Original Article pissn eissn J Korean Foot Ankle Soc 2017;21(4): 원위경비인대결합손상정복후

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1 Original rticle pissn eissn J Korean Foot nkle Soc 2017;21(4): 원위경비인대결합손상정복후관찰된측면방사선영상의임상적중요성 서재완, 박현우 단국대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Clinical Significance of Lateral nkle Radiograph after the Reduction of a Syndesmosis Injury Jae Wan Suh, Hyun-Woo ark Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea urpose: To introduce reliable and newly developed radiographic measures based on a lateral ankle radiograph to assess a syndesmotic reduction after screw fixation and to compare with the radiographic measures based on the anteroposterior () and mortise radiographs. Materials and Methods: The postoperative ankle radiographs of 34 ankle fracture cases after screw fixation for concurrent syndesmosis injury were reviewed. Two radiographic parameters were measured on each and mortise radiograph; tibiofibular clear space (TFCS) and tibiofibular overlap (TFO). Five radiographic parameters were measured on the true lateral radiographs; the anteroposterior tibiofibular (TF) ratio, anterior tibiofibular ratio (TFR), posterior tibiofibular ratio (TFR), distances of intersection of the anterior fibular border and the tibial plafond to anterior cortex of the tibia ( ), and the intersection of posterior fibular border and tibial plafond to the tip of the posterior malleolus ( ). In addition, the distance () between the fibular posterior margin () crossing tibial plafond or the posterior malleolus and posterior articular margin () of the tibial plafond was measured on the lateral view. Results: Using TFCS and TFO in the and mortise radiographs, malreductions of syndesmosis were estimated in 17 of 34 cases (50.0%). Using the introduced and developed radiographic measures in the lateral radiographs, syndesmotic malreductions were estimated in 16 out of 34 cases (47.1%). Seventeen cases (50.0%) showed no evidence of postoperative diastasis using the radiographic criteria on the and mortise view, 10 cases (58.8%) of whom showed evidence of a malreduction on the lateral radiograph. The newly developed measurements,, were measured 0 in 11 out of 34 cases (32.4%). Conclusion: The reduction of syndemosis after screw fixation can be accurately assessed intraoperatively with a combination of several reliable radiographic measurements of the lateral radiograph and traditional radiographic measurements of the and mortise radiograph. Key Words: nkle syndesmosis, nkle fractures, Diastasis, Diagnosis, Radiographs 서 론 Received October 17, 2017 Revised October 27, 2017 ccepted October 30, 2017 Corresponding uthor: Hyun-Woo ark Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116, Korea Tel: , Fax: , m3artist@hanmail.net Financial support: None. Conflict of interest: None. 원위경비인대결합손상은환자의임상적결과에좋지않은결과를초래할수있어해부학적인정복이반드시필요하다. 1-3) 해부학적인정복을위해나사고정술등을시행할수있으나수술중이나후에정복에대한평가가적절하게이루어지는것이중요하다. 