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1 J Korean Surg Soc 2010;79: DOI: /jkss 원 저 결장직장점액성선암의예후에대한분석 : 복강액을이용한후향적분석 가톨릭대학교의과대학외과학교실 최승봉ㆍ이인규ㆍ원대연ㆍ이윤석ㆍ시윤ㆍ이상철강원경ㆍ박종경ㆍ안창혁ㆍ김준기ㆍ오승택 Analysis of Prognosis in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis with Peritoneal Fluid Seung Bong Choi, M.D., In Kyu Lee, M.D., Dae Youn Won, M.D., Yoon Suk Lee, M.D., Yoon Si, M.D., Sang Chul Lee, M.D., Won Kyung Kang, M.D., Jong Kyung Park, M.D., Chang Hyeok Ahn, M.D., Jun-Gi Kim, M.D., Seong Taek Oh, M.D. Department of Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: Although many papers have reported poor prognosis of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma, the underlying cause for its unfavorable outcome is yet to be elucidated. In the peritoneal fluid studies, we observed that peritoneal recurrences and cytology positive cases were many times mucinous cancers. On the basis of these observations, mucinous and non-mucinous adenocarcinomas were compared and prognostic factors were studied. Methods: Five hundred and forty-six patients who underwent surgery for colorectal adenocarcinomas from January 2004 to December 2008 were included. Results: Among the 546 patients, mucinous adenocarcinomas were 30 (5.5%) and non-mucinous adenocarcinomas were 516 (94.5%). Mean age was 55.0 years, which was younger than 63.2 years in non-mucinous colon cancers. They tend to develop in the right colon. adenocarcinomas were more advanced in depth of invasion and distant metastasis, but no significant difference in lymph node (LN) metastasis. Peritoneal CEA, CA19-9, and positive cytology were more apparent. Liver and peritoneal metastasis did not show significant increases. Five year survival rates were 82.9% and 91.7% and cancer free survival rates were 42.7% and 68.5% each, respectively, for mucinous and non-mucinous cancers. According to stage, only stage III and IV patients showed differences in cancer free survival and overall survival (P=0.001, 0.040). Conclusion: adenocarcinomas showed worse prognoses and significant differences in recurrences, but had similar prognoses in early cancers. Although no significant differences were in LN metastasis, dissimilarities were in infiltration depth. Infiltrations led to the increase in free cancer cells and peritoneal fluid tumor markers: ultimately cancer recurrences developed. (J Korean Surg Soc 2010;79: ) Key Words: Colorectal cancer, adenocarcinoma, Peritoneal cytology, Tumor marker 중심단어 : 결장직장암, 점액성선암, 복강액세포병리검사, 종양표지자 책임저자 : 이인규, 서울시영등포구여의도동 62, , 가톨릭대학교여의도성모병원외과 Tel: , Fax: , cmcgslee@catholic.ac.kr 접수일 :2010 년 4 월 18 일, 게재승인일 :2010 년 7 월 13 일 474

