI G-CSF Post-PCI G-CSF group (n=) group (n=6) p Lesion type : 2 : 8 : 1 : : 3 : (A : B1 : B2 : C) Reference diameter (mm) 3.1±.5 3.2± Lesion length (mm) 23.9± ± MLD at post-pci (mm) 2.9±.5 2.9± MLD at 6months follow 1.5±1. 1.8±1..41 up (mm) Loss of MLD (mm) 1.4±.8 1.± Diameter stenosis at 54±28 42± months follow up (%) Binary restenosis (n) 1 (5%) 2 (33%).44 PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, MLD: minimal luminal diameter, G-CSF: granulocytes-colony stimulating factor 개월 : 55.1±7.4%, p<.1), 좌심실용적이감소되었다 ( 좌심실이완기말용적 : 133.±11. ml vs ±37.9 ml, p=.26, 좌심실수축기말용적 : 7.3±9.1 ml vs. 54.6± 7.5 ml, p=.4). 그러나 G-CSF 단독투여군에서는좌심실구혈율이나좌심실용적모두유의한변화가관찰되지않았다 ( 좌심실구혈율 : p=.218, 좌심실수축기말용적 : p=.943). 그러므로세포주입군이 G-CSF 단독투여군에비해유의하게좌심실구혈율과좌심실용적이호전되었다 ( 좌심실수축기말용적의변화량 : p=.9, 좌심실구혈율의변화량 : p=.6). 세포주입군에서대조군에서비해좌심실구혈율과용적이호전되는경향을보였으나대상자의수가적어통계적유의성은확인하지못하였다. 심근관류를비교하였을때세포주입군과 G-CSF 단독투여군에서모두기저치에비해호전되는양상을보였으며, 호전의정도는 G-CSF 투여군에서만통계적으로유의하였다. 운동능력의향상이나국소심근벽운동의호전은세포주입군과대조군에서만유의하게관찰되었다. 심근스펙트로측정된좌심실구혈률은심초음파로측정한검사치와좋은상관관계를유지하였다 (r=.749, p<.1). 줄기세포치료에의한좌심실기능호전예측인자 G-CSF 와세포투여를투여받은대상군전체를대상으로평가하였을때좌심실기능의호전은기저좌심실구혈율과유의한역의상관관계를보였으며 (r=-.587, p=.3), 심근관류결손의정도와양의상관관계를보였다 (r=.626, p=.1). 다변수분석후에는기저좌심실구혈율만이독립적으로 6개월추적관찰시의좌심실구혈율의호전과유의한상관관계를보였다 (Fig. 3, p=.1). 이같은상관관계는세포주입군 (r=-.869, p=.1) 과 G-CSF 단독투여군 (r= -.593, p=.6) 을각각분석하여도유지되었다. 그러나세포치료전평가한경색부위의생존심근의존재여부나생존심근의크기는좌심실기능호전과연관성이없었다 (p=.2). 추적관찰기간중의이상반응추적관찰기간중사망, 중대한부정맥, 심근경색은관찰되지않았다. G-CSF 단독투여군 (MAGIC Cell-1) 중 2명이협심증의악화로 6개월시점의예정된관동맥조영술시
7 Hyun-Jae Kang, et al:g-csf in Myocardial Infarction 15 행전에관동맥조영술을시행받았다. 이들은각각추적관찰 3개월, 4개월시점에서입원하여관동맥성형술과관동맥우회로술을시행받았다. 전체적인중대한심혈관계이상반응의발생빈도는대상군간에다르지않았다 (p=.445). G-CSF 와재협착기존에저자들은 G-CSF 투여에따른재협착의악화가능성을보고한바있다. 13) 6개월추적관찰을모두완료한시점에서평가하였을때도 G-CSF 투여군에서재협착이증가하는경향을관찰하였으나통계적인유의성은없었다 (Table 3A). 통계적인유의성이없었으나 G-CSF 를투여받은군에서최소내경 (minimal luminal diameter) 의감소가더큰경향도관찰되었다. G-CSF 투여시점의영향을비교하였을때는관동맥성형술전에 G-CSF 를투여한경우가이후에투여한경우보다재협착의빈도가증가하는경향을보였다 (Table 3B). 고찰 저자들은본연구결과를통해 G-CSF 로동원후모집된세포의관동맥내주입이 G-CSF 단독투여에비해심기능의호전, 심실의재형성의방지에보다효과적임을확인하였다. 대조군과세포주입군간의효과의차이는대상자의조기모집중단으로인한대상자의수부족으로인해결론을도출할수없었으며, 이의평가를위해 1년이상의장기간경과관찰과보다대규모의대조군연구를진행중이다. G-CSF 단독투여와관동맥내세포주입의비교 G-CSF 단독투여와세포주입간의효과의차이는줄기세포의경색심근부위로의회귀및결합의정도에의할가능성이큰것으로이해된다. 두방법간의줄기세포의회귀및경색심근부위로의저류정도를비교하기위해채집된줄기세포를 18-F-Fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) 로표지한후관동맥내로주입한군과표지된줄기세포를정맥내로투여한군에서의표지된줄기세포의심근내잔존율을주입후 4 시간후에비교하였다. 관동맥내로주입된줄기세포는경색심근부위에특이적으로저류되었으나, 정맥내로주입된세포는거의심근내에서관찰되지않았다. 즉관동맥내세포주입이 G-CSF 를이용하여단순히말초혈액내로줄기세포를동원하는방법에비해목표심근내에많은줄기세포를효과적으로전달할수있고, 이를통해심기능호전을유발하는것으로유추할수있다. 즉줄기세포치료의효율을높이기위해서는목표심근에국소적으로고농도의줄기세포를전달하는과정이필요하다고할수있다. 