4) 그동안정복에대한평가를위해방사선영상을많이활용했으나수술후컴퓨터단층촬영 (computed tomography, CT) 으로평 Copyright c2017 Korean Foot and nkle Society. ll rights reserved. CC This is an Open ccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons ttribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Jae Wan Suh, et al. Lateral nkle Radiography after Syndesmotic Reduction 129 가하였던연구에서 52% 의부정정복이관찰되었다. 5) 원위경비인대결합손상에대한전후면상, 격자상을이용한방사선영상에서의측정법은손상의정도및수술후정복에대한평가로적절하지못했음을보여주었다. 5,6) 원위경비인대결합손상에대한평가를위해보다정확한 CT를이용한연구들이많이발표되었지만수술중 CT 활용의제약, 방사선노출, 경제성등의문제는여전히한계점으로남아있다. 7-10) Summers 등 1) 은기존의격자상측정법에측면방사선영상을추가적으로활용한새로운방법으로수술적치료후 CT로정복을확인하여 18예중 17예 (94.4%) 에서해부학적정복이확인된결과를발표하였다. 측면방사선영상을건측과비교하였으며, 이는비골과경골의시상면상 (sagittal plane) 의전후전위 (anteroposterior translation) 여부를확인할수있는측정법이었다. 방사선노출, 경제성의문제를해결할수있는측면상방사선영상에대한중요성이새로대두되었으며, 원위경비인대결합부위의새로운측정법에대해여러연구가발표되었다. 1,7,8) 본저자들은최근의측면상측정법들을기존의전후면상, 격자상측정법과함께수술후시행한단순영상검사에적용하여원위경비인대결합의정복상태에대해재평가를해보고, 측정법간의결과를비교해보고자하였다. 그리고수술중에활용할수있는본저자들의새로운측면상측정법을이용하여함께비교해보았다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상본연구는본원에서 2006년 9월부터 2017년 9월까지원위경비인대결합손상을동반한족관절골절로원위경비인대결합나사고정술을시행받은환자를대상으로수술후시행하였던방사선영상에대한분석을통해후향적연구를시행하였다. 본연구는본원의임상연구윤리위원회 (Institutional Review oard) 로부터연구승인을받았다. 본연구의대상으로는원위경비인대결합부위에나사고정술후 2주이내에시행한비체중부하단순방사선영상중전후면상, 격자상, 측면상영상이모두있고, 특히측면상영상의경우거골체부상단및경골천정의관절면이일치하고, 이중으로겹쳐보이지않는정측면상 (true lateral) 영상이있는경우만포함하였다. 동반된족관절수술시사용된금속판, 나사, K-강선등으로인해경골과비골의경계가전혀관찰되지않아측정분석이불가한경우, 후과골절편의전위가 2 mm 이상으로경골의전후길이측정에영향이있을경우, 원위경골성장판이닫히지않은소아환자의경우는배제하였다. 두명의정형외과전문의가영상을함께보고포함기준과배제기준에맞추어평가후동의를거쳐, 수술환자영상총 43예중상기기준을만족하지못하는 9예를제외한 34 예를연구대상으로결정하였다. 평균나이는 36.0세 (18 75세) 였 고, 남자 25예, 여자 9예였으며, 좌측 18예, 우측 16예, 양측은없었다. 족관절골절 Lauge-Hansen 분류상 ER형 (pronation-external rotation type) 25예, SER형 (supination-external rotation type) 8예, 형 (pronation-abduction type) 1예였으며, Danis-Weber 분류상 (transsyndemotic) 8예, C (suprasyndesmotic) 26예였다. 2. 연구방법전후면상, 격자상영상에서는기존의연구에서알려진원위경비인대결합부위의측정법을이용하여경골천정 1 cm 상방에서각각 tibiofibular clear space (TFCS), tibiofibular overlap (TFO) 을측정하였다. 11) 정상기준은전후면상에서 TFCS <5 mm, TFO >6 mm, 격자상에서 TFCS <5 mm, TFO >1 mm로하였다 ) 측면상에서는 Grenier 등 7) 이발표한 anteroposterior tibiofibular (TF) ratio, Croft 등 8) 이발표한 anterior tibiofibular ratio (TFR), posterior tibiofibular ratio (TFR) 를측정하였다. TF ratio는경골원위성장판흔적 (physeal scar) 이각각경골전연 () 과비골전연 () 과만나는지점을연결하는직선을경골후연 (C) 까지연장하여얻은, 점사이의거리 (, anterior segment) 를, C점사이의거리 (C, posterior segment) 로나눈값 (/C) 이며 Grenier 등 7) 은 30명중 60족의족관절측면상에서 TF의평균값을 0.94±0.13 ( ) 으로제시한바있다 (Fig. 1). Croft 등 8) 은 72명중 72족의족관절측면상에서경골천정관절면의후연 () 과전연 () 을연결한직선 () 에서 1 cm 상방에평행한직선이경골후연 (C), 비골후연 (D), 비골전연 (E), 경골전연 (F) 과각각만나는점을기준으로 C, D점사이의거리를 posterior tibiofibular interval (TFI), E, F점사이의거리를 anterior tibiofibular in- C Figure 1. Grenier s method 7) ; anteroposterior tibiofibular (TF) ratio. : anterior cortex of the tibia at the level of the physeal scar, : intersection of the anterior cortex of the fibula and the tibial physeal scar, C: intersection of the line crossing & and the posterior cortex of tibia. TF ratio=/c.