2 Seung Bong Choi, et al:colorectal Adenocarcinoma 475 서론 점액성선암은결장직장암의한조직학적인유형으로서위, 유방, 전립선등에서도발생하며, 발생한원발장기에따라다양한양상과예후를보인다. 예를들어, 난소의점액성선암은다른조직형과예후의큰차이가없으며전립선의경우상대적으로예후가나쁘다.(1) 점액성선암의정의에있어종양의세포외점액양이중요하며원발장기에따라다르게규정되기도하는데, 결장직장암에서는종양의 50% 이상이세포외점액으로구성된경우를말한다.(2) 점액성선암의발생빈도는 5 20% 로알려져있으며, 비점액성선암과비교하였을때상대적으로젊은연령층, 대장근위부에호발하며, 진단당시이미진행된병기를보이는경우가많다.(3-8) 이러한임상적, 병리적차이는 1923년 Parham(9) 이후에도보고되었으며최근에는두군의차이가발생하는원인을밝히기위해분자생물학적, 유전적연구도진행되고있다. 결장직장암에서점액성선암은많은연구에서예후가불량하다고보고되고있다.(4,6,7,10,11) 그러나국소재발을잘하지만,(5,6,12) 생존율에는유의한차이가없거나독립적인예후인자가될수없다는보고도있다.(5,13-17) 불량한예후에대한명확한설명이부족한현시점에서점액성선암이라는조직학적유형의예후에대해서는논란의여지가있는것이사실이다. 저자들은복강액연구에서복막재발과복강액세포병리검사양성인경우점액성선암이상대적으로많다는것을관찰하였고,(18,19) 기존의다른점액성선암에관한보고와달리이러한복강액연구를바탕으로점액성선암과비점액성선암을비교하였으며예후에영향을미치는요소에대해연구하고자하였다. 위치, 대장벽의침윤정도, 림프절전이상태, 원격전이여부, 세포의분화도, 림프관침습여부, 혈관침습여부, 신경주위침윤여부, 종양으로인한폐쇄유무, 환상형종괴여부, 종양의크기, 림프절전이개수, 병기등을조사하였다. 복강액암표지자검사의경우수술당시, 직장자궁오목 (Douglas pouch) 에서주사기를이용하여흡인하였으며 2 ml 이상의액체가나올때에복강액을이용하였으며, 복강액이흡입되지않은경우 1,000 ml 멸균생리식염수로복막을세척한뒤에, 5 ml를흡인하여검사를시행하였고세포병리검사는복막세척액을이용하였다. 복강액세포병리검사를위하여 Papanicolaou and Giemsa 염색이시행되었으며, 5 μm 두께의조직블록을만들어 hematoxylin and eosin 염색과 anti-calretinin 또는 anti-cea (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) 에대한면역조직화학염색을같이추가로하였다. 혈액, 복강액 CEA와 CA 19-9은같은종류의검출세트를이용하여방사면역측정법으로 (IRMA-coat CEA, CA 19-9 IRMA) 측정되었다. 특히복막액의경우 2 ml가 2,400 rpm에서 3분간원심분리하였으며, 그중 100μl가측정에쓰였다. 복막액 CEA, CA 19-9의최대치는각각 100 ng/ml, 240 U/ml로설정되었으며더농축된경우더라도따로희석하지는않았고, 정상치는 4 ng/ml와 37 U/ml로각각설정하였다. 통계적유의성은 P 값이 0.05 미만인경우를말하며, 통계학적인분석은 SPSS 14.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을사용하였다. 각변수의성격과검증방법에따라단변량분석은 Fisher s exact test 또는 chi-square test와 student t-test 방법을사용하였다. 생존기간은수술한날부터환자가사망한날까지로계산하였으며, 무병생존율은수술한날부터재발이발견된날까지로계산하였다. 생존에대한통계는 Kaplan-Meier method로처리되었으며서로다른군사이의생존을비교, 분석하는데에 log rank test를시행하였다. 방 법 결 과 가톨릭대학교의과대학여의도성모병원에서 2004년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지직장과결장에생긴선암으로수술을시행한 546명을대상으로전향적으로모아진데이터를후향적으로분석하였다. 점액성선암과비점액성선암을비교하였으며 2006년부터복강액분석을시행한 271명의환자에서는복강액세포병리검사와암표지자검사를추가하여분석하였다. 임상병리학적으로는환자의나이, 성별, 동반질환, 수술전 CEA 및 CA 19-9 수치, 종양의해부학적 1) 임상적특징전체대상결장직장암환자 546명중점액성선암은 30명 (5.5%) 비점액성선암은 516명 (94.5%) 이었다. 점액암의경우평균연령이 55.0세 ( 범위 30 77) 로비점액성선암의 63.2 세 ( 범위 28 91) 에비해젊은나이에발생함을알수있었다 (P<0.001). 결장직장암발생은점액성선암의경우우측부터횡행결장 1/3까지의우측대장에더많이발생하여위치에따른차이를보였으나 (P=0.044), 가족력유무에있어

