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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 17, No. 10 pp , ISSN / eissn 김민수원광대학병원재활의학과 Effect of Robot Assisted Rehabilitation Based on Visual Feedback in Post Stroke Pusher Syndrome Min-Su Kim Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine 요약본연구의목적은가상현실과로봇보조재활치료를이용하여뇌졸중후푸셔증후군에대한치료적인효과를조사하고자하기위함이다. 총 10명의뇌졸중후푸셔증후군을보이는환자가모집되었다. 환자는각각 5 명씩로봇보조재활치료와대조군으로배정되었다. 실험군은로봇보조재활치료와일반적인재활치료를함께받았으며, 대조군은하루 2회일반적인재활치료를받았다. 중재시간은 30분간진행되었으며, 주 5회, 4주간시행하였다. 치료전후변화는 Scale for contraversive pushing (SCP), Berg balance scale (BBS), falling index (FI), Timed up and go test (TUG) 을이용하여측정하였다. 4 주간의중재치료후로봇보조재활치료군에서 SCP (p=0.046), BBS (p=0.046), FI (p=0.038), TUG (p=0.038) 은대조군에비하여유의하게향상되었다. 또한 SCP와 BBS (p=0.024), FI (p=0.039), TUG (p=0.030) 는유의한상관관계가관찰되었다. 결과적으로가상현실을이용한로봇보조재활치료는일반적인재활치료에비하여뇌졸중후푸셔증후군을회복하는데더도움이되었으며, 푸셔증후군의회복은균형과보행기능의향상과관련이있었다. Abstract This study to investigated the therapeutic effect of robot-assisted rehabilitation (Lokomat) with virtual reality (VR) on Pusher syndrome (PS) after stroke. A total of 10 patients presented with PS after stroke were recruited. The participants were divided into two groups: Lokomat (n=5) and control groups (n=5). Lokomat and conventional physical therapy (CPT) were performed together in the experimental group, and the patients in the control group were treated with CPT only twice a day. One session of intervention was carried out for 30 minutes five times per week for 4 weeks. Scale for contraversive pushing (SCP), Berg balance scale (BBS), falling index (FI), and Timed up and go test (TUG) were measured before and after the intervention. The Lokomat group produced significantly better outcomes in SCP (p=0.046), BBS (p=0.046), FI (p=0.038), and TUG (p=0.038) compared with the control group after 4 weeks of intervention. In addition, there were significant correlations between SCP and BBS (p=0.024), FI (p=0.039), and TUG (p=0.030). In conclusion, Lokomat with VR more effectively aided recovery from PS after stroke, and restoration of PS symptoms was related with improvement of balance and gait function. Keywords : Balance, Fall, Pusher syndrome, Robot assisted therapy, Stroke 1. 서론 푸셔증후군 (Pusher syndrome, PS) 이란뇌의손상으 로인하여건측의상하지를이용해마비쪽방향으로스스로밀면서, 이러한자세를바로잡으려는외부의힘에대해왜곡된자세로저항하는현상이다 [1]. 뇌졸중후 * Corresponding Author : Min-Su Kim(Wonkwang Univ.) Tel: helmaine@naver.com Received September 21, 2016 Revised (1st September 28, 2016, 2nd September 30, 2016) Accepted October 7, 2016 Published October 31,