3 130 Vol. 21 No. 4, December 2017 C D 1cm E F ' ' Figure 2. Croft s method 8) ; anterior tibiofibular ratio (TFR), posterior tibiofibular ratio (TFR). : tibial plafond, CD: posterior tibiofibular interval (TFI), DE: the fibular width (FW), EF: anterior tibiofibular interval (TFI), CF: tibial width (TW). C, D, E, and F were measured 1 cm above the tibial plafond (). TFR=TFI/TW, TFR=TFI/TW. Figure 3. Summers method 1) ; and. : intersection of anterior fibular border and tibial plafond, : anterior cortex of tibia, : intersection of posterior fibular border and tibial plafond, : tip of posterior malleolus. and were drawn horizontally in talar dome lateral view. terval (TFI), C, F점사이를 tibial width (TW) 로정하고, TFI:TW를 TFR, TFI:TW를 TFR로구하였다. Croft 등 8) 은연구를통해 TFR 은 0.39±0.09, TFR은 0.17±0.06으로발표한바있다 (Fig. 2). 또한추가적으로 Summers 등 1) 의연구에서제시한방법으로측면상에서비골전연이경골천정관절면과만나는점 () 에서지면에수평한선을그어경골전연 ( ) 까지의거리를, 비골후연이경골천정관절면과만나는점 () 에서경골후과첨부 ( ) 까지의거리를 로측정하였다 (Fig. 3). 하지만비골이후방으로전위된경우비골후연이경골천정관절면과만나지못하는경우가있어 를구할수없는단점이있어본저자들은경골천정관절면후연 (posterior articular margin of tibial plafond, M) 을 점으로하였으며, 이를기준으로비골후연이경골천정관절면이나경골후과후연을교차하는점 (fibular posterior margin crossing tibial plafond or crossing posterior malleolar) 인 와의거리 () 를측정하여경골과비골의위치관계를분석하였다 (Fig. 4, 5). 의거리는경골의해부학적축에평행한선을각점에서그리고두선간의최단거리로정의하였다. 측면상의측정치에대한부정정복의평가는정규분포여부를확인한후정규분포의경우평균에서표준편차 2배이상이나이하의값, 정규분포가아닌경우제 1사분위수 (25% 백분점수, first quartile, Q1) 와제 3사분위수 (75% 백분점수, third quartile, Q3) 의값에서사분범위 (interquartile, IQR) 1.5배이상이나이하의값을구하거나이상값 (outlier) 을이용하였다. TF ratio, TFR, TFR 등은기존연구에서알려진평균과표준편차를추가로참고하였다. 모든영상분석및측정은본원 CS (icture rchiving Com- munication System) 를이용하였으며한명의측정자가영상을측정하였다. 각측정수치에대한평균과표준편차및원위경비인대결합의부정정복으로추정된비율을분석하였고, 전후면상, 격자상에서얻은결과와측면상에서얻은결과를비교분석하였으며각측정수치간의상관관계를알아보았다. 3. 수술방법동반된족관절골절수술을시행후방사선투시하에 Cotton 검사, 외회전부하검사를이용하여원위경비인대손상을확인하였다. 방사선투시하에족관절중립위상태에서관절주위골겸자를이용하여원위경비관절을정복한후일시적 K-강선고정을시행하였고방사선투시를통해정복상태확인후, 외측으로부터나사를삽입하였다. 이후 K-강선을제거한후다시방사선투시를통해정복및고정상태를확인하였다. 수술종료후전후면, 측면, 격자상방사선영상을촬영하고단하지부목고정을적용하였다. 4. 통계분석통계분석은 IM SSS Statistics ver (IM Co., rmonk, NY, US) 을사용하였다. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) 검사를이용하여정상분포도검정을시행하였다. 7) 측정치간의상관관계를알아보기위해 earson 혹은 Spearman test를시행하였다. 유의수준은 p<0.05로하였다.

