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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 14, No. 6 pp , 강석원 1*, 엄주환 1, 정락교 1, 김종석 1 1 한국철도기술연구원신교통연구본부수요응답형교통연구단 Development of an Apparatus for Vertical Transfer of a PRT Vehicle Operating on a Road Network Seok-Won Kang 1*, Ju-Hwan Um 1, Rag-Gyo Jeong 1 and Jong-Suk Kim 1 1 On-demand Transit Research Team, New Transportation Systems Research Center, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, Republic of Korea 요약수요응답형순환교통시스템 (Personal Rapid Transit: PRT) 은자동차에버금가는승객의요구대응성및최적경로운행으로인한높은효율성등의특징때문에미래형신교통수단으로서많은주목을받아왔다. 하지만수송분담능력 (4~6명) 에비해건설비가많이들어가고기존에운용되고있는타대중교통시스템과의역할분담문제때문에적용에한계가있는것도사실이다. 따라서본연구에서는도시내유연한운용과타교통수단과의연계를목적으로 PRT 차량을위한수직이송장치를개발하였다. 기존의물류분야에서많이채택되고있는순환컨베이어방식을응용하였으며, 특히연속이송이가능하며사이클타임이적은장점이있다. 이와더불어 1/10 스케일의모형의제작을통하여장치의기술적인운용가능성을확인하였으며, 이를통해구조적안정성을확보하기위한방안을도출하였다. Abstract The Personal Rapid Transit(PRT) system has been highly interested in future transportation developments due to its on-demand and optimized door-to-door transport capability. However, the major impediments to the commercialization of PRT are the high cost for construction of infrastructures as opposed to the small transport capacity and difficulty in defining the role of PRT in building a balanced transportation system. In this study, the vertical transfer device for the PRT vehicle is developed to provide more flexible and better compatible urban mobility services between means of transportation, which is expected to meet particular demands in a particular environment. This apparatus was initially designed based on the basis of vertical circulating conveyors with steel chains, which is frequently used in logistics. Its advantages are capable of the non-stop loading and reduced head-way time. Most importantly, it was intensified by the additional idea to ensure the stable and reliable transfer of the PRT vehicle fully loaded with passengers. The 1/10-scale prototype was successfully tested to demonstrate a fundamental mechanism of vertical transfer and identify unexpected user requirements prior to a real manufacturing process. Key Words : Door-to-Door Transport, On-demand, Personal Rapid Transit, Vertical Transfer 1. 서론 수요응답형순환교통시스템 (Personal Rapid Transit: PRT) 은 4~6인이승차할수있는소형차량이다수의루프를포함하는네트워크로구성된별도의노선을통하여 출발지에서목적지까지정차하지않고운전자없이운행하는미래형신교통수단으로정의할수있다 [1 3]. 시스템의용량측면에서는지하철등현재운행되는교통수단에비해작은규모이나, 자동차에버금가는승객의이용편의성및최적화된경로운행으로인한높은효율성 본논문은한국철도기술연구원 수요응답형순환교통시스템 (PRT) 핵심기술개발 과제로수행되었음. * Corresponding Author : Seok-Won Kang(Korea Railroad Research Institute) Tel: swkang@krri.re.kr Received March 14, 2013 Revised April 9, 2013 Accepted June 7,