3 476 J Korean Surg Soc. Vol. 79, No. 6 점액성선암과비점액성선암의차이는없었으며 (P=0.748), 남녀에따른차이도없었다 (P=0.314)(Table 1). 2) 조직학적특징 전체환자의 AJCC 6th를근거로병기는 I, 122명 (22.3%); II, 166명 (30.4%); III, 197명 (36.1%); IV, 61명 (11.2%) 이었다. 점액성선암의경우침윤깊이에있어 T3, T4가많았으며 (P=0.002), 원격전이에있어비점액성선암에비해전이의빈도가높았다 (P<0.001). 하지만, 림프선전이나림프관침윤, 정맥침윤, 신경침윤에있어서는유의한차이가없었다 (Table 2). 3) 예후와생존 점액성선암의재발율은 43.3% 로비점액성선암의재발률 18.6% 보다높았으나 (P=0.001), 간전이나복막전이의빈도는높지않았다 (P=0.938, 0.425)(Table 3). 점액성선암에서 10명의직장암환자중 3명 (30%) 에서재발하였으며재발부위는폐가 2명, 간이 1명으로복막재발은없었다. 하지만결장암경우 20명의환자중 10명 (50%) 에서재발하였으며그중 3명 (30%) 에서복막전이, 4명 (40%) 이간전이를보였다. 환자의 5년무병생존율이 42.7% 와 68.5% (P<0.001)(Fig. 1A), 5년생존율은점액성선암과비점액성선암이각각 82.9% 와 91.7% (P=0.026)(Fig. 1D) 로점액성선암의예후가좋지않았다. 그러나 I, II기와 III, IV기로나누어분석하였을때는 I, II기의환자의생존율에서만두군간에차이가없었고 (P=0.718)(Fig. 1E), 무병생존율과 III, IV기환자의무병생존율과생존율은차이가있었다 (P=0.048, 0.001, 0.040) Table 1. Clinical characteristics of mucinous adenocarcinoma type type Age 63.2± ± CEA (serum) 13.3± ± CA19-9 (serum) 46.1± ± Family history Positive 75 (14.5%) 5 (16.7%) Negative 441 (85.5%) 25 (83.3%) Gender Male 306 (59.3%) 15 (50.0%) Female 210 (40.7%) 15 (50.0%) Tumor site Right 131 (25.6%) 13 (43.3%) Left 225 (43.6%) 7 (23.3%) Rectum 160 (31.0%) 10 (33.3%) (Fig. 1B, C, F). 4) 복강액분석 271명의복강액분석에서점액성선암에서세포병리검사의암세포양성소견이 29.4% 로비점액성선암의 6.3% 에비하여많았으며 (P=0.001), 복강액 CEA와 CA19-9가혈청정상범위이상으로증가한경우가 57.1%, 35.7% 로비점액성선암의 31.3%, 12.7% 에비하여유의하게많았다 (P=0.046, 0.016)(Table 4). Table 2. Pathologic features of mucinous adenocarcinoma T stage (12.8) (13.8) 3 (10.3) (67.2) 19 (65.5) 4 32 (6.3) 7 (24.1) N stage (56.4) 14 (46.7) (26.5) 9 (30.0) 2 87 (17.1) 7 (23.3) M stage (89.9) 21 (70.0) 1 52 (10.1) 9 (30.0) Lymphatic invasion 238/514 (46.3) 16/30 (53.3) Venous invasion 47/514 (9.1) 2/30 (6.7) Neural invasion 129/514 (25.1) 5/30 (16.7) AJCC stage I 118 (22.9) 4 (13.3) II 157 (30.4) 9 (30.0) III 189 (36.6) 8 (26.7) IV 52 (10.1) 9 (30.0) Table 3. Comparison of recurrence according to histologic type Recurrence Positive 96 (18.6) 13 (43.3) Negative 420 (81.4) 17 (56.7) Peritoneal metastasis Positive 14 (14.6) 3 (23.1) Negative 82 (85.4) 10 (76.9) Liver metastasis Positive 38 (39.6) 5 (38.5) Negative 58 (60.4) 8 (61.5)

4 Seung Bong Choi, et al:colorectal Adenocarcinoma 477 Fig. 1. Cancer free survival and overall survival curve of patients by histologic type in whole patients (A, D); patients with stage I, II (B, E); patients with stage III, IV (C, F). 고 점액성선암과비점액성선암을비교한연구는 1923 년 찰 Parham(9) 이점액성선암에대해기술한이래여러보고가있었다. 점액성선암은결장, 직장암에서 5 15% 의빈도로보고되고있으며, 임상적특징, 병리적인특징, 재발이나예후에대해서는상대적으로젊은연령에서호발하며, 우측