4 131 Jae Wan Suh, et al. Lateral nkle Radiography after Syndesmotic Reduction Figure 4. This study s method. : fibular posterior margin crossing tibial plafond or crossing posterior malleolus, : posterior articular margin of tibial plafond. Two straight vertical lines parallel with tibial anatomical axis were drawn and each line crossed, point. The shortest distance within those lines () was measured. C Figure 5. Relationship of fibula posterior margin and posterior articular margin of tibial plafond.,, and were same as Fig. 4. () posterior than ; =( ). () exactly at ; =0. (C) anterior than ; =(+). 결 과 측면상에서 측정된 TF ratio, TFR, TFR,, 는 K-S 검 사상 정규분포를 보였고, 는 정규분포를 보이지 않았다. 34예 전후면상, 격자상에서 각각 측정된 TFCS, TFO는 K-S 검사상 모 중 16예(47.1%)는 한 개 이상의 측정치에서 부정정복이 의심되었 두 정규분포를 보였다. 기존 연구에 밝혀진 각 측정법의 기준에 따 으며, 16예 중 1예는 6개 측정치 모두에서, 2예는 3개의 측정치에 라 분석한 결과 전체 34예 중 17예(50.0%)는 한 개 이상의 측정치 서, 13예는 1개의 측정치에서 부정정복으로 판단되었다(Table 2). 에서 부정정복의 결과를 얻었다(Table 1). 전후면상의 TFO에서 다 다른 측정치에 비해 TF ratio에서 부정정복으로 의심되는 사례 른 측정치에 비해 부정정복으로 판단된 경우가 많았다. 부정정복 (14예; 14/16, 87.5%)가 많았고, 또한 기존 연구에서 알려진 평균 이 의심된 사례 17예 중 1예는 4개의 측정치 모두에서, 2예는 2개 (0.94±0.13; 범위 )보다 작은 값(0.73±0.16; 범위 0.40 의 측정치에서, 나머지 14예는 전후면상의 TFO 1개의 측정치에서 1.08)으로 측정되었다. 는 34예 중 Summers 등1)의 방법상 측정 부정정복의 기준에 해당하였다. 이 불가하였던 9예를 제외한 25예를 기준으로 평가하였다. 는

5 132 Vol. 21 No. 4, December 2017 Table 1. Radiographic Measurements and Estimated Syndesmotic Malreduction Cases on and Mortise Radiograph (n=34) Mortise TFCS TFO TFCS TFO Mean (mm) 2.92± ± ± ±1.59 Range (mm) Estimated syndesmotic malreduction cases 1 (2.9) 17 (50.0) 2 (5.9) 2 (5.9) Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, range, or number (%). : anteroposterior, TFCS: tibiofibular clear space, TFO: tibiofibular overlap. Table 2. Radiographic Measurements and Estimated Syndesmotic Malreduction Cases on Lateral Radiograph Grenier s method 7) Croft s method 8) Summers method 1) This study s method TF ratio TFR TFR ' (mm) ' (mm) (mm) Mean 0.73± ± ± ± ± (-1.10, 2.48)* 90% confidence interval Range Estimated syndesmotic malreduction cases 14 (41.2) 3 (8.8) 1 (2.9) 3 (8.8) 2 (8.0) 2 (5.9) <Mean (2 SD), >Mean+(2 SD) Outlier ased on other study results Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, range, number (%), or number only. ': the distance from the intersection of the anterior fibular border and the tibial plafond () to anterior cortex of the tibia ('), ': the distance from the intersection of posterior fibular border and tibial plafond () to the tip of the posterior malleolus ('), : the distance between the fibular posterior margin () crossing tibial plafond or the posterior malleolus and posterior articular margin () of the tibial plafond. TF: anteroposterior tibiofibular, TFR: anterior tibiofibular ratio, TFR: posterior tibiofibular ratio, SD: standard deviation. *Median (Q1, Q3; interquartile range [IQR]). n=25, 2/25=8.0%. <Q1 (1.5 IQR), >Q3+(1.5 IQR). Frequency (mm) Figure 6. Distribution of the distance. Median (Q1, Q3)=0 ( 1.10, 2.48). 34예중 11예 (32.4%) 에서중위값인 0으로측정되었다 (Fig. 6). 