2 등의특징으로많은주목을받아왔다. 특히, 국제적으로환경친화적이고에너지효율이우수한교통시스템에관한관심이증가하고있는시점에서 PRT와같은에너지소비가적은수송수단의역할이재조명되고있다 [3]. 국내에서진행되고있는 PRT 관련연구를살펴보면, PRT 시스템의특성을고려하여적정지역선정을위한정책적검토연구, 시스템의운행및제어기술향상을위한최적화알고리즘개발에관한연구, PRT 차량의전력공급시스템에관한연구, 시뮬레이션접근방법을통한 PRT 정류장용량분석에관한연구 [3 7] 등다양한분야에서활발하게이루어지고있다. 이와더불어문전수송수단인 PRT의특성을고려하여기존교통시스템과의연계환승을위해건물내 건물간신속한이동에대한중요성과무인차량의자율운행및정차 [8] 등의연구도함께주목받고있다. 이에본연구에서는도심지내의타교통수단과의효율적인연계와복합환승센터건물내및공간이협소한구간에서신속하고자유롭게목적지에접근하기위해 PRT 차량을위한수직이송장치를개발하고자한다. 일반적으로역사및복합환승센터와같은복잡한건축구조물내에서승객을동반한차량을직접수직으로이송한사례는세계적으로찾아보기힘들다. 따라서본연구에서는물류및제조공정시스템 [9] 에서사용되는수직이송방식에관한사례조사및분석을통하여일정사이클로연속운전이가능한순환컨베이어 (Circulating Conveyors) 개념을적용하여개발하였다. 물류시스템에서사용중인순환컨베이어방식의시스템은크기가작고, 경량하중의화물을연속적으로수송하기위해주로활용되고있는기술로인승용으로활용하기위해서는구조적안정성을확보하여야한다. 이에 Slat Bar의단면형상 ( 안 ) 에대한 1 차원처짐및 Slat Panel의 3차원구조안전성해석을수행하였다. 또한, 채택한방식의적용성을검증하기위하여실제크기의 1/10 모형실험체를설계, 제작하여장치의기술적인운용가능성을확인하고자하였다. 모형시험을통하여수평 / 수직컨베이어의연동성과체인추가에따른동기화여부등차량의안전하고효과적인수직이송을위한기초적인기능구현시험을수행하였으며, 앞으로 PRT 차량의수직이송장치상세설계및제작에활용하고자한다. 2. 수직이송장치개요 2.1 기본개념 순환컨베이어방식은차량진출입용 2 기의수평컨베 이어와차량승강용수직컨베이어 1기로구성된다. 승강용수직컨베이어는순환체인에연결된다수의 Slat Panel로구성되며, Slat Panel은순환체인의회전방향으로구부러질수있도록여러개의 Slat Bar로연결되어있다. 4개의순환체인이 Slat Panel의 4개의각모서리에연결되어승강시 Slat Panel이수평을유지하도록해주며, Slat Panel 자체도처짐을방지하고하중을지지할수있는구조로되어있다. Fig. 1은수직이송장치를이용한차량의진입 / 수직이송 / 진출의운영예시를나타낸다. 순환컨베이어의이송속도를 0.2m/sec이라고가정했을때, 10m 높이로의수직이송시진입 / 이송 / 진출에걸리는시간은대략 100초이다. 연속이송을고려할시 Slat Panel의최대순환간격은 37.5초로, 같은조건에대해연속이송이가능한한또다른방식인순환케이지 (Circulating Cage: 대략 45초 ) 방식보다효율적이다. Headway Height = 7 m [Fig. 1] Operational Concept Design of Vertical Circulating Conveyors for the PRT vehicle 2.2 설계요구사항 실제로순환컨베이어방식을기반으로한시스템의적용시전체 PRT 시스템의요구사항을반영함과동시에수직이송장치자체의성능및안정성확보또한매우중요하다. 특히, 지연이없는차량의운송을위해서는운영속도를최적화하여설계목표를충족시킬수있는사이클타임 (Head-way Time) 을확보해야한다. 이와더불어승객의승차감개선을위한가변속도제어에대한검토및수직이송장치로부터진출입되는연결부에서의안정적인운영을위한위치검지및제어기술의검토또한요 2605