5 478 J Korean Surg Soc. Vol. 79, No. 6 Table 4. Comparison of peritoneal fluid cytology and tumor markers according to histologic type Cytology Positive 16 (6.3) 5 (29.4) Negative 238 (93.7) 12 (70.6) Fluid CEA <4 160 (68.7) 6 (42.9) >4 73 (31.3) 8 (57.1) Fluid CA < (87.3) 9 (64.3) >37 30 (12.7) 5 (35.7) 대장에서발생하는경우가많고, 진행된병기에서진단되는경우가많은임상적특징이있다.(3-8) 본연구에서점액성선암은 516명중 30명으로 5.5% 의빈도를보였다. 점액암환자군의평균연령은 55.0세로 63.2 세인점액성선암에비해젊은연령에서호발하였고, 점액암의위치는 43.3% 로우측대장에서많이발생하였다. 림프선전이에있어서는유의한차이가없었지만침윤깊이와원격전이에있어점액성선암이진행된소견을보였다. 대장암의위치에따른예후의차이는기술된바있으며, 특히직장의경우불량한예후를보인다고하였다. Secco 등 (10) 은직장점액암의 5년생존율이 17% 로 34% 인다른선암에비해낮았으며, Green 등 (8) 은 11% 와 57% 로예후의큰차이를보였다. 직장의경우진단당시이미진행된상태에서발견되거나, 골반의림프계가보다광범위하고적절한외측절제한계를확보하는데에해부학적, 수술적제한이있을수있다. 이러한제한은근치적절제를힘들게할수있으며, 점액이직장주위조직을투과하는성향이높아국소재발률의확률이높아지기도한다.(8,11) 하지만 Sasaki 등 (20) 은직장의경우에도예후에차이가없다고기술한바있으며, 본연구결과에서는결장과직장부위에따른생존율과무병생존율에서는유의한차이가없었다 (P=0.196, 0.356). 대장암에서어느정도의점액생성은있을수있는데점액생성이과도하게풍부하면점액성암또는인환세포암으로분류한다. 병리학적으로점액함유량과점액의위치에따라정의하며, 점액성선암은분비된점액이세포사이사이의간질에있고인환세포암은세포내에점액이저류되어고리모양을형성한다.(1) Symonds와 Vickery(11) 는처음으로세포외기질의 60% 이상이점액성분으로이루어진경 우를점액성선암으로정의하였다. 현재는일반적으로 50% 이상으로규정한 WHO의기준을따르고있는추세이다.(2) 보고에따라점액성선암의조직형을세분화하여고분화, 중등도분화로나누어비교하기도하였고점액의함유량을나누어서이에따른예후의차이도기술하였다. Umpleby 등 (4) 은점액함량이 60 80% 인군과 80% 이상인군으로구별하였고함량이높은군이예후가더불량하다고보고하였다. 여러보고에서점액암의빈도, 호발부위, 호발연령, 가족력이일정하게일치하는것은아니며, 특히재발이나예후에있어서는논란이있다. 보고자에따라점액암이라는조직형은예후와관계없고독립적예후인자가아니라는주장도있다.(5,13-17) 그래도많은연구에서는통계적인유의성을갖고점액성선암과비점액성선암의차이를관찰하고있으며예후의차이에대해서도설명하고있다.(4,6,7, 10,11) Umpleby 등 (4) 과 Kanemitsu 등 (7) 은점액암은진단당시진행된병기로낮은근치적절제율을보인다고하였다. 진행된병기를보이는요인으로는점액암이림프절전이와장벽침투를비점액암에비해잘한다는것을들수있다. Wolfman 등 (12) 에의하면점액성선암에서수술당시림프절전이가 82% 로매우높은빈도를보인다고하였다. 점액에의해생성된액체들은림프계를통해더잘흡수되어암세포가주변의림프절로더잘파급될수있다. 명확한설명은아니지만다른가설들도제시된다. 종양의점액성분이수분을흡수하여부풀게된후조직면을따라스며들어장벽의층을물리적으로분리, 침투하여복강으로종양세포들을유포시키게된다는설과,(2) 점액다당류가종양세포에코팅됨으로써면역반응의인식이방해를받는다는설도제시되고있다.(11) 점액성선암은더빠르게파급및침습하며, 결국근치적절제술이더욱어려워지고재발률의빈도도높아지며, 생존율을낮게하는것이다.(21) 본연구는기존의다른보고들이시행하지않았던복강액연구를바탕으로침윤과재발, 예후를설명하고자하였다. 암환자에있어복강액과복강세척액에서유리암세포를찾는다는것은임상적으로의미가있는일이다. 악성복수가있는경우재발이나나쁜예후를예측할수있기때문이다.(22-27) 저자들은복강액연구를통하여점액성선암에서복막재발과세포병리검사양성이상대적으로많다는것을관찰하였고,(18,19) 이러한연구를바탕으로점액성선암과비점액성선암을비교하였다. 이번연구결과에서도점액성선암에서복강액세포병리검사양성예가증가함을