전후면상, 격자상에서는정상소견으로보였던 17예 (50.0%) 에서측면상에서부정정복으로판단된경우는 10예 (10/17, 58.8%) 였다. 측면상에서 TFR은 TF ratio, 와각각 earson 상관계수 (c) 0.755, 0.707로유의한결과 (p=0.001) 를보였으며, 는 와 Spearman 순위상관계수 (Rho) 0.600의유의한음의상관관계 (mm) (p=0.001) 를보였다. 측면상의 TF ratio와격자상의 TFO가상관관계를보였으나 (c=0.389, p=0.028), 그외의측면상의측정수치들과전후면상, 격자상의수치들은상관관계를보이지않았다. 고찰 본연구는원위경비인대결합의측면영상에대한최근연구들에서제시된측정법및새로운측정법을이용하여원위경비인대결합손상으로나사고정술을시행한 34예의족관절측면영상을분석함으로써각측정법들간의결과에대한비교분석을하였고, 기존의전후면상, 격자상측정법과도비교하여측면상측정법의중요성을확인하였다. 전후면상의 TFO에서다른측정치에비해부정정복으로판단된경우가많았는데, TFO는문헌상방사선빔의방향에많은영향을받는것으로알려져있다. 15) 본연구에서전후면상영상의경우내회전되어찍힌영상이다수관찰되어결과에영향을미쳤던것으로생각된다. 전후면상, 격자상의 TFCS는발의자세등에영향을크게받지않는것으로알려져있다. 11) TF ratio의경우에도다른측정치에비해부정정복으로판단된경우가많았는데이는첫째로측정시기준점이되는원위경

6 Jae Wan Suh, et al. Lateral nkle Radiography after Syndesmotic Reduction 133 골의성장판흔적이잘안보이는경우가많아결과에영향을미쳤을가능성이있다. 8) 둘째로본연구에서얻은 TF ratio의분포 ( 평균 0.73±0.16) 가 Grenier 등 7) 의연구에서의분포 ( 평균 0.94± 0.13) 보다작은값에분포되어있어, 기존정상측정값의높은기준에의해부정정복으로평가되었던것으로생각된다. 기존측정값기준에의해평가된부정정복의비율은 85.7% (12/14) 였다. TF ratio가본연구의기준만으로부정정복을평가할경우 4예 (4/34, 11.8%) 가부정정복이었다. Croft 등 8) 의방법으로측정한 TFR, TFR은기존의평균값과유사한결과가도출되었으며, 이는명확한경계를이용하여측정하여재현성이높은것으로생각된다. 하지만동반된골절수술후내고정물이비골원위부까지내려올경우, 비골의연이구분되지않아측정에어려움이있을것으로예상된다. Summers 등 1) 의방법으로측정한, 는평균, 표준편차에대한기존의연구결과가발표된바가없었다. 본연구에서얻은 는 TFR과양의상관관계, 와음의상관관계를보였다. 이는비골의전연과경골전연간의길이가비골이전후방전위되었을때확인할수있는측정치라는데에의미가있다. 하지만 는비골이 M보다전방에있을경우에만측정가능하였다., 는경골천정관절면상에서측정하기때문에내고정물에의해가려지는경우가적어측정이어렵지않았다. 는 34예중 11예 (32.4%) 에서중위값인 0으로측정되었다. 이는비골후연이 M에일치하는것을의미한다. Loizou 등 16) 은 8 예의 cadaver 연구를통해편평한 (flat) 비골후연의연장선 (posterior fibular line) 이 M과만나거나, 그전방에위치해야한다고보고한바있다. 비골후연의편평한면은근위부에위치한경우가많고, 원위부로올수록비골이전방으로각변형되는경우가많으며, 기준이명확하지않아본연구의측정법에는포함하지않았지만본연구의결과와연관성이있는것으로생각된다. 는비골후연이 M보다전방에위치한경우가 14예 (14/34, 41.2%) 로후방에위치한경우 9예 (9/34, 26.5%) 보다많았다. 나사고정술후비골의전후전위로부정정복이발생할때전위의방향에대해서는아직이견이있다. Gardner 등 5) 은전방전위되는경우가 77%, Song 등 17) 은후방전위가 56% 발생하였다고보고한바있다. 의부정정복의기준은아직정립되지않았지만이상값으로확인된부정정복의경우는전방과후방전위각 1예씩있었다. Summers 등 1) 의방법과같이 는경골천정관절면상에서측정하기때문에내고정물에의해가려지는경우가적고, 수술중에 C-arm상으로정복을확인할때다른측정법과달리비율을확인할필요가없고, 해부학적지표가눈으로쉽게확인이가능하기때문에수술시쉽게사용할수있는측정법으로생각된다. 후과골절이동반된경우에는측정에어려움이있을수있으나강한상관관계에있는 를건측과비교하여평가하며보완적으로사용하면효과적일것이다. M과비골후연의관계에대해서는앞으로연 구가더필요할것으로생각된다. 본연구에서도전후면상, 격자상에서는정상소견으로보였 던 17예 (50%) 에서측면상에서 10예 (10/17, 58.8%) 에서부정정복으로판단되었다. 이는전후면상, 격자상의기준으로만원위경비인대결합손상의정복에대해판단할수없음을보여주었다. 1,18) 또한격자상의 TFO와측면상의 TF ratio가유의한상관관계 (c=0.389, p=0.028) 를보였으나그외의전후, 격자상의측정법과측면상의측정법들간에는상관관계가관찰되지않았다. Grenier 등 7) 과 Croft 등 8) 은정상족관절측면영상에서각각 TF ratio, TFR, TFR의측정값을이용해 60예, 74예의영상을분석하여평균값을제시하였다. 하지만이측정법은실제원위경비인대결합손상에서타당성검증 (validation) 이되지않은데에한계점이있었다. 본연구는원위경비인대결합손상된환자들의영상에서상기측정법을이용하여분석한최초의연구로, 각측정법의병리적상황에서의결과들이수술후정복의기준 (criteria) 정립에도움이될것으로기대된다. 하지만수술후 CT 영상이없어원위경비인대결합의정복에대해정확히평가할수없었고, 건측영상과비교한결과가아닌것, 그리고추시후임상적결과와의연관성을포함하지않은점에연구의한계가있다. 추후에는족관절 CT와투시촬영술을이용한정확한정측면상족관절영상을활용하여새로운측정법 에대해원위경비인대결합손상이없는정상군에대한연구등이필요할것으로생각된다. 결 수술중에원위경비인대결합부위의정복을평가하기위해서는전후면상, 격자상뿐아니라측면상방사선영상의이용이필수적이다. 또한, 측면상의다양한측정법을활용하여내고정물에의해경골과비골의측정지표가확인이어렵거나후과골절이동반된경우등에서도선택적으로활용하면부정정복을예방하고보다성공적인결과를얻을수있을것이다. 론 REFERENCES 111 Summers HD, Sinclair MK, Stover MD. reliable method for intraoperative evaluation of syndesmotic reduction. J Orthop Trauma. 