3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 14 권제 6 호, 2013 구된다. Table 1은수직이송장치의분야별설계목표를나타낸다. [Table 1] Target Specifications and Requirements Sections Items Specifications Head-way Time Cycle for Non-stop 19.0sec/10m Time Loading Driving Devices Stop Guidance Operating Method Operating Speed Control Accuracy Circulating Slat Panel with s 24m/min Under ±100mm 연결부에서의차량의진입시수평컨베이어위에차량의정차가확인됨과동시에수직컨베이어는동기화되어차량의수직이송을진행하며, 진출시에는수직컨베이어의동작이완료됨과동시에수평컨베이어가차량을이송장치밖으로차량을이동시킨다. 무엇보다도차량의속도 / 위치정보를수직이송장치의제어시스템이인지할수있어야하며, 차량의다음진행을위해수직이송완료여부를차량의운행제어시스템에서확인할수있어야한다. 3. 수직이송장치의설계 3.1 기본설계 ( 안 ) 설계시고려사항 순환컨베이어방식에대한기본개념및설계목표를바탕으로구동장치및안전장치에대한기본설계 ( 안 ) 를제시하였다. 수직이송장치설계시기본고려사항으로서는개발하고자하는 PRT 차량의설계목표를적용하였으며, 수직이송장치의높이는 10m로가정하였다. Fig. 2는개발차량의제원을보여주고있다. 그림에서알수있듯이 PRT 차량의크기는길이 3.8m, 폭 1.8m, 높이 2.0m이고, 무게는공차중량이 900kg, 만차중량이 1,300kg이다. 그리고차량의윤거및축거는각각 1.2m, 2.2m이다. PRT 차량에는승객이탑승하고있기때문에안정성을확보하는것은무엇보다도중요하다. 이에설계 ( 안 ) 를확정하기전에 Slat Panel과 Slat Bar의간단한처짐량계산을통해서가장기본적인안정성을확인하였다. Fig 3에서보이는바와같이 Slat Bar에만차중량의하중이타이어의접촉면에따라서분포하중으로적용된다고가정하여계산하였다. 3,822 N 1,200 mm 3,822 N 160 mm 160 mm [Fig. 3] Schematic of Loading exerted on the Slat Panel by the PRT Vehicle Table 2는체인의피치 (Pitch) 데이터를토대로적용가능한 Slat Bar의종류와 Fig. 3의하중조건에따른처짐계산결과를나타낸다. 여기서 Slat Bar의길이는루프 (Loop) 를형성하는각체인의위치에따라결정된다. AutoCAD R Mechanical을이용하여계산하였으며, Table 2에요약된계산결과를바탕으로정사각형 (Type B) 단면의부재가처짐에서는더안정적인것으로확인되었다. [Table 2] Comparison of Beam Deflection Between Two Types of Slat Bars [Unit: mm] Length of Slat Bar Type A Type B 2, , , , [Fig. 2] Dimensions of Korean PRT Vehicle 이와더불어 Slat Panel의수직방향으로의처짐을계산하였다. 본연구에서 Slat Panel의구조안정성해석은대형동적기계구조물의유한요소해석 [10] 에흔히사용되고있는상용수치해석프로그램인 Ansys R 을이용하였다. Ansys R 의 Joint Element를이용하여체인간의연결 2606
4 을묘사하였고, 체인의각롤러링크 (Roller Link) 의강성 (Stiffness) 은 Ansys R 에서기본적으로제공하는조인트객체의값을적용하였다. 계산결과, Fig. 4에나타난바와같이처짐량이크지않기때문에 Slat Bar의간격을최소화하고수평지지를위한체인을부가적으로연결하면구조적으로문제가없을것으로판단되었다. 여순환체인회전방향으로는자유롭게구부러지고반대방향으로는 180 까지만회전이가능한구조로되어있다. [Fig. 6] Lay-out Design of the Integrated Vertical Transfer Device [Fig. 4] Numerical Analysis of Slat Panel Deformation Using Joints 설계도면제작 Circulating Attach Slat Panel [Fig. 7] Structure of the Slat Panel [Fig. 5] Schematic Configuration of the Vertical Conveyor System 순환컨베이어방식의기본구조는 Fig. 5에서알수있듯이순환체인과 Slat Panel이연결되어작동한다. 본연구에서는기존물류시스템의기본구조를바탕으로안전성향상을위해기존 4줄체인방식을 8줄체인으로확장하였다. 따라서순환체인은동일한길이로최소 8개가필요하며 Slat Panel의코너 8개소에각각연결된다. Slat Panel은순환체인의피치와동일한폭으로만들어진여러개의 Slat Bar로연결되어있어순환체인과동일한동선을유지하며회전하다가승강부분에서는아이들러 (Idler) 수프라켓 (Sprocket) 이 Slat Panel의길이만큼떨어져있어수평을유지하며올라가게된다. 이때 Slat Panel 이수평을유지하고하중에의한처짐을방지하기위하 [Fig. 8] Lay-out Design of the Conveyor to Deliver a Vehicle to the Vertical Transfer Device Fig. 6 ~ Fig. 8은 PRT 차량수직이송장치의기본설계 ( 안 ) 를보여주고있다. Fig. 2의 PRT 차량의설계목표를바탕으로설계되었으며수평컨베이어를제외한수직컨베이어의크기는 5.9m(L) 3.9m(W) 14.3m(H, Pit 깊이포함 ) 이다. 2607