2 PS의유병률은연구자에따라 10%-63% 까지보고되었으며, 뇌졸중후자세유지와보행시심각한불안정의원인이된다 [2-4]. 푸셔증후군에대한재활치료는주로전정기관의중력수용기를자극하는운동치료와서있는동안자세의중력에대한수직감각에대한인식과위치감각오류를환자가지속적으로인지하게유도하는운동재학습접근법이시도되었으나효과는제한적이었다 [5]. 또한환자가주변이나치료자의시각정보에기반하여자신의자세수직감각에대한이상을인지하고이를반복적으로교정해나가는시각적피드백이푸셔증후군으로인한보행장애와균형장애회복에도움이된다고보고되었다 [1]. 그러나이러한시각적피드백을지속적으로제시하면서보행과균형재활치료를지속적으로수행하기위해서는두명이상의치료사가필요한단점이있다 [1, 5]. 이러한점에서 Lokomat을이용한로봇보조재활치료는대안이될수있다. Lokomat은치료사없이정해진시간동안미리프로그램된정상생리적보행양식에따라지속적으로보행훈련훈련을할수있으며, 자세보조기구를이용하여균형을보조할수있다. 또한함께제공되는가상현실을이용한시각적피드백을훈련중에지속적으로제공할수있어환자가자신의위치감각을인지하고교정할수있는장점이있다. 현재까지 Lokomat을이용한선행연구들은주로편마비로인한기능장애회복에초점을맞추고있으며, Lokomat은일반적인재활치료에비하여보행, 균형, 운동기능회복에더효과적이었다고보고되었다 [6-8]. 그러나 PS와그로인한기능장애에대한치료적효과에관련된연구는전무한상태이다. 따라서본연구에서뇌졸중후 PS로진단된환자를대상으로가상현실기기가장착된 Lokomat치료가 PS 회복에갖는치료적인효과를일반적인재활치료와비교하여알아보고자하였다. (MRI) 로뇌졸중으로확인되고 PS가진단된환자를대상으로하였다. PS는현재널리통용되고있는 karnath 등의기준에따라진단하였다 [1]. 이기준에서 1) 환자가기립상태에서스스로몸의종축이마비된쪽으로향하거나, 2) 기립상태에서스스로건측의팔과다리를외전및신전시키려하는특성을보이거나, 3) 스스로몸의종축이마비된쪽으로향할때그것을바로잡으려하면환자가힘을주어저항하게되는현상중한가지에해당될경우 PS로진단할수있다. 대상자중뇌졸중전독립보행이불가능했던환자, 심각한인지장애, 심근경색과같은심각한내과적합병증이있는환자, 중대한정신장애등이있어안전하게 Lokomat을수행할수없는환자들은제외하였다 연구방법대상자는 Lokomat과일반적인재활치료를함께받은실험군과일반적인재활치료만받은대조군으로나누어연구를진행하였다 (Fig. 1). 일반적인재활치료는앉은자세와기립자세에서의정적, 동적균형운동과보행재활훈련으로구성되었으며하루 2회, 한세션에 30분씩, 주 5회, 총 4주간시행하였다. 실험군은전방에장착된가상현실을이용한시각적피드백을제공받으면서 Lokomat치료를받았다. 실험군은일반적인재활치료와가상현실기반 Lokomat치료를각각 30분씩, 주 5회, 4주간받았다. 2. 본론 2.1 연구대상및방법 연구대상 2015년 3월부터 2016년 6월까지 computerized tomography (CT) 또는 magnetic resonance imaging Fig. 1. Flowchart of the study. 563
3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 10 호, 2016 Lokomat (Hocoma AG, Zurich, Switzerland) 은자세제어용로봇보행보조장치와체중부하장치로구성되어있으며 Woodway treadmill (Woodway GmbH, Weil am Rhein, Germany) 과연동하여작동된다 [9](Fig. 2). 체중부하장치에부착된자세조절기를환자에게착용하여환자가트레드밀위에안전하게설수있도록지지를하며자세제어장치는컴퓨터로제어된다. 환자들은 Lokomat의유도부하에따라자신의능동적인운동량을조절할수있으며가상현실시스템을결합하여시각적피드백을제공하였다. 대상자가능동적인보행을수행하는동안그움직임에따라가상현실아바타도동시에움직이며, 장애물피하기, 동물을잡으러가기등의반복적인과제수행훈련이가능하다. 도에따라점수화하여평가하는도구로 PS의진단과치료경과에따른증상변화를추적관찰하기위하여널리사용되고있다 [11]. 총점은 0에서 6점이며점수가높을수록 PS가심각하다는것을의미한다. 이차결과지표는뇌졸중후 PS로인한정적, 동적균형상태와낙상위험도를확인하기위하여버그균형척도 (Berg balance scale, BBS), 낙상지수 (falling index, FI), Timed up and go (TUG) 로구성하였다. BBS는앉기, 서기, 자세변화등의세가지위치에서균형수준을평가하는 14 가지의항목을포함하고있다 [12]. 각항목당점수는 0에서 4점이며최대점수는 56점으로점수가높을수록균형기능이더좋음을의미한다. FI는낙상위험도를반영하는지표로서 Tetrax라는균형기능을측정하는장비를이용하여자체적으로계산하는안정화지수의표준편차와푸리에지표 (Fourier index) 의합으로결과가산출된다 [13]. 이를통하여낙상의위험도를표시하며 0 에서 100점으로구성되고점수가높을수록낙상의위험도가높음을의미한다. TUG는이동성을평가하는검사로여러가지질병에서정적, 동적균형기능과보행기능의변화를동시에확인할수있다. 환자는의자에서앉은상태로시작하며일어나서 3미터앞까지걷고다시돌아와서의자에앉는데걸리는시간을평가한다. 