기존의 G-CSF 를이용한연구들과의비교기존의연구중 G-CSF 투여만으로심기능호전을보고한 소규모연구들이있다. 1)12) 이에반해본연구에서는 G-CSF 단독투여만으로는심기능의호전을관찰할수없었는데, 기존연구들과비교평가하여그차이를설명하고자한다. 첫째, 본연구는기존연구와 G-CSF 투여방법에차이가있었다. 기존의연구는대부분 관동맥성형술후 에 장기간 G-CSF 를투여하였다는차이가있다. G-CSF 투여시점에대해서는본연구대상자내에서 G-CSF 투여시점에따라비교하였을때좌심실수축기기능의호전에는차이가관찰되지않아 (p=.65) 그자체만으로차이를설명하기는어렵다고판단되었다. G-CSF 투여기간에관해서살펴보면, 본연구의대상자중 2명의환자가각각 6, 7일간 G-CSF 투여받았으나이들이다른대상자에비해유의한심기능의호전을보이지는않았다. 물론소수의경험으로단정할수없으나, 저자들은 G-CSF 가염증을유발할가능성이있고, 줄기세포이외에도여러종류혈액세포의말초혈액내로의동원유도하므로장기간투여시혈전성합병증의위험성을배제할수없는만큼 G-CSF 는줄기세포의동원효과를기대할수있는최소한의기간동안만투여하는것이최선이라고판단하고있다. 둘째, 대상군의차이가있다. 다른연구에서는모두급성심근경색증환자만을대상으로하였고, 효과를보인연구는모두대조군이없는연구로진행되었다. 그러나본연구에서는급성및진구성심근경색증이모두포함되었고, 대조군연구로진행되었다. 본연구에서급성심근경색증과진구성심근경색증을나누어비교하였을때급성심근경색증에서보다나은좌심실수축기기능의호전을관찰할수있었으나, 통계적유의성은없었으며 (p=.814), 대조군에비해서도유의한호전은관찰되지않았다. G-CSF 를이용한줄기세포치료의효과본연구를통해줄기세포치료를통한심기능의호전과심실재형성의호전은심근경색발생시남아있던생존심근의존재여부로설명될수없음을확인할수있었다. 즉줄기세포치료에의한심기능의호전이관동맥재관류에의한것만으로설명될수없으며, 관류의개선이나국소벽운동의호전으로대표되는혈관신생및심근재생이그가능한설명기전이될수있을것으로판단된다. 그러나현재까지는환자에서혈관신생이나심근재생을직접적으로증명할수있는방법은없는상태이며, 주입된줄기세포의직접적인분화나싸이토카인등에의한 paracrine 효과등이모두가능한기전으로제시되고있다. 그외에 G-CSF 자체가가지고있는병적인심실재형성의방지효과가가능한기전으로생각될수있겠으나, 7) 그기여의정도는 G-CSF 단독투여군이유의한호전을보여주지못한점을고려할때미미한정도일것으로판단된다. 본연구에서는기저심기능의저하가심한사람일수록줄기세포치료에의한심기능호전의정도가크게나타났으며,
8 16 Korean Circulation J 6;36:99-17 대조군에서이같은연관성을확인할수없었다. 이런경향은기존의연구에서도관찰되었다. 2) 즉심근손상이큰심근경색증환자일수록치료의효과가크다는희망적인결과이나, 이결과를본연구에서배제된좌심실기능의저하가매우심한환자들에게까지연장할수있을지는분명하지않다. G-CSF 가재협착에미치는영향본연구에서저자들은 G-CSF 의투여자체와 G-CSF 의투여시기가재협착과관련이있음을확인하였다. 물론통계적인유의성은확인하지못하였으나저자들은실험적치료에있어부작용의발생은통계적유의성보다는가능성에좀더비중을두어서평가되어야한다고판단하였고그에따라대상군의모집을조기중단한바있다. 본연구결과에따르면 G-CSF 가관동맥성형술전에투여된경우에보다재협착의위험도가더욱증가하는경향을보였으나, 이는임상연구전본연구진에의해시행된동물실험결과와는정반대의결과이다. 19) 백서를이용한동물실험에서는 GM-CSF/ G-CSF 를혈관손상유발전에투여한경우에혈관내피의재생이촉진되고신생내막의생성도감소하는결과를보였다. 이는단기간의동물실험결과가임상연구에서는재현되지않을수있음을보여주는예라고할것이다. G-CSF 에의한재협착의발생을설명할수있는몇가지가설을고려할수있다. 첫째로는동원된줄기세포중신생내막생성을촉진하는평활근전구세포가포함되어있고, 이들이신생내막성장에기여하는경우이다. 이같은가능성은 Sata 등 17) 의연구에서확인되었으며, 본연구진도배양조건내에서모집된줄기세포에서평활근전구세포의존재를확인할수있었다. 이같은세포는 G-CSF 투여전에는말초혈액내에극소수만존재하고있다. 둘째로는 G-CSF 에의한동맥경화반및혈관내의염증의악화가능성이다. 염증의악화는신생내막성장이나동맥경화의중요한원인의하나로알려져있다. 2)18) 그러나본연구에서는신생내막의증식정도와 CRP 로측정한전신염증의정도 (r=-.116, p=.626) 나말초혈액백혈구의수 (r=-.78, p=.717) 에서연관성을확인할수없었다. 그러나, 혈관내부의염증을직접적으로측정하지는못하였으므로, 혈관내염증의신생내막증식과의관련성을배제할수는없다고판단된다. G-CSF 투여와관련된잠재적부작용과그해결책 G-CSF 투여와관련되어본연구에서보고된유일한잠재적부작용은재협착의증가이다. 재협착은 G-CSF 를관동맥성형술이후에투여함으로써상당부분감소시킬수있을것으로판단된다. 그러나이것만으로는잠재적부작용의가능성을충분히배제할수없다고판단하였고, 약물방출스텐트가 G-CSF 에의한 neointimal growth 를억제할수있음을전임상연구에서확인하였고이를적용한임상연구를진행중에있다. 현재진행중인 MAGIC Cell-3-DES 연구 에서는 G-CSF 투여에따른재협착및최소내경의감소정도가대조군에비해차이가없음을확인할수있었다 (6개월추적관찰시최소내경감소 [late loss of MLD]: G-CSF 투여군 [n=28]:.17±.21 mm vs. 대조군 [n=18]:.23±.4 mm, p=.433). 일부연구에서 G-CSF 투여에따른부작용을보고하고있다. 