5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 14 권제 6 호, 2013 앞에서언급한것처럼 PRT 차량에사람이탑승한상태로수직이송이되므로시스템적인안전성확보방안에대해서도검토를하였다. 먼저차량이 Slat Panel 위에정확히올라타기위한기본조건으로 PRT 차량이진입컨베이어의정확한위치에정차하는것이필요하며, 또한컨베이어의연동이정밀하게이루어져야한다. 이러한장치들의안전하고완벽한동작및위치확인을위해각종센서구성에대해검토를수행하였다. 수평및수직컨베이어위의차량유무및정위치정차를확인하기위해초음파센서를적용할계획이며, 차량전 / 후측및좌 / 우측지장물감시를위해멀티빔센서 (Multi-Beam Sensor) 를적용할계획이다. 또한, 수평및수직컨베이어연동을위해연동지점, 승강지점확인용리미트스위치 (Limit Switch) 도적용할예정이다. 정위치정차는 PRT 차량의앞바퀴를감지하며, 차량유무확인은차량중간부분을감지하도록한다. 차폭및지장물감시는차량전후및좌우정위치에서각 100mm 떨어진위치에멀티빔센서를설치하여차량이동시간섭여부확인이가능하도록하였다. PRT 차량위치및컨베이어연동확인을위한센서와스위치는 Table 3에요약하여나타내었다. [Table 3] Sensors for Detection of a Vehicle s Position and Synchronous Operation of the Vertical Transfer Device Functions Items Detection Methods Vehicle Loading Ultrasonic Sensor Stop Position Detection Front Wheel Position Beam Sensor Synchroniz ed Operation Front/Rear End of the Vehicle Loading Position on the Conveyor Synchronized Operation of the Conveyor 3.2 1/10 모형을통한시뮬레이션 Multi-Beam Sensor Limit Switch Limit Switch 개요본연구에서개발하고자하는수직이송장치는세계최초로승객을동반한 PRT 차량을수직운송하는것으로서안전성에대한철저한검증을수행하여야한다. 여기서는이러한안전성증대를위해적용한 8줄체인의동기화시험과수평 / 수직연동시험을수행하고, 또한향후설계및제작시문제점등을미리파악하고이를개선하여상세설계에반영하기위해실제품과동일한구조의동작모형을제작하였다. 모형은실물의약 1/10 크기로실제설계와동일한구 조로동작이가능한모형으로제작하였다. 체인및수프라켓은동작을우선으로고려하여상용제품을적용하였으며승 / 하강용수직컨베이어외에진 / 출입용수평컨베이어까지제작하여진입부터진출까지하나의사이클을확인할수있도록제작하였다. 전원은일반 AC220V를사용하였고, PRT와유사한형태의자동차모형을이용하여수직이송동작시현이가능토록하였다 동작모형설계목표및제작 수직이송장치모형은크게수직컨베이어와수평컨베이어로구성된다. 수직컨베이어는순환체인과 Slat Panel, 체인가이드 ( Guide), 체인서포트 ( Support, 상 / 하부 ), 텐셔너 (Tensioner), 구동모터등으로구성되어있으며, 주요전장품은제어반과조작반이있다. 그리고체인서포트는 Slat Panel이수평이동할때하중을지지하는역할을하며하부와상부에각각있다. Table 4에서는동작모형의설계목표를나타내고있으며, Fig. 9에서는모형의주요구성요소를보여주고있다. [Table 4] Specifications of the 1/10-scale Prototype Items Dimensions Main Frame Size Sprocket Driving Motor Operating Speed Operating Switch Tensioner Frame Specifications 1,700mm(L) 1,570mm(H) 405mm(W) 20 20(mm), Aluminum #35(Pitch : 9.525mm) Number of teeth: 13 (P.C.D : 39.8mm) 0.2 kw GEARED Motor - Rotating Speed: 1710rpm(60Hz), - Reduction Ratio: 1/30 4.7m/min Slat Panel Guide Driving Motor Circulating Conveyor for Horizontal Transfer Control Box Conveyor for Horizontal Transfer [Fig. 9] Appearance of the 1/10-scale Prototype and its Main Components 2608