10초이내로수행할경우정상으로간주하며, 12초이상소요될경우낙상의위험도가증가한다. 일차, 이차결과지표에대한평가는모든환자에게서치료시작전과치료종결직후총 2회시행하였다. Fig. 2. Virtual reality based robot assisted rehabilitation using Lokomat 치료전후기능평가 Lokomat과일반적재활치료후 PS의전체적인호전에미치는효과를확인하기위하여 Scale for contraversive pushing (SCP) 를일차결과지표로설정하였다 [10]. SCP는각각앉은자세와선자세에서자발적인자세균형상태, 건측의상하지의외전과신전정도, 기울어진자세를수동적으로교정하려고할때저항정 통계분석 Lokomat치료와일반적인재활치료를받은실험군과일반적인재활치료만받은대조군간의기저요인간의차이가있는지확인하기위하여연속변수는 Mann Whitney U-test, 명목변수는 Fisher s exact test를이용하였다. 치료전후각결과지표에서유의한변화가있는지알아보기위하여 Wilcoxon signed ranked test를이용하였으며두군간의결과지표의변화정도가차이를확인하기위하여 Mann Whitney U-test를사용하였다. 또한 SCP 변화정도와 BBS, FI, TUG 등다른이차결과지표의향상과관련성이있는지조사하기위하여 Spearman correlation analysis을시행하였다. 모든통계분석은 PASW 19.4 (SPSS Inc., IL, USA) 를이용하였으며, 유의성은 p<0.05 로설정하였다. 564
4 2.2 연구결과 연구대상자의특성 총 10명의 PS가동반된아급성기뇌졸중환자가대상이되었다. 5명의환자가 Lokomat을이용한재활치료를받았으며나머지 5명은일반적인재활치료만받았다. 두군에서나이, 성별, 좌우병변, 치료시작전까지의기간, 동반된신경학적증상에는유의한차이가관찰되지않았다 (Table 1). Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants. Lokomat Control Variables p-value (n=5) (n=5) Male Sex Female 3 2 Leison side Symptoms Right Left 2 3 Aphasia Neglect SCP 5.0± ± Iinitial BBS 30.6± ± function FI 95.4± ± TUG (sec) 38.5± ± Age (yrs) 63.1± ± Duration (days) 45.4± ± Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. SCP, Scale for contraversive pushing; BBS, Berg balance scale; FI, Falling index; TUG, Timed up and go. *p< 결과지표의변화비교 Lokomat군과대조군의 SCP, BBS, FI, TUG를이용한초기 PS 중등도, 균형상태, 낙상위험도, 이동성지표에서두군간의유의한차이는관찰되지않았다. 4주간의중재후일차결과지표인 SCP는 Lokomat군에서대조군에비하여통계적으로유의한향상을보였다 (p=0.046)(table 2). 이차결과지표인 BBS (p=0.046), FI (p=0.046) 또한유의하게 Lokomat군에서대조군보다더많은호전이관찰되었다. 그러나 TUG는두군간비교시유의한차이를보이지않았다. 치료전후결과지표변화를분석했을때 SCP, BBS, FI, TUG 모두두군에서유의한호전이관찰되었다. 전체환자를대상으로 SCP와 BBS, FI, TUG 간의연관분석을시행한결과 SCP의치료전후변화정도는 BBS(r=-0.466, p=0.038), FI 변화정도와유의한상관관계가관찰되었다 (r=-0.684, p=0.046)(table 3). 전체환자 를대상으로 SCP와 BBS, FI, TUG 간의연관분석을시행한결과 SCP의치료전후변화정도는 BBS(r=-0.466, p=0.038), FI 변화정도와유의한상관관계가관찰되었다 (r=-0.684, p=0.046)(table 3). Table 2. Comparison of the effect after 4 weeks intervention between Lokomat group and control. SCP BBS FI TUG Variables Lokomat Control p-value b) Pre 5.0± ± * Post a) 2.0±1.5 * 2.5±1.5 * Pre 30.6± ± * Post a) 39.3±10.1 * 35.1±9.9 * Pre 95.4± ± * Post a) 68.1±18.4 * 75.3±12.5 * Pre 38.5± ± Post a) 33.9± ±13.4 Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. a): Wilcoxon signed ranked test b): Mann Whitney U-test SCP, Scale for contraversive pushing; BBS, Berg balance scale; FI, Falling index; TUG, Timed up and go. *p<0.05. Table 3. Correlation