2013;27: Leeds HC, Ehrlich MG. Instability of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis after bimalleolar and trimalleolar ankle fractures. J one Joint Surg m. 1984;66: Weening, handari M. redictors of functional outcome following transsyndesmotic screw fixation of ankle fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2005;19: Sagi HC, Shah R, Sanders RW. The functional consequence of syndesmotic joint malreduction at a minimum 2-year follow-up. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26: Gardner MJ, Demetrakopoulos D, riggs SM, Helfet DL, Lorich

7 134 Vol. 21 No. 4, December 2017 DG. Malreduction of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in ankle fractures. Foot nkle Int. 2006;27: Nielson JH, Gardner MJ, eterson MG, Sallis JG, otter HG, Helfet DL, et al. Radiographic measurements do not predict syndesmotic injury in ankle fractures: an MRI study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;(436): Grenier S, enoit, Rouleau DM, Leduc S, Laflamme GY, Liew. TF: anteroposterior tibiofibular ratio, a new reliable measure to assess syndesmotic reduction. J Orthop Trauma. 2013;27: Croft S, Furey, Stone C, Moores C, Wilson R. Radiographic evaluation of the ankle syndesmosis. Can J Surg. 2015;58: Dikos GD, Heisler J, Choplin RH, Weber TG. Normal tibiofibular relationships at the syndesmosis on axial CT imaging. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26: Franke J, von Recum J, Suda J, Grützner, Wendl K. Intraoperative three-dimensional imaging in the treatment of acute unstable syndesmotic injuries. J one Joint Surg m. 2012;94: Shah S, Kadakia R, Tan GJ, Karadsheh MS, Wolter TD, Sabb. Radiographic evaluation of the normal distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. Foot nkle Int. 2012;33: Vopat ML, Vopat G, Lubberts, DiGiovanni CW. Current trends in the diagnosis and management of syndesmotic injury. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10: Jones C, Gilde, Sietsema DL. Treatment of syndesmotic injuries of the ankle: a critical analysis review. JJS Rev. 2015;3. doi: /JJS.RVW.N Harper MC, Keller TS. radiographic evaluation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. Foot nkle. 1989;10: Marmor M, Hansen E, Han HK, uckley J, Matityahu. Limitations of standard fluoroscopy in detecting rotational malreduction of the syndesmosis in an ankle fracture model. Foot nkle Int. 2011;32: Loizou CL, Sudlow, Collins R, Loveday D, Smith G. Radiological assessment of ankle syndesmotic reduction. Foot (Edinb). 2017;32: Song DJ, Lanzi JT, Groth T, Drake M, Orchowski JR, Shaha SH, et al. The effect of syndesmosis screw removal on the reduction of the distal tibiofibular joint: a prospective radiographic study. Foot nkle Int. 2014;35: eumer, van Hemert WL, Niesing R, Entius C, Ginai Z, Mulder G, et al. Radiographic measurement of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis has limited use. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(423):

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