6 3.2.3 동작시뮬레이션및결과동작모형은 PRT 수직이송시현과수평 / 수직연동시험이가능하도록 2가지동작모드로프로그래밍되었다. Fig. 10은완성된수직이송장치동작모형과시험모드를보여주고있다. Mode 1 은 PRT 수직이송시현을위해 Fig. 10과같은과정으로 1 Cycle을동작하고정지하며, Mode 2 는 PRT 차량의수직이송장치의연속동작을확인할수있도록상승및하강동작을정지버튼을누를때까지연속으로동작하도록하였다. 또한, Fig. 11은동작모형을이용한차량의수직이송시현중정지화면을보여준다. 하더라도체인동기화에는문제가없을것으로판단된다. 다음으로가장핵심적인사항인차량의수직 / 수평연동이송시험을수행한결과, 모형차량이상 / 하강모두수평- 수직-수평컨베이어로정확하게연결되어연속이송이성공적으로잘이루어짐을알수있었다. 향후승차감을보완하고안전성만입증된다면추후이송속도도더욱높일수있을것으로판단된다. 반면, 시험도중여러가지예상치못한문제점들도관찰할수있었다. 즉, 소형의모형제작상의한계및부품수급과정과조립에서발생한문제로서 Slat Panel의처짐, 수평 / 수직컨베이어연결부통과시차량의상하진동, 수평 / 수직방향전환시차량쏠림현상등이발생하였는데이는향후실물제작시정밀가공을한다면상당부분해결될것으로판단되며, 차량쏠림에의한승차감문제는향후충분한검토를통하여보완해야할것으로판단된다. 4. 결론 Mode 1 Mode 2 [Fig. 10] Operating Modes of the 1/10-scale Prototype 본연구에서는 PRT 차량의수직이송을위한방안 ( 순환컨베이어방식 ) 과그에따른시스템설계목표및사용자요구사항을도출하였다. 또한, 기본적인운영메커니즘의기술적구현성을확인하기위하여 1/10 스케일의모형을제작하여그가능성을확인하였으며시험결과는다음과같다. 1) 수직이송장치의안정성을확보하기위하여하중이집중되는지점에수직이송체인을 4개에서 8개로확장하였다. 2) 1/10 스케일모형제작을통하여 8줄체인모형의동기화된움직임을위한모터제어및순환컨베이어방식에의한수직이송의가능성을성공적으로입증하였다. 3) Slat Panel을구성하고있는 Slat Bar의간격을최소화하여세밀하게제작할수있다면 Bar의처짐현상을부가적인장치없이도예방할수있음을확인하였다. [Fig. 11] Experimental Demonstration of Vertical Transfer of a Vehicle Using the 1/10-scale Prototype 시험결과, 모형구동시 8줄체인에대한체인동기화는무리없이잘이루어짐을확인할수있었다. 즉, 안전을고려하여기존의 4줄체인방식을 8줄체인으로확장 향후에는본연구결과를바탕으로 Slat Bar의형상에따른전체시스템의구조안정성해석을수행하고, 실물크기의 mock-up 제작을통해서성능을실질적으로검증할예정이다. 2609
7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 14 권제 6 호, 2013 References Society, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp , [1] Jack H. Irving, Harry Bernstein, C.L. Olson, Jon Buyan, Fundamentals of Personal Rapid Transit, D.C. Health and Company, Lexington M.A., [2] Min-Woo Kim, Hee-Young Lee, Status of PRT Technology Development and Guide-Way R&D, DAEWOO Engineering Company Report, pp , [3] Jin-Sun Lee, Kyoung-Tae Kim, PRT Application Study Using Corridor Analysis: Focused on Nan-Gok Area, Journal of the Korean Society for Railway, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp , DOI: [4] Jin-Sun Lee, Kyoung-Tae Kim, A Study on the Possibilities of PRT Applications, Journal