with the difference of SCP and the secondary outcomes after 4 weeks intervention. Parameters Correlation coefficient p-value BBS * FI * TUG Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. SCP, Scale for contraversive pushing; BBS, Berg balance scale; FI, Falling index; TUG, Timed up and go. *p< 고찰 Davies는뇌졸중후건측의상하지를이용하여마비된방향으로밀면서, 이를바로잡으려고하면저항하는특이한행동을처음으로소개하였고이를푸셔증후군이라고명명하였다 [14]. 우측에뇌병변이있는뇌졸중환자의경우무시증후군, 왼쪽에병변이있는환자의경우실어증이 PS에영향을준다고보고한바있으나, 이러한신경학적증상과의관련성은논란이있으며본연구에서는두군간에차이는없었다 [3, 15]. 아직까지 PS의발생기전에대해명확하게알려진바는없으나시상후면핵 (posterior nuclei of thalamus), 섬이랑 (insular cortex), 중심뒤이랑 (postcentral gyrus) 에병변이있을경우 PS 565
5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 10 호, 2016 가더잘발생한다고알려져시상-피질회로 (thalamocortical loop) 가중요한역할을할것으로추측되고있다 [5, 16]. 본연구의목적은 Lokomat과가상현실을이용한로봇보조재활훈련이일반적인재활치료에비하여 PS에갖는치료적효과를알아보는것이다. 현재 PS의일반적인재활은환자에게잘못된지남력을인지시키고, 반복적으로건측으로의체중이동을등으로구성되어있으나그효과는제한적이었다 [1, 17]. Lokomat과가상현실을일반적인재활치료에추가적으로시행한결과일반적인재활치료만받은환자들에비하여유의하게 PS 중등도가호전되었다. 최근일반적인재활치료에비하여가상현실등을이용한시각적피드백을이용하여재활치료를시행하였을때 PS치료에효과적이라는연구들이제시되고있다. Yang 등은 Nintendo Wii balance board와 interactive visual feedback training program을이용하여 PS 에대한재활훈련을 SCP가유의하게감소하고균형기능이효과적으로향상되었다고보고하였다 [18]. Lokomat과가상현실을이용한재활치료후 PS가호전된기전은명확하지않으나몇가지요인을생각해볼수있다. 현재까지 PS는뇌가체간의자세수직감각 (verticality) 를잘못해석해서발생하는인식장애가원인으로제시되고있다 [5, 15]. 이것은사람이지구중력에대한자세수직감각을인식할때에는시각적수직감각과자세수직감각을모두이용하는데이두가지에대한인식의부조화로인하여 PS가발생한다는가설이다 [19]. Karnath 등은 PS가있는환자들은시각적자극이없을때자신들이정확하게중력에수직이라고인식하는자세가정상인과비교했을때약 18º 병변방향으로기울어져있는것을발견하였다 [1]. 그러나다시시각적피드백을통해주변사물을다시인식시키면기울어짐이정상화되는점을확인하였고이점은자세수직감각에손상이있지만시각적수직감각은정상인점에착안하였다 [5]. 현재일반적인 PS에대한재활치료는이가설을기반하여환자가 pushing을하려고할경우지속적으로시각적피드백을주면서체중이동을재교육하는것을기본으로하고있다 [1, 17]. Lokomat은가상현실을이용하여끊임없이시각적피드백을제공하면서환자의체중부하정도를환자근력에다라조절할수있어효과적으로체중이동재교육이이루어진점이효과적인호전에기여하 였으리라생각된다. 또다른원인으로 Lokomat은과제지향적인방법으로중점적인재활훈련이가능하다는점이기여했으리라생각된다. 손상된뇌의진성회복은신경가소성 (neuroplasticity) 에의해손상받지않은부분에서손상된영역의기능을대신하는뇌의재조직 (reorganization) 을의미한다 [20]. 과제지향적인치료를중점적으로수행해야뇌신경가소성이활성화되는데 PS가있는환자들의재활치료는균형장애와자세를교정하려고할때저항하는현상이동반되기때문에치료사에게상당한부담이되어강도가제한적이다. Lokomat은치료사와달리로봇이체중부하와정상보행패턴훈련이라는과제지향적치료를중점적으로지속적으로수행함으로써시상- 피질회로의뇌가소성이증진되었을것이라생각된다. 그러나본연구에서신경영상촬영을하지않았기때문에이러한뇌가소성증진에대해서는추가적인연구를통한확인이필요하리라생각된다. 본연구결과 Lokomat을받은환자는 BBS, FI, TUG 는일반적인재활치료만받은환자들과비교하여대조군에비하여모두유의하게향상되었으며 PS의호전정도는 BBS와 FI와유의한상관관계가있었다. PS가있는환자들은없는환자들에비하여심각한균형장애를보이기때문에 PS의호전은균형기능의회복에기여했다고생각된다. 이는 Yang 등이수행한선행연구에서도 SCP와 BBS가모두호전된결과를보고하였으며본연구결과와일치한다 [18]. 균형기능의호전은필연적으로낙상위험도를감소시킨다. FI 의감소는낙상의위험도가감소했음을의미하며, 뇌졸중후균형장애로인한낙상은 6 개월이내에 40% 가경험할정도로흔하다 [21]. 뇌졸중후낙상위험도가증가할경우환자는넘어짐에대한두려움, 활동영역을제한하고, 사회적참여의결여와우울증을유발하여전체적인독립적인생활능력에대해부정적인영향을끼친다. SCP와 FI는서로유의한상관관계가있어 PS 증상의회복은뇌졸중환자에게낙상의위험도를감소시키고이동성을증진시키는데기여하였다. 본연구에서 TUG는치료전후유의하게감소하였으나 Lokomat군과대조군간의차이는관찰되지않았으며또한유의한상관관계는보이지않았다. 일반적으로뇌졸중으로인한보행장애는편마비, 감각소실, 실어증, 지남력장애, 시공간무시증후군등다양한신경학적결손 566