6 Seung Bong Choi, et al:colorectal Adenocarcinoma 479 확인할수있었다. 이번연구결과에서 4기점액성선암의전이부위는복막이 7명 (77.8%) 간이 2명 (22.2%) 으로복막이많았고, 재발은점액성선암에서증가하였으나재발형태에있어서점액성선암과비점액성선암간에는차이가없었다. 하지만다른연구에서는점액성선암의경우재발의형태에있어서도비점액성선암과는차이가있어서국소재발과복막전이율이더높고오히려간의재발은비점액성선암에비하여적다고하였다.(6) 그렇기때문에수술당시근치적인노력이필요하며추적검사할때세심한주의가요구된다. 점액성선암환자가재발이의심되는경우에는복강내재발을한번더생각해야하며적극적인진단및치료가필요할것으로생각된다. 수술에서얻어진복강액유리세포의유무, CEA, CA 19-9이진단과치료방향설정에중요한근거가될것으로보여진다. 예를들어, 복막액유리세포가관찰되고복막액 CEA, CA 19-9이높았던점액성선암환자중복막재발의된경우선택적으로복강내항암화학요법의효과를기대하여추가치료를시행할수도있다. Pestieau와 Sugarbaker(28) 는점액성선암에서복강내항암화학요법의중요성을이야기하였으며생존율을향상시킬수있다고주장하기도하였다. 그러나재발한환자에서표준화된치료는없으며연속적인세포감소수술 (serial cytoreductive surgery), 보조항암화학요법, 복강내항암화학요법의역할과치료성공률을높이기위한연구는진행되어야한다. 참고로결장, 직장암은아니지만충수돌기의점액성선암의경우복막재발에대한표준화된치료로세포감소수술과수술전후복강내항암화학요법을병행하는것을제시하였다.(29) 점액성선암은생존분석에서비점액성선암에비해나쁜예후를보였다. 그러나병기별로나누었을때 I, II기암에서는비슷한, 그리고 III, IV기암에서는상대적으로떨어진생존율과무병생존율을보인다. 병기에따른차이의이유로는림프선전이에차이가없었으나침윤깊이에있어서는차이가있었다는점을들수있으며결과적으로점액성선암의침윤에의해유리암세포양성율이증가된다. Wolfman 등 (12) 은일단림프절전이가일어나면대장의점액성및비점액성암의생존율은동일하다고하였다. 그러나림프절전이가동반되지않은장막을투과한진행암은점액성암일경우예후가불량하다고하였다. 이것은점액이직장주위조직을투과하는성향이높아국소재발률의확률이높아지기때문으로보인다. 아울러복강액에서도암표지자가 증가한소견을보이며, 침윤과유리암세포로인해암의재발이상대적으로많았던것으로생각된다. 즉, 점액성선암이불량한예후를보이는이유는진행성암에서침윤정도가심한상태에서발견되는경우가많으며이런경우에있어복강액의유리세포가상대적으로많아재발이증가되어이러한결과를보이는것으로생각된다. 더나아가서, 점액성선암의장관벽이침투가많다는것을보았을때, 재발한환자에있어복막전이가더많을것으로예상되며실제로본연구에서그러한경향은보였으나대상환자수가적어통계적으로유의한차이가없게관찰되었다. 이에대해서는더많은환자를통한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 결 점액성선암의경우비점액성선암에비해장벽침윤도의진행도와재발의빈도가높았고, 복강액세포병리검사에서암세포의양성소견이많았으며복강액 CEA와 CA19-9 가증가된소견을보였다. 또한, 5년생존율과 5년무병생존율이불량하였으나 I, II기의환자의생존율에서는두군간에차이가없어점액성선암의경우암세포의장벽침윤에의한복막파종으로암세포가복막전이됨을고려할수있고이에따라예후가결정된다고생각할수있다. 이러한결과를바탕으로점액성선암환자에있어수술당시복강액분석을통해복강내항암치료의필요성, 전이에대한예측등의임상적인의의를다시한번생각해볼수있다. 론 REFERENCES 1) Shin DW, Kim NK, Min JS, Kim HK, Yang WI. Clinicopathologic analysis on mucinous adenocarcinoma of colon & rectum. J Korean Soc Coloproctol 1997;13: ) Jass JR, Sobin LH. International histological classification of tumours: histologic typing of intestinal tumours. Geneva: World Health Organization; p ) Odone V, Chang L, Caces J, George SL, Pratt CB. The natural history of colorectal carcinoma in adolescents. Cancer 1982; 49: ) Umpleby HC, Ranson DL, Williamson RC. Peculiarities of mucinous colorectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1985;72: ) Minsky BD, Mies C, Rich TA, Recht A, Chaffey JT. Colloid carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1987;60: ) Nozoe T, Anai H, Nasu S, Sugimachi K. Clinicopathological characteristics of mucinous carcinoma of the colon and rectum. J Surg Oncol 2000;75:103-7.

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