of the Korean Society for Railway, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp , [5] Rag-Gyo Jeong, Beak-Hyun Kim, Hyeon-Chyeol Hwang, Development of the Operation Simulator for the PRT System, Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 60, No. 11, pp , DOI: [6] Baek-Hyun Kim, Rag-Gyo Jeong, Sang-Ki Chung, Seok-Won Kang, A Development of the Electric Power Supply System for PRT Vehicle, Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 62, No.2, pp , DOI: [7] Baek-Hyun Kim, Rag-Gyo Jeong, Hyeon-Chyeol Hwang, "Analysis of PRT Station Capacity based on Micro Simulation," The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 60, No. 12, pp , DOI: [8] Kyoung-Hwan Cho, Jin-Wok Chung, Development of Auto-Parking Algorithm for Driving in Urban, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp , DOI: [9] Jae-Hong Shim, Design and Analysis of a Clean Non-contact type Conveyor s Driving Mechanism for Vertical Transfer of FPD Glass, Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Equipment Technology, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp , December [10] Jong-Sun Lee, Behavior Analysis of Elevator Door, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation 강석원 (Seok-Won Kang) [ 정회원 ] 2007 년 2 월 : 한국과학기술원 (KAIST) 기계항공시스템학부 ( 공학석사 ) 2012 년 5 월 : 미국 Texas A&M University at College Station 기계공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2007 년 1 월 ~ 2008 년 7 월 : 르노삼성자동차중앙연구소사원 2012 년 5 월 ~ 현재 : 한국철도기술연구원수요응답형교통연구단선임연구원 < 관심분야 > N/MEMS, 마이크로열전달, 다중물리해석 엄주환 (Ju-Hwan Um) [ 정회원 ] 1996년 2월 : 금오공과대학교대학원토목공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2010년 2월 : 서울과학기술대학교철도전문대학원 ( 공학박사 ) 1996년 8월 ~ 1997년 12월 : 한국고속철도건설공단주임연구원 1997년 12월 ~ 현재 : 한국철도기술연구원수요응답형교통연구단선임연구원 < 관심분야 > 철도선로구조, 철도선형해석 정락교 (Rag-Gyo Jeong) [ 정회원 ] 1999년 8월 : 인하대학교전기공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2005년 2월 : 인하대학교전기공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1990년 12월 ~ 1994년 12월 : 한진중공업사원 1995년 1월 ~ 현재 : 한국철도기술연구원수요응답형교통연구단단장 ( 책임연구원 ) < 관심분야 > 전기전자, 열차제어, 시스템엔지니어링 2610
8 김종석 (Jong-Suk Kim) [ 정회원 ] 2012 년 2 월 : 선문대학교토목공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2012 년 2 월 ~ 현재 : 한국철도기술연구원수요응답형교통연구단주임연구원 < 관심분야 > 토목공학, 합성구조, 강구조 2611
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