6 에서기인하며 PS도그원인중의하나이다. 두군에서모두보행기능이향상된점은 PS의호전도일부기여했을지라도다른신경학적결손의회복에서기인했으리라생각된다. 본연구에서뇌졸중후보행에영향을주는자세한신경학적요인들에대한조사는포함되지않았으며 PS와보행과의관계는이러한점을고려하여차후연구에서다루어져야할것으로생각된다. 본연구는최초로 Lokomat이 PS에미치는치료적효과를조사한연구로서몇가지제한점이있다. 첫째, 본연구는단일기관의적은수의환자를대상으로하였으며치우침 (bias) 의가능성을갖고있다. 둘째, Lokomat 치료종결후의추적검사를시행하지않아치료효과가장기적으로지속되는지에대해확인할수없다는문제가있다. 셋째, PS가있는환자들은일반적으로뇌졸중후운동기능, 인지기능등전반적인기능상태가초기부터좋지않은경우가많으며 PS가 Lokomat치료후호전을보였으나일상생활동작수행과같은전체적인기능향상에기여했는지는확인되지않았다. PS의자연경과를분석한선행연구에서 PS는 16주후거의호전되었으나, 이호전이일상생활동작의수행증진에는관련이없었다는보고도있어이에대해서는 Lokomat 효과해석에제한이있을수있다 [4]. 넷째, 실험주단위평가는수행하지않아기간별상세분석은수행하지않은제한점이있다. 이러한한계점들은향후후속무작위대조군연구를통하여다루어져야할것으로생각된다. 3. 결론푸셔증후군은뇌졸중후발생하는균형장애의원인이며환자의보행및독립성에중대한영향을준다. 가상현실과결합한 Lokomat치료와일반적인재활치료를함께시행했을때일반적인재활치료만단독으로받았을때에비하여더효과적으로 PS를호전시켰으며, 낙상위험감소와이동성증진에기여하였다. 따라서 PS가있는뇌졸중환자들에게는 Lokomat치료를일반적인재활치료와함께시행하는것이추천된다. References [1] H. O. Karnath, D. Broetz, "Understanding and Treating Pusher Syndrome", Phys Ther, vol. 83, no. 12, pp , [2] C. J. Danells, S. E. Black, D. J. Gladstone, "Poststroke Pushing: Natural History and Relationship to Motor and Functional Recovery", Stroke, vol. 35, no. 12, pp , DOI: [3] P. M. Pedersen, A. Wandel, H. S. Jorgensen, "Ipsilateral Pushing in Stroke: Incidence, Relation to Neuropsychological Symptoms, and Impact on Rehabilitation. The Copenhagen Stroke Study", Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol. 7 7, no. 1, pp. 25-8, [4] J. H. Lee, S. B. Kim, G. C. Lee, "Characteristics and Prognosis of Pusher Syndrome in Stroke Patients,", Ann Rehabil Med, vol. 34, no. 4, pp , [5] M. Paci, M. Baccini, L. A. Rinaldi, "Pusher Behaviour: A Critical Review of Controversial Issues", Disabil Rehabil, vol. 31, no. 4, pp , DOI: [6] W. H. Chang, Y. H. Kim, "Robot-assisted Therapy in Stroke Rehabilitation", J Stroke, vol. 15, no. 3, pp , DOI: [7] L. Li, L. Ding, N. Chen, "Improved Walking Ability with Wearable Robot-Assisted Training in Patients Suffering Chronic Stroke", Biomed Mater Eng, vol. 26 Suppl 1, pp. S329-40, DOI: [8] C. Chisari, F. Bertolucci, V. Monaco, "Robot-assisted Gait Training Improves Motor Performances and Modifies Motor Unit Firing in Poststroke Patients", Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, vol. 51, no. 1, pp , [9] K. H. Jeong, D. H. Seong, Y. H. Kim, "Effects of Robot-assisted Gait