14)) 그러나본연구에서는성공적으로관동맥성형술을시행한환자에서 G-CSF 를단기간투여하는것은안전함을확인할수있었다. 본연구에서 G-CSF 가효과적인줄기세포동원유도제로이용될수있음을확인하였고, 모집된세포를관동맥으로투여함으로써심기능을호전시킬수있음을확인하였다. 또한 G-CSF 는경도의재협착증가가능성이외에는유의한부작용없이안전하게투여가가능하였다. 그러나 G-CSF 는염증을유발하거나재협착을유발할잠재적가능성을가지고있는만큼적절한평가와시행이가능한기관에서적절히검토된계획에따라임상연구가진행되어야할것으로판단되며, 그효과는보다대규모의장기간연구를통해평가되어야할것으로생각된다. 요약 배경및목적 : G-CSF 를이용한줄기세포치료법이심기능호전에미치는효과가임상연구에서체계적으로평가되지못하고있다. 이에저자들은 G-CSF 를이용한 2가지줄기세포치료법인줄기세포동원유도법과동원유도된줄기세포를채집하여관동맥내로주입하는방법을대조군연구를통하여비교평가하고자하였다. 방법 : 심근경색증환자를대상으로 G-CSF 단독투여군 (n=16), 동원유도된줄기세포를모집하여관동맥내로투여하는세포주입군 (n=1), 그리고대조군 (n=15) 으로무작위배정하여심기능의호전여부를 6개월추적관찰을통해평가하였다. 결과 : 6개월추적관찰결과세포주입군에서만치료전에비하여유의한좌심실수축기기능의호전 (p<.1) 과좌심실용적의감소 (p<.1) 를관찰할수있었으며, G-CSF 군에서는호전이관찰되지않았다. 세포주입군에서대조군에비해심기능의호전의정도가큰경향을보였으나, 통계적인유의성은확인하지못하였다. 또한 G-CSF 를투여받은경우에대조군에비해재협착의빈도가증가하는경향을보였으나통계적유의성은없었다 (p=.185). 결론 : G-CSF 는효과적으로줄기세포를동원할수있었으며, 관동맥내세포주입법이 G-CSF 단독투여에비해심기능의호전에있어우월한효과를보였다. G-CSF 투여는관동맥재협착을경도로증가시키는경향성을보였다. 줄기세포치료
9 Hyun-Jae Kang, et al:g-csf in Myocardial Infarction 17 법의효과는대규모의장기간대조군연구를통하여평가되어야할것으로판단된다. 중심단어 :G-CSF; 심근경색증 ; 재협착. 본연구는 Korea Health 21 R&D project, 보건복지부 (2-PJ1- PG8-EC1-26), 허혈성심질환 ( 임상연구센터, 보건복지부 412- CR2-74-1) 와세포응용연구사업단, 과학기술부 (SC315) 의보조에의해진행되었음. REFERENCES 1) Wollert KC, Meyer GP, Lotz J, et al. Intracoronary autologous bone-marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: the BOOST randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 4;364: ) Schachinger V, Assmus B, Britten MB, et al. Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction: final one-year results of the TOPCARE-AMI Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 4;44: ) Lim DS. Stem cells for cardiovascular disease. Korean Circ J 4;34: ) Baek SH. The current concept of cell therapy for heart failure. Korean Circ J 5;35: ) Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, et al. Mobilized bone marrow cells repair the infarcted heart, improving function and survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1;98: ) Kawada H, Fujita J, Kinjo K, et al. Nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells can be mobilized and differentiate into cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction. Blood 4;14: ) Minatoguchi S, Takemura G, Chen XH, et al. Acceleration of the healing process and myocardial regeneration may be important as a mechanism of improvement of cardiac function and remodeling by postinfarction granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment. Circulation 4;19: ) Ohtsuka M, Takano H, Zou Y, et al. Cytokine therapy prevents left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction after myocardial infarction through neovascularization. FASEB J 4;18: ) Harada M, Qin Y, Takano H, et al. G-CSF prevents cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction by activating the Jak-Stat pathway in cardiomyocytes. Nat Med 5;11: ) Suarez de Lezo J, Torres A, Herrera I, et al. Effects of stem-cell mobilization with recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor in patients with percutaneously revascularized acute anterior myocardial infarction. Rev Esp Cardiol 5;58: ) Kuethe F, Figulla HR, Voth M, et al. Mobilization of stem cells by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the regeneration of myocardial tissue after myocardial infarction. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 4;129: ) Ince H, Petzsch M, Kleine HD, et al. Prevention of left ventricular remodeling with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after acute myocardial infarction: final 1-year results of the Front-Integrated Revascularization and Stem Cell Liberation in Evolving Acute Myocardial Infarction by Granulocyte Colony- Stimulating Factor(FIRSTLINE-AMI) Trial. Circulation 5; 112(Suppl):I ) Kang HJ, Kim HS, Zhang SY, et al. Effects of intracoronary infusion of peripheral blood stem-cells mobilised with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on left ventricular systolic function and restenosis after coronary stenting in myocardial infarction: the MAGIC cell randomised clinical trial. Lancet 4;363: ) Hill JM, Syed MA, Arai AE, et al. Outcomes and risks of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 5;46: ) Germano G, Kiat H, Kavanagh PB, et al. Automatic quantification of ejection fraction from gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 1995;36: ) Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989;2: ) Sata M, Saiura A, Kunisato A, et al. Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into vascular cells that participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2;8: ) Kornowski R, Hong MK, Tio FO, Bramwell O, Wu H, Leon MB. In-stent restenosis: contributions of inflammatory responses and arterial injury to neointimal hyperplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: ) Cho HJ, Kim HS, Lee MM, et al. Mobilized endothelial progenitor cells by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor accelerate reendothelialization and reduce vascular inflammation after intravascular radiation. Circulation 3;18: ) Maekawa Y, Anzai T, Yoshikawa T, et al. Effect of granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor inducer on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 4;44:151-.
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