Therapy on Locomotor Recovery in Stroke Patients", Ann Rehabil Med, vol. 32, no. 3, pp , [10] H. O. Karnath, D. Brotz, "Instructions for the Clinical Scale for Contraversive Pushing (SCP)", Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol. 21, no. 4, pp ; author reply 371, DOI: [11] M. Baccini, M. Paci, L. A. Rinaldi, "The Scale for Contraversive Pushing: A Reliability and Validity Study", Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol. 20, no. 4, pp , DOI: [12] L. Blum, N. Korner-Bitensky, "Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review", Phys Ther, vol. 88, no. 5, pp , DOI: [13] C. L. Kim, J. A. Lee, M. H. Jeon, "Assessments of Balance Control Using Tetra-ataxiametric Posturography", Ann Rehabil Med, vol. 33, no. 4, pp , [14] H. O. Karnath, S. Ferber, J. Dichgans, "The Neural Representation of Postural Control in Humans", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, vol. 97, no. 25, pp , DOI: [15] B. Baier, J. Janzen, W. Muller-Forell, "Pusher 567
7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 10 호, 2016 Syndrome: Its Cortical Correlate," J Neurol, vol. 259, no. 2, pp , DOI: [16] D. Broetz, H. O. Karnath, "New Aspects for the Physiotherapy of Pushing Behaviour", NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 20, no. 2, pp , DOI: [17] Y. R. Yang, Y. H. Chen, H. C. Chang, "Effects of Interactive Visual Feedback Training on Post-Stroke Pusher Syndrome: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study", Clin Rehabil, vol. 29, no. 10, pp , DOI: [18] D. A. Perennou, B. Amblard, M. Laassel, "Understanding the Pusher Behavior of Some Stroke Patients with Spatial Deficits: A Pilot Study", Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol. 83, no. 4, pp , DOI: [19] C. Pin-Barre, J. Laurin, "Physical Exercise as a Diagnostic, Rehabilitation, and Preventive Tool: Influence on Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery after Stroke", Neural Plast, vol DOI: [20] N. Wada, M. Sohmiya, T. Shimizu, "Clinical Analysis of Risk Factors for Falls in Home-Living Stroke Patients Using Functional Evaluation Tools", Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol. 88, no. 12, pp , DOI: 김민수 (Kim Min-Su) [ 정회원 ] 2014 년 2 월 : 충북대학교의과대학원 ( 재활의학석사 ) 2015 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 원광대학병원재활의학과임상조교수 < 관심분야 > 뇌신경재활 568
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Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
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